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Traits: The Formal Model

by: Nathanael Schärli, Oscar Nierstrasz, Stéphane Ducasse, Roel Wuyts, Andrew Black
Institut für Informatik, Universität (2002)

X Abstract

Traits are reusable units of behaviour that provide a level of structuring for object-oriented programs above the level of methods but below the level of classes. Structuring classes with single-inheritance alone can lead to duplicated code when different branches of the hierarchy need to use the same feature. Multiple-inheritance and mixins alleviate this problem, but lead to other difficulties in the face of evolution: changes to classes or mixins can break code lower in the hierarchy in unexpected ways.

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