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Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Ocean: Biological Invasions and Implications for Conservation of Near-Shore Environments

Conservation Biology, Vol. 3, No. 3. (1989), pp. 265-273.

X Abstract

Human activities, primarily the global movement of organisms associated with ocean-going vessels and with commercial fishery products, have lead to the redistribution of a vast number of marine organisms over the past five centuries. Most biological surveys postdated these transport events, so the distribution of many of these now cosmopolitan species has been interpreted as the result of natural processes, leading to underestimates of the role of humans in altering patterns of natural diversity and distribution of marine organisms along the coastal margins of the world Perceptions of the natural state of some systems versus their recent ecological alteration are illustrated by the National Estuarine Reserve Research System, within which many "natural" sanctuaries have been highly altered by exotic species The modern scale and rate of new human-mediated invasions in the ocean are difficult to recognize due to the lack of communication among scientists working with different groups of organisms, different habitats, and different regions. Available evidence suggests that introductions continue unabated on a large scale throughout the world Despite the existence since 1973 of a number of international conventions to control the movement of exotic marine organisms adequate control still occurs largely at the regional and local levels. La reorganizacion de una gran cantidad de organismos marinos en los Sultimos 5 siglos se debe a actividades humanus, especialmente a desplazamientos globales de organismos asociados con embarcaciones marinus y con productos pesqueros comerciales La mayoria de encuestas biologicas posfechan dichos eventos de transportacion, y por consecuencia se intetpreta la distribucion de muchas de estas especies, hoy cosmopolitas, como resultado de pcesos naturales, subestimando el rol humano en la alteracion de la diversidad natural y en la distribucion de organismos marinos en los margenes costeros del mundo. Se ilustran percepciones sobre el estado natural de algunos sistemas versus su reciente alteracion ecologica en el "NATIONAL ESTUARINE RESERVE RESEARCH SYSTEM," dentro del cual muchos santuarios "naturales" han sido fuertemente alterados por especies exoticas Debido a la falta de comunicacion entre los cientificos que trabajan con diferentes grupos de organismos, habitats y regiones, es drficil reconocer la escala y tasa de las invasiones recientes en los oceanos, causados por actividades humanas. Evidencias disponibles sugieren que las introducciones continuan en gran escala en todo el mundo. A pesar que desde 1973 se han establecido numerosas convenciones internacionales con el motivo de controlar el desplazamiento de otganismos exoticos marinos, un control adecuado solo ocurre en los niveles locales y regionales.

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