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Abstract
At least 20% of children with epilepsy have clinical attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to 3% to 7% of the general pediatric population. Several mechanisms may account for the high prevalence, such as a common genetic propensity, noradrenergic system dysregulation, subclinical epileptiform discharges, or even seizures, antiepileptic drug effects, and psychosocial factors. At the same time, children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have a higher than ...
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Abstract
High doses of salicylate, the anti-inflammatory component of aspirin, induce transient tinnitus and hearing loss. Systemic injection of 250 mg/kg of salicylate, a dose that reliably induces tinnitus in rats, significantly reduced the sound evoked output of the rat cochlea. Paradoxically, salicylate significantly increased the amplitude of the sound-evoked field potential from the auditory cortex (AC) of conscious rats, but not the inferior colliculus (IC). ...
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Abstract
The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is the first neural site of bimodal auditory-somatosensory integration. Previous studies have shown that stimulation of somatosensory pathways results in immediate suppression or enhancement of subsequent acoustically evoked discharges. In the unimpaired auditory system suppression predominates. However, damage to the auditory input pathway leads to enhancement of excitatory somatosensory inputs to the cochlear nucleus, changing their effects on DCN neurons ...
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The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS, Vol. 17, No. 1. (January 2010), pp. 49-51
Abstract
Phonophobia and hyperacusis are two separate but closely related symptoms that are often mistakenly used in clinical practice as the same entity. Here we present a case report to highlight the distinguishing features of both and discuss the steps of management in these conditions. It is vital for the attending doctors to recognise hyperacusis and phonophobia as different entities to manage them successfully. ...
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Abstract
This review traces the structural maturation of the human auditory system, and compares the timeline of anatomical development with cotemporaneous physiological and behavioral events. During the embryonic period, there is formation of basic structure at all levels of the system, i.e. the inner ear, the brainstem pathway, and the cortex. The second trimester is a time of rapid growth and development, and by the end ...
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Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society, Vol. 279, No. 1746. (7 November 2012), pp. 4496-4504, doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.1817
Abstract
This work tests the relationship between auditory and phonological skill in a non-selected cohort of 238 school students (age 11) with the specific hypothesis that sound-sequence analysis would be more relevant to phonological skill than the analysis of basic, single sounds. Auditory processing was assessed across the domains of pitch, time and timbre; a combination of six standard tests of literacy and language ability was ...
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Abstract
The click-evoked auditory brainstem response (ABR) is widely used in clinical settings, partly due to its predictability and high test-retest consistency. More recently, the speech-evoked ABR has been used to evaluate subcortical processing of complex signals, allowing for the objective assessment of biological processes underlying auditory function and auditory processing deficits not revealed by responses to clicks. Test-retest reliability of some components of speech-evoked ABRs ...
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Abstract
The development of auditory processing in children was investigated in a longitudinal study. A group of 20 children with normal cognitive and language development underwent several auditory tests at the ages of 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 years. At the age of 10 years, three subjects were lost to follow-up, as was one more subject at the age of 12 years. The auditory performance ...
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Abstract
Decades of clinical and basic research in visual system development have shown that degraded or imbalanced visual inputs can induce a long-lasting visual impairment called amblyopia. In the auditory domain, it is well established that inducing a conductive hearing loss (CHL) in young laboratory animals is associated with a panoply of central auditory system irregularities, ranging from cellular morphology to behavior. Human auditory deprivation, in ...
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Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO, Vol. 4, No. 2. (June 2003), pp. 123-129
Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME), a form of middle ear disease, is the most common reason for young children both to visit their family doctor and to have surgery. Almost all children have at least a single episode of OME before their first birthday and annual incidence rates exceed 50% in each of the first five years. For most children, OME occurs infrequently, but about ...
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Abstract
Middle ear infection is common in childhood. Despite its prevalence, there is little longitudinal evidence about the impact of ear infection, particularly its association to hearing loss. By using 6-year prospective data, we investigate the onset and impact over time of ear infection in Australian children. We analyse 4 waves ...
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Abstract
Otitis media (OM) is a leading cause of health care visits and drugs prescription. Its complications and sequelae are important causes of preventable hearing loss, particularly in developing countries. Within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, for the year 2005 we estimated the incidence of acute OM, chronic suppurative OM, and related hearing loss and mortality for all ages and the 21 WHO regional areas. We identified risk factors, complications and sequelae of OM. We carried out ...
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Current national efforts provide an opportunity to integrate performance measures into clinical practice and improve outcomes for children. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to explore issues in developing and testing measures of care for children with otitis media with effusion (OME). METHODS: We assessed compliance with diagnostic, evaluation, and treatment measures for OME adapted from preliminary work of the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement, using chart data in a convenience sample of practices from 2 primary care networks (Cincinnati Pediatric ...
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Abstract
Otitis media is the most common pediatric disease in developed countries and a significant cause of morbidity and hearing loss in developing countries. The innate immune system is essential to protecting the middle ear from infection. Defensins, broad-spectrum cationic antimicrobial peptides, have been implicated in prevention of and the early response to acute otitis media; however, the mechanisms by which defensins and other antimicrobial molecules ...
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Abstract
The clinical practice guideline on otitis media with effusion (OME) provides evidence-based recommendations on diagnosing and managing OME in children. This is an update of the 1994 clinical practice guideline “Otitis Media With Effusion in Young Children,” which was developed by the Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research (now the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality). In contrast to the earlier guideline, which was limited to children 1 to 3 years old with no craniofacial or neurologic abnormalities or sensory deficits, ...
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Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common condition of childhood characterised by a collection of fluid within the middle ear without clinical signs of acute inflammation. The most common symptom of OME is transient hearing loss which can be difficult to detect in children. While most cases of OME resolve spontaneously, some children do require intervention because of the effects of hearing loss. It is difficult to identify strong predictors of persistence of symptoms for the individual patient or which ...
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Abstract
The incidence of acute otitis media (AOM) vary from country to country. Geographical variations together with differences in study designs, reporting and settings play a role. We assessed the incidence of AOM in Italian children seen by primary care paediatricians (PCPs), and described the methods used to diagnose the disease. ...
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BMJ (Clinical research ed.), Vol. 339 (2009)
Abstract
To determine the clinical effectiveness of topical intranasal corticosteroids in children with bilateral otitis media with effusion. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial. 76 Medical Research Council General Practice Research Framework practices throughout the United ...
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Clinical evidence, Vol. 2011 (2011)
Abstract
Up to 80% of children have been affected by otitis media with effusion (OME) by the age of 4 years, but prevalence declines beyond 6 years of age. Non-purulent middle-ear infections can occur in children or adults after upper respiratory tract infection or acute otitis media. Half or more of cases resolve within 3 months and 95% within 1 year, but complications such as tympanic ...
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Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME), or 'glue ear', is very common in children, especially between the ages of one and three years with a prevalence of 10% to 30% and a cumulative incidence of 80% at the age of four years. OME is defined as middle ear effusion without signs or symptoms of an acute infection. OME may occur as a primary disorder or as ...
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Abstract
Otitis media with effusion (OME) is the major reason for failure of neonatal hearing screening. However, little is known about the impact on hearing status of OME in infants during the first months of life. Infants who failed universal newborn hearing screening. ...
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Abstract
Professionals across disciplines who assess and teach students with language problems should develop their own standards for best professional practices to improve the diagnostic and treatment (instructional) services in schools and nonschool settings rather than assessing only for eligibility for categories of special education services according to federal and state special education laws. Participation of professionals from multiple disciplines on teams is necessary but not sufficient unless cross-disciplinary conceptual frameworks are developed and used. Best practices for assessment and intervention for ...
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Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder including abnormalities in perceptual processing. We measure perception in a battery of tests across speech (filtering, phoneme categorization, multisensory integration) and music (pitch memory, meter categorization, harmonic priming). We found that compared to controls, the ASD group showed poorer filtering, less audio-visual integration, less specialization for native phonemic and metrical categories, and a higher instance of ...
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Abstract
Rhythm is a central characteristic of music and speech, the most important domains of human communication using acoustic signals. Here, we investigated how rhythmical patterns in music are processed in the human brain, and, in addition, evaluated the impact of musical training on rhythm processing. Using fMRI, we found that deviations from a rule-based regular rhythmic structure activated the left planum temporale together with Broca's area and its right-hemispheric homolog across subjects, that is, a network also crucially involved in the ...
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Abstract
According to the rapid auditory processing theory, the ability to parse incoming auditory information underpins learning of oral and written language. There is wide variation in this low-level perceptual ability, which appears to follow a protracted developmental course. We studied the development of rapid auditory processing using event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by tone pairs presented at varying inter-stimulus intervals (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ms) in a sample of children (N = 103) aged 7–9 years initially and again at 9–11 years. We also assessed ...
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by Kenneth R. Pugh, Nicole Landi, Jonathan L. Preston, et al.W. Einar Mencl, Alison C. Austin, Daragh Sibley, Robert K. Fulbright, Mark S. Seidenberg, Elena L. Grigorenko, R. Todd Constable, Peter Molfese, Stephen J. Frost
Abstract
We employed brain-behavior analyses to explore the relationship between performance on tasks measuring phonological awareness, pseudoword decoding, and rapid auditory processing (all predictors of reading (dis)ability) and brain organization for print and speech in beginning readers. For print-related activation, we observed a shared set of skill-correlated regions, including left hemisphere temporoparietal and occipitotemporal sites, as well as inferior frontal, visual, visual attention, and subcortical components. ...
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Abstract
There is ample evidence that individuals with dyslexia have a phonological deficit. A growing body of research also suggests that individuals with dyslexia have problems with categorical perception, as evidenced by weaker discrimination of between-category differences and better discrimination of within-category differences compared to average readers. Whether the categorical perception problems of individuals with dyslexia are a result of their reading problems or a cause ...
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Abstract
In a recent study, we reported that the accurate perception of beat structure in music ('perception of musical meter') accounted for over 40% of the variance in single word reading in children with and without dyslexia (Huss et al., 2011). Performance in the musical task was most strongly associated with the auditory processing of rise time, even though beat structure was varied by manipulating the duration ...
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Abstract
We investigated the processing of task-irrelevant and unexpected novel sounds and its modulation by working-memory load in children aged 9-10 and in adults. Environmental sounds (novels) were embedded amongst frequently presented standard sounds in an auditory-visual distraction paradigm. Each sound was followed by a visual target. In two conditions, participants evaluated the position of a visual stimulus (0-back, low load) or compared the position of ...
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Abstract
The auditory system must be able to adapt to changing acoustic environment and still maintain accurate representation of signals. Mechanistically, this is a difficult task because the responsiveness of a large heterogeneous population of interconnected neurons must be adjusted properly and precisely. Synaptic short-term plasticity (STP) is widely regarded as a viable mechanism for adaptive processes. Although the cellular mechanism for STP is well characterized, ...
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Abstract
Just-noticeable differences of physical parameters are often limited by the resolution of the peripheral sensory apparatus. Thus, two-point discrimination in vision is limited by the size of individual photoreceptors. Frequency selectivity is a basic property of neurons in the mammalian auditory pathway1, 2. However, just-noticeable differences of frequency are substantially smaller than the bandwidth of the peripheral sensors3. Here we report that frequency tuning in single neurons recorded from human auditory cortex in response to random-chord stimuli is far narrower than ...
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The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 27, No. 39. (26 September 2007), pp. 10372-10382, doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1462-07.2007
Abstract
To form a reliable, consistent, and accurate representation of the acoustic scene, a reasonable conjecture is that cortical neurons maintain stable receptive fields after an early period of developmental plasticity. However, recent studies suggest that cortical neurons can be modified throughout adulthood and may change their response properties quite rapidly to reflect changing behavioral salience of certain sensory features. Because claims of adaptive receptive field ...
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 103, No. 39. (26 September 2006), pp. 14608-14613, doi:10.1073/pnas.0510480103
by Jyrki Ahveninen, Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Tommi Raij, et al.Giorgio Bonmassar, Sasha Devore, Matti Hämäläinen, Sari Levänen, Fa-Hsuan H. Lin, Mikko Sams, Barbara G. Shinn-Cunningham, Thomas Witzel, John W. Belliveau
Abstract
Human neuroimaging studies suggest that localization and identification of relevant auditory objects are accomplished via parallel parietal-to-lateral-prefrontal "where" and anterior-temporal-to-inferior-frontal "what" pathways, respectively. Using combined hemodynamic (functional MRI) and electromagnetic (magnetoencephalography) measurements, we investigated whether such dual pathways exist already in the human nonprimary auditory cortex, as suggested by animal models, and whether selective attention facilitates sound localization and identification by modulating these pathways in ...
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Abstract
The auditory neural code must serve a wide range of auditory tasks that require great sensitivity in time and frequency and be effective over the diverse array of sounds present in natural acoustic environments. It has been suggested1, 2, 3, 4, 5 that sensory systems might have evolved highly efficient coding strategies to maximize the information conveyed to the brain while minimizing the required energy and neural resources. Here we show that, for natural sounds, the complete acoustic waveform can be ...
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The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 24, No. 46. (17 November 2004), pp. 10440-10453, doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1905-04.2004
Abstract
Neurons in primary auditory cortex (A1) of cats show strong stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA). In probabilistic settings, in which one stimulus is common and another is rare, responses to common sounds adapt more strongly than responses to rare sounds. This SSA could be a correlate of auditory sensory memory at the level of single A1 neurons. Here we studied adaptation in A1 neurons, using three different ...
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Abstract
In the auditory system, acoustic information conveyed by hair cells and auditory nerves is broken up into different components in central neural circuits, which can then be processed and encoded separately. This process relies on the generation of a variety of response features different from auditory nerve activity. Inhibition in the central circuits proves crucial for the creation and refinement of these functional response properties. Previous understanding of inhibitory mechanisms for auditory information processing has been limited by the methodology of ...
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Abstract
The central auditory system consists of the lemniscal and nonlemniscal systems. The thalamic lemniscal and nonlemniscal auditory nuclei are different from each other in response properties and neural connectivities. The cortical auditory areas receiving the projections from these thalamic nuclei interact with each other through corticocortical projections and project down to the subcortical auditory nuclei. This corticofugal (descending) system forms multiple feedback loops with the ...
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Abstract
A key for understanding how information is processed in the cortex is to unravel the dauntingly complex cortical neural circuitry. Recent technical innovations, in particular the in vivo whole-cell voltage-clamp recording techniques, make it possible to directly dissect the excitatory and inhibitory inputs underlying an individual cortical neuron's processing function. This method provides an essential complement to conventional approaches, with which the transfer functions of ...
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Abstract
Objectives: Speech intelligibility is strongly influenced by the ability to process temporal modulations. It is hypothesized that in dyslexia, deficient processing of rapidly changing auditory information underlies a deficient development of phonological representations, causing reading and spelling problems. Low-frequency modulations between 4 and 20 Hz correspond to the processing rate of important phonological segments (syllables and phonemes, respectively) in speech and therefore provide a bridge between low-level auditory and phonological processing. In the present study, temporal modulation processing was investigated by ...
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 109, No. 34. (21 August 2012), pp. 13841-13846, doi:10.1073/pnas.1119828109
Abstract
Developmental dyslexia, a severe and persistent reading and spelling impairment, is characterized by difficulties in processing speech sounds (i.e., phonemes). Here, we test the hypothesis that these phonological difficulties are associated with a dysfunction of the auditory sensory thalamus, the medial geniculate body (MGB). By using functional MRI, we found that, in dyslexic adults, the MGB responded abnormally when the task required attending to phonemes ...
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Abstract
Many deaf individuals comprise a unique cultural and linguistic minority group. This article reviews the current research literature related to the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of culturally Deaf individuals suffering from mental disorders. Appropriate psychiatric assessment and treatment requires that clinicians be sensitive to issues of language and differences in social norms and cultural values. Emerging trends in research indicate greater diagnostic specificity and a broader range of diagnoses being assigned in services that are specialized for the treatment of deaf ...
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Neurology, Vol. 45, No. 2. (February 1995), pp. 376-378
Abstract
Some patients with aphasia lack awareness of the language errors they make. We describe a man with undifferentiated jargonaphasia and preserved auditory comprehension who was unaware of his speech production errors when he had to both speak and listen simultaneously. However, when listening to a recording of his speech, he could detect the speech errors he had made. We attribute this patient's unawareness of his ...
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Abstract
Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) is a neurodegenerative disorder initially dominated by disturbances in higher visual functions including object agnosia, prosopagnosia, alexia, environmental agnosia and Balint's syndrome. Language, memory, insight, and judgement remain relatively preserved until late in the course. A characteristic neuroradiological finding consists of focal bilateral parieto-occipital atrophy demonstrated on MRI and CT. It was speculated that the possible underlying pathologic condition could be ...
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Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, Vol. 34, No. 1. (February 1998), pp. 47-65
Abstract
This article examines four disorders of auditory processing that can result from selective brain damage (cortical deafness, pure word deafness, auditory agnosia and phonagnosia) in an effort to derive a plausible functional and neuroanatomical model of audition. The article begins by identifying three possible reasons why models of auditory processing have been slower to emerge than models of visual processing: neuroanatomical differences between the visual ...
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Clinical neurology and neurosurgery, Vol. 102, No. 3. (September 2000), pp. 156-162
Abstract
We encountered a case of auditory agnosia restricted to environmental sounds, which was associated with the development of bilateral subcortical lesions after suffering a bilateral putaminal hemorrhage. The patient had a history of a putaminal hemorrhage on her left side without any major disability. Three years later, she suffered a putaminal hemorrhage on the other side. The clinical picture started with cortical deafness, then changed ...
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Neurology, Vol. 58, No. 6. (26 March 2002), pp. 970-973
Abstract
The authors report two cases of patients with word deafness. The word deafness occurred after a head injury for the first patient and after an arterio venous malformation embolization for the second patient. MRI demonstrated bilateral lesions of the inferior colliculi but brainstem auditory-evoked potentials (BAEP) were within normal limits. These cases demonstrated that lesions involving the two inferior colliculi induced pure word deafness but ...
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Abstract
AL, a woman with an acquired disturbance of auditory processing beginning in the second decade, was originally diagnosed as having pure word deafness. Recent analysis with a wide range of stimuli suggests that her comprehension deficit also extends to a subset of musical and non-verbal environmental sounds. The perceptual demands of the different auditory stimuli appear to account for part of the apparent material specificity. ...
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Zhonghua er ke za zhi. Chinese journal of pediatrics, Vol. 44, No. 2. (February 2006), pp. 105-109
Abstract
To investigate the clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics, therapeutic response and long-term prognosis of Landau Kleffner syndrome (LKS). The clinical and EEG data of 10 children with LKS were analyzed, and therapeutic response and long-term outcome were followed up. ...
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Abstract
Word deafness is an intriguing neurological syndrome characterized by severe difficulties in the ability to understand or reproduce spoken language with otherwise intact speech production and nonauditory language comprehension. The disorder is of significant theoretical importance because it putatively supports the modularity of speech recognition from more central language computational networks. However, the specificity and functional locus of the processing disturbances resulting in word deafness remains unclear. This article discusses the nature and potential treatment of word deafness, with particular reference ...
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Abstract
MELAS is commonly associated with peripheral hearing loss. Auditory agnosia is a rare cortical auditory impairment, usually due to bilateral temporal damage. We document, for the first time, auditory agnosia as the presenting hearing disorder in MELAS. A young woman with MELAS (A3243G mtDNA mutation) suffered from acute cortical hearing damage following a single stroke-like episode, in the absence of previous hearing deficits. Audiometric testing ...
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