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Nature, Vol. 388, No. 6640. (24 July 1997), pp. 338-338.
Abstract
Recent advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques have allowed the video-time imaging of single molecules of fluorescent dyes covalently bound to proteins in aqueous environments1. However, the techniques have not been exploited fully because proteins can be difficult to label, and dye modification may cause partial or complete loss of activity. These difficulties could be circumvented by fusing proteins to green fluorescent protein (GFP) of the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Here we report that single S65T mutant GFP molecules2 can be imaged using ...
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Physical Review Online Archive (Prola), Vol. 32, No. 1. (Jul 1928), pp. 97-109.
Abstract
Statistical fluctuation of electric charge exists in all conductors, producing random variation of potential between the ends of the conductor. The effect of these fluctuations has been measured by a vacuum tube amplifier and thermocouple, and can be expressed by the formula I ̅ 2 =(2 k T / π )∫0 ∞ R ( ω )| Y ( ω )| 2 d ω . I is the observed current ...
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Appl. Opt., Vol. 28, No. 24. (15 December 1989), pp. 5237-5242.
Abstract
By simple modification of the pattern of fluorescence excitation light in an epi-illumination inverted microscope, one can achieve conditions that produce total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) by evanescent wave excitation. Though traditionally requiring a collimated beam traversing through a special prism, TIRF also can be achieved by epi-illumination through the periphery of a 1.4 numerical aperture objective. An opaque disk of appropriate size is placed in the illumination path external to the microscope so as to cast a sharp, real-image shadow ...
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Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 9999, No. 9999. (29 June 2009), NA.
Abstract
Trip the light fantastic: The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is an invaluable tool for biochemical and medicinal research. It can make tumors, amyloid plaques from Alzheimerprimes disease, or pathogenic bacteria equally visible. Ground-breaking contributions in this field have resulted in the 2008 Nobel Prize for Chemistry being awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalife, and Roger Tsien. The Nobel Laureates describe first-hand their research. ...
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Annales de Physique, Vol. 10 (1918), pp. 133-159.
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Physical Review Online Archive (Prola), Vol. 66, No. 7-8. (1 Oct 1944), pp. 163-182.
Abstract
The diffraction of electromagnetic radiation by a hole small compared with the wave-length is treated theoretically. A complete solution is found satisfying Maxwell's equations and the boundary conditions everywhere (Section 4). The solution holds for a circular hole in a perfectly conducting plane screen, but it is believed that the method will be applicable to much more general problems (Section 8). The method is based on the use of fictitious magnetic charges and currents in the diffracting hole which has the ...
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Physical Review Letters, Vol. 65, No. 21. (19 November 1990), 2716.
Abstract
Experiments clearly prove that narrow peaks in the fluorescence-excitation spectrum of a pentacene-doped p -terphenyl crystal stem from single molecules. This claim is supported by the distribution; width; and height of the peaks; as well as by the correlation of the emitted light and the sudden drops and surges of the emission of certain peaks. We attribute these to the hole burning of a single molecule. These results show the feasibility of the optical study of a single molecule and ...
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Science, Vol. 266, No. 5187. (11 November 1994), pp. 1018-1021.
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy coupled with a diffraction-limited laser beam and a high-efficiency detection system has been used to study the diffusive movement and emission process of individual fluorescent molecules in the liquid phase at room temperature. The high detection sensitivity achieved at fast data acquisition speeds (greater than 1 kilohertz) allows real-time observation of single-molecule fluorescence without statistical analysis. The results show fluorescence-cycle saturation at the single-molecule level and multiple recrossings of a single molecule into and out of the probe ...
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Applied Optics, Vol. 24, No. 2. (1985), pp. 154-161.
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Chemical Physics, Vol. 4, No. 3. (June 1974), pp. 390-401.
Abstract
A theory, which connects rotational brownian motion with intensity fluctuations of the light emitted from fluorescent molecules excited by linearly polarized light, is given. Analysis of rotational diffusion in this way does not depend on the close relationship between fluorescence lifetime and rotational relaxation times, which is necessary in present methods and thus makes an enlarged time range available for fluorescence spectroscopy. When short fluorescence lifetimes are used the rotational diffusion of the molecule in its ground state will be observed. ...
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Physical Review Letters, Vol. 29, No. 11. (11 Sep 1972), pp. 705-708.
Abstract
The temporal correlations of thermodynamic concentration fluctuations have been measured in a chemically reactive system at equilibrium by observing fluctuations of the fluorescence of a reaction product. The experiment yields the chemical rate constants and diffusion coefficients and shows the coupling among them. Data are reported for binding of ethidium bromide to DNA. ...
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Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 90, No. 2. (2002), pp. 280-305.
Abstract
The most obvious method for determining the distortion of telegraph signals is to calculate the transients of the telegraph system. This method has been treated by various writers, and solutions are available for telegraph lines with simple terminal conditions. It is well known that the extension of the same methods to more complicated terminal conditions, which represent the usual terminal apparatus, leads to great difficulties. The present paper attacks the same problem from the alternative standpoint of the steady-state characteristics of ...
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Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 37, No. 1. (1949), pp. 10-21.
Abstract
A method is developed for representing any communication system geometrically. Messages and the corresponding signals are points in two "function spaces," and the modulation process is a mapping of one space into the other. Using this representation, a number of results in communication theory are deduced concerning expansion and compression of bandwidth and the threshold effect. Formulas are found for the maxmum rate of transmission of binary digits over a system when the signal is perturbed by various types of noise. ...
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Physical Review Letters, Vol. 66, No. 14. (April 1991), 1846.
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Physical Review Letters, Vol. 62, No. 21. (22 May 1989), 2535.
Abstract
Using two different double-modulation techniques; we have observed the optical-absorption spectrum of single dopant molecules of pentacene in a p -terphenyl host crystal at liquid-helium temperatures. To achieve this; frequency-modulation spectroscopy was combined either with Stark or ultrasonic modulation to remove interfering background signals from residual amplitude modulation; and the number of molecules in resonance was reduced to one by operating in the wings of the inhomogeneous line. Triplet bottleneck saturation appears to be suppressed in the single-molecule regime. ...
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