ionb 2 B [x 2 A]([x]b) 2 (x 2 A)BWe will write repeated abstractions as [x 1 ; x 2 ; : : : ; xn ]b and also excludethe outermost parentheses when there is no risk of confusion.How do we know that this rule is correct, i.e. how do we know that [x]bis a function of the type (x 2 A)B? By the semantics of function types,we must know that when we apply [x]b of type (x 2 A)B on an object aof type A, then we get an object of type B[x / a]; the explanation is byfi-conversion:...