Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation Export

@article{citeulike:5800836, abstract = {10.1073/pnas.0904847106 Small bowel transplants provide an exceptional opportunity for long-term study of the microbial ecology of the human small bowel. The ileostomy created at time of transplant for ongoing monitoring of the allograft provides access to samples of ileal effluent and mucosal biopsies. In this study, we used qPCR to assay the bacterial population of the small bowel lumen of 17 small bowel transplant patients over time. Surprisingly, the posttransplant microbial community was found to be dominated by Lactobacilli and Enterobacteria, both typically facultative anaerobes. This represents an inversion of the normal community that is dominated instead by the strictly anaerobic Bacteroides and Clostridia. We found this inverted community also in patients with ileostomies who did not receive a transplant, suggesting that the ileostomy itself is the primary ecological determinant shaping the microbiota. After surgical closure of the ileostomy, the community reverted to the normal structure. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ileostomy allows oxygen into the otherwise anaerobic distal ileum, thus driving the transition from one microbial community structure to another. Supporting this hypothesis, metabolomic profiling of both communities demonstrated an enrichment for metabolites associated with aerobic respiration in samples from patients with open ileostomies. Viewed from an ecological perspective, the two communities constitute alternative stable states of the human ileum. That the small bowel appears to function normally despite these dramatic shifts suggests that its ecological resilience is greater than previously realized.}, author = {Hartman, Amber L. and Lough, Denver M. and Barupal, Dinesh K. and Fiehn, Oliver and Fishbein, Thomas and Zasloff, Michael and Eisen, Jonathan A.}, citeulike-article-id = {5800836}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904847106}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/09/16/0904847106.abstract}, citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/09/16/0904847106.full.pdf}, citeulike-linkout-3 = {http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19805153}, citeulike-linkout-4 = {http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=19805153}, day = {6}, doi = {10.1073/pnas.0904847106}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences}, keywords = {community, microbes, microbiome}, month = {October}, number = {40}, pages = {17187--17192}, posted-at = {2009-09-22 23:32:15}, priority = {2}, title = {Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904847106}, volume = {106}, year = {2009} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:5800836 L3 - citeulike-article-id:5800836 N2 - 10.1073/pnas.0904847106 Small bowel transplants provide an exceptional opportunity for long-term study of the microbial ecology of the human small bowel. The ileostomy created at time of transplant for ongoing monitoring of the allograft provides access to samples of ileal effluent and mucosal biopsies. In this study, we used qPCR to assay the bacterial population of the small bowel lumen of 17 small bowel transplant patients over time. Surprisingly, the posttransplant microbial community was found to be dominated by Lactobacilli and Enterobacteria, both typically facultative anaerobes. This represents an inversion of the normal community that is dominated instead by the strictly anaerobic Bacteroides and Clostridia. We found this inverted community also in patients with ileostomies who did not receive a transplant, suggesting that the ileostomy itself is the primary ecological determinant shaping the microbiota. After surgical closure of the ileostomy, the community reverted to the normal structure. Therefore, we hypothesized that the ileostomy allows oxygen into the otherwise anaerobic distal ileum, thus driving the transition from one microbial community structure to another. Supporting this hypothesis, metabolomic profiling of both communities demonstrated an enrichment for metabolites associated with aerobic respiration in samples from patients with open ileostomies. Viewed from an ecological perspective, the two communities constitute alternative stable states of the human ileum. That the small bowel appears to function normally despite these dramatic shifts suggests that its ecological resilience is greater than previously realized. IS - 40 JF - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences EP - 17192 TI - Human gut microbiome adopts an alternative state following small bowel transplantation VL - 106 SP - 17187 KW - community KW - microbes KW - microbiome AU - Hartman, Amber AU - Lough, Denver AU - Barupal, Dinesh AU - Fiehn, Oliver AU - Fishbein, Thomas AU - Zasloff, Michael AU - Eisen, Jonathan PY - 2009/10/06/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0904847106 ER -