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Abstract
The studies of a conversion of KCl with H2SO4 into KHSO4 were performed using a chemical reactor coupled with direct contact membrane distillation. The feed temperature at the inlet of the membrane distillation (MD) module amounted to 333 or 343 K and the permeate temperature was 293 K. The concentration of solutions with various initial molar ratios of KCl to H2SO4, in the MD membrane reactor resulted in the formation and periodical precipitation of KHSO4 in the feed tank. The application of the ...
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Abstract
This study employed ultrasonic extraction, column elution fractionation and supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) recrystallization in purifying and in preparing micro-sized particles containing zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZDP) from the Lycium barbarum fruits. Column fractionation of the ultrasonic acetone extract coupled with the SAS process of the ZDP-laden ethyl-acetate solution enhanced the amount of ZDP to 931.5 mg/g in the SAS precipitates (about 64.9% recovery) compared to 72.25 mg/g from the ultrasonic extract alone. A two-factor experimental design by response surface method showed that feed concentration and ...
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Abstract
Response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was employed to optimize the process of ultrasound-assisted ultrafiltration (UF) for Radix astragalus mixtures. The effects and mutual interaction of several parameters, namely ultrasonic power, ultrasonic irradiation mode, trans-membrane pressure (TMP) and temperature, on fouling degree (Y1) and process duration (Y2) were investigated simultaneously. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrates that the second order polynomial regression models were appropriate and significant, with R2 of 0.9820 and 0.9581 for Y1 and ...
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Abstract
To reduce membrane fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, we adopted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. LbL assembly has received attention as a means of preparing ultrathin layers of composite membranes. In addition, it can suppress membrane fouling due to its hydrophilicity. In this study, we deposited polyelectrolytes on a commercial RO membrane via LbL assembly and especially investigated the effect of layer number on membrane properties. The obtained membranes exhibited antifouling properties, such as high water permeability and high ion rejection, against ...
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Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of acetaminophen (ACTP) in the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes in an aerator reactor. The influences of important parameters on acetaminophen degradation were studied and described in details. The experimental results show that the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes had maximum ACTP degradation efficiencies of 99% and 100%, respectively. The ACTP degradation efficiency of Fenton process and electro-Fenton process were apparently increased at pH 2 and 4, respectively; ACTP degradation efficiency increased 72% at pH 2 in the ...
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Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of reactor type with increased surface area on the fractional precipitation process for the efficient purification of paclitaxel. The three types of reactors (spiral, round, and twisted types) all exhibited higher yields than in cases where the surface area had not been increased at the same precipitation time. It was possible to obtain a high paclitaxel yield of 70% or above after 4 h of precipitation. In particular, in the case of the spiral-type reactor, ...
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Abstract
This study analyzed the effect of electrocoagulation cell construction on NOM removal from Finnish surface water. Three types of cells were used in this research: one that only had aluminum electrodes, one that had aluminum anodes and inert cathodes, and one that had inert anodes and aluminum cathodes. Main water quality parameters such as TOC, apparent color, and concentrations of residual metals were measured from the samples. A statistical model was made from the results using partial least squares (PLSs) regression. ...
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Abstract
This paper presents a study on the equilibrium and kinetics of sorption of generic vegetable cooking oil, motor oil, and crude oil from the liquid phase and from an oil-in-water emulsion on two different (0.7–1.2 mm and 1.7–2.35 mm size range) particulate hydrophobic silica aerogel (Cabot Nanogel®). The aerogel has a very high capacity (up to 15.1 g of oil/g of aerogel) and rate (uptake time of 25–1200 s) for adsorption of liquid oils. Thus Nanogel shows very attractive adsorption/absorption properties for oil spill clean-up ...
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Abstract
Amberlite XAD-16 has been functionalized with 2-acteyl pyridine by coupling it with 2-chloro pyridine after acetylation. The resulting resin (AP-XAD 16) has been characterized by various techniques like FT-IR, TGA, elemental analysis, etc. and has been evaluated for the solid phase extraction of palladium and other metal ions present in high level waste (HLW) solution. Sorption equilibrium was attained within 30–45 min. The pseudo-second order kinetics model yielded the best fit for the experimental data of sorption kinetics. Pd sorption was found ...
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Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism of floc formation and growth in coagulation process, effect of zeta potential and surface characteristic of nano sized primary particles on coagulation efficiency were investigated by coagulation of humic acid with alum in this study. It was demonstrated that only 1 min rapid mixing was enough for adsorption of humic acid onto the precipitates of alum, and 15 min flocculation (slow mixing) only induced the formation and growth of flocs. The primary particle size of alum–humic flocs ...
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Abstract
Not only for utilizing both visible and UV light but also for enhancing photogenerated charge separation capability, a hybrid photocatalyst composed of graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C3N4, mainly response to visible light) and TiO2 (response to UV light) was fabricated by a hydrolysis approach. The TEM images of g-C3N4/TiO2 samples displayed that TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed well on the surface of g-C3N4 sheet and the average size of TiO2 particles on g-C3N4 sheet was much smaller than that of TiO2 samples without g-C3N4 ...
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Abstract
Potash has been extensively used as fertilizers and industrial materials. To utilize the potassium resources in the seawater effectively, a potassium ionic sieve membrane was synthesized on α-Al2O3 ceramic tube by the hydrothermal synthesis method. Then it was characterized by SEM photos, which showed that it was closely combined with the support and there were no obvious intracrystalline pores or fissures. Afterwards, the separation selectivity of the potassium ionic sieve membranes to K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was determined to evaluate ...
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Abstract
A novel surface modified Polysulfone (PSf) hollow fiber membrane was fabricated via dry–wet phased inversion process. surface modifying macromolecule (SMM) was used as additive in the spinning dope. The surface modified membrane showed large pore size, higher effective surface porosity, contact angle and porosity but lower critical water entry pressure (CEPw) compared to Polysulfone hollow fiber membrane without SMM. The performance of surface modified membrane in contactor application for CO2 absorption via distilled water as absorbent was studied. The results show ...
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Abstract
Spray contactors operating under terrestrial gravity has been conventionally studied for continuous removal of solutes using emulsion liquid membranes. The present work evaluated the mass transfer performance of this process in a rotating spray column in which the emulsion was dispersed under centrifugal force 50–100 times the gravity. Experiments were carried out for removal of hexavalent chromium from an acidic solution (pH 2) using Aliquat 336 as the carrier. Percentage removal of Cr(VI) was higher compared to that obtained in a ...
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Abstract
A generalized theory for gel controlling dead-end filtration is derived here from first principle by taking into account the change of retentate concentration with time of operation. The conventional notion that feed concentration is unchanged in the absence of external turbulence is not realistic. The present theoretical development challenges the classical theory that predicts the performance of dead end filtration considering constant retentate concentration. However, there are certain situations, especially in the cases of low retentate volume, the classical theory fails ...
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Abstract
Thin spent sulphite liquor (SSL) generated in pulp and paper mills is a biomass resource that is commonly concentrated and burnt. Still, the biorefinery concept may add value to the by-products contained in SSL. The goal of this work was to investigate the application of nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) to the condensate of SSL (CSSL) produced by Eucalyptus globulus sulphite pulping in a Portuguese pulp mill, in order to separate acetic acid and furfural. CSSL permeation lab experiments were ...
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Abstract
In this study, poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes were fabricated via thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) method using 28% PVDF polymer and 72% triacetin solvent. The dope solutions were prepared at four different extrusion temperatures (140 °C, 150 °C, 160 °C and 170 °C). The fabricated membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimeter to measure membrane average pore diameter, gas permeation test was employed to measure membrane effective surface porosity. The separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from methane (CH4) by using ...
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Abstract
In the present study, the effects of three types of surfactants including sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), cetyle three methyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and Triton X-100 on structure and performance of polyethersulfone membranes for carbon dioxide separation from methane were investigated. Flat sheet gas separation membranes of polyethersulfone (PES) and its mixture with different concentration of surfactants in casting solution were fabricated through a dry/wet induced phase inversion process. Ternary phase diagrams of polymer–solvent–nonsolvent for pure PES and its mixture with surfactants ...
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Abstract
Selective extraction of Mo by Cyanex-272 and tributyl phosphate (TBP) was investigated from the leach liquor of a low grade Ni–Mo ore, which contains mainly Mo(VI), Fe(III), Ni(II) and a small quantity of other impurities. The elements in the leach liquor were divided into four groups based on the extraction mechanism of acid phosphorus extractants, and the behavior of four elements (Mo, Fe, As and V) was investigated. The separation factors of Mo to Fe, As and V were calculated separately ...
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Abstract
The present study describes an easy and efficient approach for the removal of methyl p-toluenesulfonate, a potentially genotoxic impurity (GTI) from a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), 21-chlorodiflorasone. For this purpose, several polystyrene-divinylbenzene based and silica based scavengers were tested and the scavengers which showed the highest removal efficiency and selectivity were chosen for further evaluations. The time course of GTI and API scavenging and also the capacities of different scavengers were studied in this paper. The best GTI removal performance ...
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Abstract
We had previously described the design of a human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor mimetic peptidic ligand, pep14 (CITLISSEGYVSSK), that bound human IgM (hIgM) selectively and exhibited negligible affinity for other Ig proteins. In the present study, pep14 was investigated for its efficacy as an affinity ligand for IgM purification. Binding buffers at varying pH and ionic strengths were investigated. 10 mM HEPES containing 150 mM NaCl at pH 7.4 was found to be the optimum binding buffer. Equilibrium studies on pep14-immobilized-silica microspheres ...
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Abstract
Synthetic peptides incorporating the complementarity determining region 2 (CDR2)-like loop of domain 1 of human polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (hpIgR-D1) were investigated for their interactions with human Immunoglobulin-M (hIgM) and other hIgs. pep14, a 14mer peptide, emerged as a unique biomimetic ligand with specificity to interact with hIgM and negligible affinity for hIgG, hIgE, hIgA1 and bovine serum albumin. Surface plasmon resonance-based binding studies between immobilized pep14 and fragments of hIgM molecule, namely Fc5μ and Fab, suggested that pep14 was binding to ...
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Abstract
The combined use of electrokinetic remediation and phytoremediation (i.e. electro-assisted phytoremediation, EAPR) to remove lead from contaminated sandy soil and uptake by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) has been demonstrated in a laboratory-scale experiment. The effectiveness of 2 dimensions (2D) of electrode configuration used in the EAPR system was also evaluated through the agar media for rapid process (48 h) and then compared with the experiment in the soil matrix for 15 d. The results obtained from EAPR system were compared ...
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Abstract
Two new solute fractionating membrane cascade configurations have been proposed, with the aim of introducing a flexible solute fractionation system that can be modified rapidly. Solute fractionation, using a cascade where the more permeable solute is stripped, has been simulated. It was shown that the separation performance was driven by the relative permeability of solutes through the membrane. This cascade can reduce solvent usage significantly and increase separation yield with minimal stages added. Furthermore, the cascade is more productive and effective ...
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Abstract
Biofouling confers many disadvantages and undesirable effects to ion-exchange membranes surfaces. The present work shows, for the first time, the interest in a self-assembled bilayer coating association of poly(diallyl-dimethyl-ammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) and poly(styrene sulfonic) acid (PSS) via a layer-by-layer (LbL) technique deposition on Nafion® 117 membrane as an anti-biofouling approach. The bilayer PDADMAC/PSS was a non-permanent, easily exchangeable coating doing a protective layer on the surface of the cationic-exchange membrane to reduce its biofouling from pseudomonas putida suspension. The possibility of ...
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Abstract
Several mini-hydrocyclones are designed to improve fine particle separation using computational fluid dynamics. This article based on the idea of particle arrangements at the entrance of a hydrocyclone, designed a common mini-hydrocyclone (CM-hydrocyclone), positive rotation mini-hydrocyclone (PRM-hydrocyclone), with particle size increasing from the inside to the wall at the entrance, and a reverse rotation mini-hydrocyclone (RRM-hydrocyclone), which with an opposite-particle arrangement. The particles’ arrangement and separation-strengthening mechanism are studied with FLUENT software. The governing equations are coupled using the SIMPLE algorithm, ...
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Abstract
An aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) was employed as the solvent in extraction and enrichment of genistein and apigenin from pigeon pea roots. The partition behaviors of target compounds were investigate first, ATPS with 28% ethanol and 22% K2HPO4 was chosen for the extraction and enrichment of genistein and apigenin, the recoveries were 93.8% and 94.0%, respectively. The optimized conditions under microwave-assisted with ATPS were power 300 W, liquid/solid ratio 30:1, temperature 50 °C and time 10 min. The extraction yields of ...
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Abstract
The extraction of molybdenum and cobalt from spent petroleum catalyst (Co-Mo/ Al2O3) was investigated using sulphuric and nitric acid solution. Direct leaching of spent catalyst with sulphuric acid was not effective, whereas the combination of sulphuric and nitric acid was significant for the recovery of both molybdenum and cobalt. The effect of experimental factors such as reaction time, acid concentration, temperature, solid-liquid ratio and particle size were studied to determine the best conditions for the solubilization of metal values. The parameters, ...
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Abstract
The more efficient continuous centrifugation-based olive oil extraction processes brought as drawback a significant increment of the generated effluents, highlighting olive vegetation wastewater (OVW) as the most polluted. In this work, OVW from a two-phase olive oil extraction process (OVW-2) was treated by means of batch membrane operations in sequence comprising UF, NF and RO. This treatment is capable of successfully removing the organic matter and other pollutants from the wastewater, but membrane fouling can limit drastically membranes operation and longevity. ...
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Abstract
Process design and cost estimation were conducted for CO2 recovery by liquid absorption with alkaline solution, coupled with bipolar membrane electrodialysis for CO2 gas separation and alkaline solution regeneration. The electrodialysis performances and power consumption for CO2 recovery and alkaline solution regeneration were examined using laboratory-scale electrodialysis equipment under various conditions; degree of CO2 absorption, CO2 recovery ratio, alkaline concentration, and type of cation exchange membrane. The total cost of CO2 recovery was estimated for the treatment of CO2 emitted from ...
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Abstract
Prediction of pore fouling by microparticles is still challenging and remains a difficult step to optimize membrane and filtration processes. The scientific issue consists in determining the relevant operation parameters controlling the capture of particles and the clogging of the filter. In this study, we have developed for a dead-end and cross-flow filtration a poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) device which allows direct observation of the clogging dynamics of microchannels (20 μm wide) by micrometric particles (5 μm diameter). The experiments highlight the formation ...
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Abstract
The separation of phenol from micellar solutions using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) with polyether sulfone membrane was studied. Anionic sodium dodecylulfate (SDS), nonionic triton X-100 (TX-100) and three cationic surfactants, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), octadecyldimethylammonium bromide (OTAB) as well as cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) were used. Several important parameters including distribution coefficient (D), concentration of phenol dissolved in the micelles (Om) and concentration of surfactant in micelle phase (Sm) were determined to evaluate separation efficiency of phenol from various surfactant micelles with ...
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Abstract
In order to save energy, a Reducing Pressure Drop Stick (Repds) was installed in a new hydrocyclone to reduce the pressure drop. The flow field was disturbed by the introduction of the Repds and the separation efficiency was also affected. Experimental results of this study show that the circumferential position of the Repds can be neglected in reducing the pressure drop of the hydrocyclone. The drag reduction of the Repds increases with the increase of radial position of the Repds. There ...
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Abstract
The carcinogenic effects of synthetic antioxidants in foods have led to increased interest in natural sources of antioxidants. Food industries produce substantial quantities of phenolics-rich by-products, which have gained much attention due to their antioxidant properties. Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was applied for the extraction of polyphenol and antioxidants from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel using ethanol–water mixture as a food grade solvent. A central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize experimental conditions for extraction ...
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Abstract
Use of MgO for repeated calcination with regard to its sorption density for F− and chemical stability was examined. Magnesium oxide was produced by the calcination of MgCO3 at 1273 K for 1 h. The sorption of 9.82 mM F− on the calcined product and the calcinations of solid residues were carried out five times to evaluate trends in sorption density for F− and the stability of the chemically regenerated sorbents. The order of sorption density of F− (Q/mol g−1) apparently seems to depend on ...
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Abstract
In this study, we applied the capacitive deionization (CDI) technology to develop a process that efficiently and economically removes one of the impurities, ZnCl2, during the purifying process of insulin. The main process parameters of the CDI process were also optimized. The removal of ZnCl2 increased as the applied electric potential (voltage) increased. The applied electric potential of 1.2 V obtained the best removal of ZnCl2. The removal of ZnCl2 increased as the initial ZnCl2 concentration (10, 20, 45, 90, 180, 360, ...
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Abstract
In this work, removal of naphthenic acid (NA) using micellar enhanced ultrafiltration has been reported using 10,000 cutoff polyethersulfone membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) has been used as surfactant. Effects of various parameters like pH, surfactant concentration, transmembrane pressure drop, cross flow velocity and electrolyte concentration on the permeate flux and permeate quality have been investigated in detail. In order to increase the permeate flux, potential of external electric field has also been explored. The electric field has been applied in ...
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Abstract
In this study, the performance of Purolite®A500PS in effluent organic matter (EfOM) removal was evaluated through adsorption equilibrium, kinetics and fluidized bed experiments. It was found that the maximum EfOM removal capacity of Purolite®A500PS calculated by the Langmuir isotherm was 50.9 mg DOC/g Purolite®A500PS. The results also showed that fluidized bed operational conditions strongly affected the EfOM removal efficiency. A fluidized bed packed with Purolite®A500PS can maintain a consistent EfOM removal efficiency of more than 80% with more than 800 bed volumes ...
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Abstract
Direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) process was applied for olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment. Three commercial polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes with different pore sizes (TF200 of 0.2 μm, TF450 of 0.45 μm and TF1000 of 1 μm) were tested under different temperatures, namely, temperature difference and mean temperature. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of pure water production and concentration of natural polyphenols from OMW for further valorization. The results demonstrated the efficiency of DCMD process for OMW treatment by the ...
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Abstract
This work investigated the production of linolenic-rich oil from Ficus awkeotsang Makino achenes using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The 16 h Soxhlet n-hexane extraction of these achenes produced total yield of 12.91% and concentration of 686.3 mg/g of the extracted oil. Supercritical carbon dioxide extractions were performed with pressures ranged from 325 to 375 bar, temperatures ranged from 323 to 343 K, and solvent to solid ratios ranged from 80 to 160 by using a three-factor experimental designed response surface methodology. Three responses of total ...
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Abstract
Partitioning of the natural dye norbixin has been studied in aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) that are formed by mixing aqueous solutions of a polymer (or copolymer) and an organic salt (sodium tartrate or succinate). In this work, the norbixin partition coefficient (KN) was optimized, taking into account the variables of polymer concentration, salt concentration and pH. It was found that KN is highly dependent on the electrolyte nature, system hydrophobicity and TLL values. Testing produced KN values between 8 and 130, ...
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Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) is an efficient and often used technique for water desalination and industrial demineralized water production. The use of polyamide based membranes provides higher permeate fluxes than other polymers, while the resistance to oxidant agents is very low. The efficient lifetime of polyamide membranes varies between 3 and 5 years. To improve this lifetime, the membranes can be submitted to a chemical treatment that could recover permeate flux and salt rejection characteristics. The purpose of this work is to investigate ...
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Abstract
A multi-tube parallel surface discharge plasma reactor has been designed to investigate its mineralization potential for organic wastewater. p-Nitrophenol (PNP) was used as the target pollutant. The effects of some operational parameters such as solution pH value, discharge voltage, air flow rate and air moisture on COD removal were investigated. Ozone utilization and biodegradability (BOD5/COD) of wastewater were evaluated. The results indicated that this discharge system presented a great potential for COD removal. For 40 L of PNP wastewater, complete PNP removal ...
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Abstract
A UV/O3 surface modification technology was used to develop high-performance dense polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pervaporation membranes for separating ethanol/water mixtures. Surface characteristics of PDMS membranes were evaluated by attenuated total reflectance – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy – energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle measurement. The effect of UV/O3 treatment time and working distance on the membrane physical and chemical properties and pervaporation performance were investigated. Results indicated that either longer treatment time or shorter ...
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Abstract
Serial ozone/peroxide/low pressure UV was tested for an advanced oxidation process (AOP) application on pre-treated surface water in a pilot plant. The pilot plant consisted of an ozone loop reactor followed by a low pressure UV (LP-UV) reactor. Fourteen model compounds and 6 or 10 ppm hydrogen peroxide were dosed to the water. Ozone doses varied from 0.5 to 2.0 g/m3 and UV doses varied, depending on the UV transmission (73–83%) of the water, between 700 and 950 mJ/cm2. The treatment process was evaluated ...
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Abstract
Manufactured nanomaterials, like buckminsterfullerene (C60), present unique challenges with regards to their impacts on the performance of microfiltration (MF) membranes. Of particular concern is the ability of existing physical and chemical cleaning processes to remove nanoparticle deposits on the surface and from the interior of MF membranes. The objective of this research was therefore to characterize C60 nanoparticle fouling of hollow fiber MF membranes and assess the ability of hydraulic backwashing and different cleaning solutions to remove nanoparticle deposits from fouled ...
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Abstract
Applying minute electric field on conductive membrane cathode and Fe anode effectively reduced membrane fouling in eMBR (electric field attached membrane bioreactor) by integrating electrocoagulation (EC) with electrostatic rejection of the foulants. The effect and the mechanism of electric currents on the anode corrosion and release of ferrous iron, sludge activity and fouling reduction were investigated in EC-eMBR. Comparative tests were carried out using four reactors, fed with the same influent, but operated under different electric current, constantly at 0 mA, 1 mA, ...
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Abstract
To reduce membrane fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane, we adopted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. LbL assembly has received attention as a means of preparing ultrathin layers of composite membranes. In addition, it can suppress membrane fouling due to its hydrophilicity. In this study, we deposited polyelectrolytes on a commercial RO membrane via LbL assembly and especially investigated the effect of layer number on membrane properties. The obtained membranes exhibited antifouling properties, such as high water permeability and high ion rejection, against ...
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Abstract
This study investigated the degradation of acetaminophen (ACTP) in the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes in an aerator reactor. The influences of important parameters on acetaminophen degradation were studied and described in details. The experimental results show that the Fenton and electro-Fenton processes had maximum ACTP degradation efficiencies of 99% and 100%, respectively. The ACTP degradation efficiency of Fenton process and electro-Fenton process were apparently increased at pH 2 and 4, respectively; ACTP degradation efficiency increased 72% at pH 2 in the ...
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Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of reactor type with increased surface area on the fractional precipitation process for the efficient purification of paclitaxel. The three types of reactors (spiral, round, and twisted types) all exhibited higher yields than in cases where the surface area had not been increased at the same precipitation time. It was possible to obtain a high paclitaxel yield of 70% or above after 4 h of precipitation. In particular, in the case of the spiral-type reactor, ...
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