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Abstract
Challenging behaviors with multiple functions are often difficult to treat as function-based treatments may interfere with one another. Noncontingent reinforcement may be one efficient and effective means of treating multiply controlled behavior. The purposes of this study were to compare the use of noncontingent tangible reinforcement (NCT) to noncontingent escape (NCE) with two young children with autism who engaged in multiply controlled challenging behavior. Second, we wished to examine the effect of NCT and NCE on compliance during discrete trial training. ...
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Abstract
Research has shown that both education about Tourette Syndrome (TS) and self-disclosure have a positive impact on how peers rate the social acceptability of an individual with TS. However, no studies have directly compared generic TS education and personally delivered self-disclosure on how they impact attitudes towards an individual with TS. In the current study, 197 participants viewed a short videotape of a male actor displaying tics, after which they were assigned to one of three groups. One group received no ...
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Abstract
Typically analysis of the characteristics of friendships is made on the basis of nomination of a friend or best friend, with the assumption that this nomination reflects actual friendship. While it is possible that this assumption may be valid in typically developing children, this may not be the case for relationships for students with developmental disabilities. The relationships of 16 students with developmental disabilities in grades 1 through 6 and their three closest peers were examined to determine if dyads engaged ...
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Abstract
In the presented study we aimed to investigate the influence of bracing time on perception of mental health by both parents and children with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) longitudinally, in relation to socio-demographic and scoliosis-related data. The study design was comprised of three questionnaire assessments, with the second and the third evaluation taking place 6 and 12 months after the beginning of the study, respectively. Thirty-six AIS females treated conservatively and their parents completed the Polish versions of The Strengths and Difficulties ...
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Abstract
Functional communication training (FCT) was conducted by parents of 17 young children with autism spectrum disorders who displayed problem behavior. All procedures were conducted at regional clinics located an average of 15 miles from the families’ homes. Parents received coaching via telehealth from behavior consultants who were located an average of 222 miles from the regional clinics. Parents first conducted functional analyses with telehealth consultation (Wacker, Lee et al. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis , in press ) and then conducted ...
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Abstract
A response class hierarchy (RCH) is a ranking of the behaviors within a response class, such that the behaviors occur in a predictable, temporal order. In the current study, we identified a RCH through an extinction analysis for two individuals who exhibited multiple topographies of problem behavior. Potential replacement communication responses were identified during the extinction analysis for each participant. We then examined the emergence and subsequent reinforcement of the identified communication responses in the absence of explicit training during treatment ...
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Abstract
Bedwetting (also referred to as nocturnal enuresis) is a common and distressing problem in the pediatric population. It is particularly prevalent in children who have autism spectrum disorders and other developmental disabilities. Despite the fact that bedwetting occurs at high rates and has a negative impact on quality of life, there have been relatively little research on behaviorally-based interventions for nighttime incontinence in children diagnosed with autism and related disorders. This case study involved an evaluation of the effects of a ...
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Abstract
We conducted a review of the literature pertaining to Functional Communication Training (FCT) and the principles and tactics for programming generalization. Ten studies of FCT and generalization were identified, analyzed, and summarized using the framework provided by Stokes and Osnes (Behavior Therapist 20:337–355, 1989 ) that detailed principles and tactics programming generalization. In addition to the tactic of recruiting natural consequences which is inherent to FCT, several studies evaluated additional strategies for programming generalization during FCT including modification of maladaptive consequences, ...
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Abstract
Pediatric feeding disorders comprise a range of developmental and behavioral disorders. To date, chewing and swallowing has not received as much clinical or research focus as other aspects of pediatric feeding disorders (e.g., acceptance, inappropriate mealtime behavior). The current analysis was conducted to increase the consumption of non-preferred target foods in a child diagnosed with autism. An initial chewing assessment was conducted to increase his compliance with chewing the target foods and a subsequent assessment was conducted to increase swallowing. Results ...
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Abstract
Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) and self-monitoring was used to reduce repetitive challenging behavior in the form of eyelash, eyebrow, and hair pulling exhibited by a 19-year-old woman with an autism spectrum disorder. Treatment evaluation included DRO with competing and non-competing stimuli in a private therapy room. Once the DRO interval exceeded 10 min, treatment was conducted in the participant’s classroom. Results of the study suggested DRO was successful in both environments and across both stimulus types. ...
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Abstract
Identifying successful interventions for persistent and frequent self-injurious behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement can be very challenging. Two treatments that have shown some promise in isolation have been the use of wrist weights, and vibratory stimulation as an alternative means to achieve sensory reinforcement. The current study examined the effects of these interventions separately, and in combination, to address chronic self-injurious behavior in a child with autism and intellectual disability. Although wrist weights resulted in substantial decreases in self-injurious behavior, the ...
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Abstract
To test whether children’s pessimistic causal attributions mediate the parent distress–child depressive symptom relation in youth diagnosed with juvenile rheumatic diseases (JRDs) and their parents. Fifty-two youth completed the Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire and the Children’s Depression Inventory ; parents completed the Brief Symptom Inventory . Parent distress was significantly related to children’s depressive symptoms. More importantly, children’s pessimistic attributions were shown to fully mediate the observed association between parent distress and children’s depressive symptoms. Results support a parent distress→ child ...
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate a Direct Instruction (DI) flashcard system as well as the reading racetrack, to teach sight word acquisition to two elementary students diagnosed with autism. A multiple baseline design was used across word sets with each student to evaluate the effectiveness of the combined flashcard and reading racetrack procedures. Due to the limitations of one of our participants, an ipad application called,” Proloquo2Go™ “was also employed. A functional relationship was demonstrated between ...
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Abstract
Approximately 10–20 % of children with pervasive developmental disorder are likely to have a sibling with that disorder. Under such circumstances, caregivers may be faced with simultaneously implementing separate interventions for their children. Merging different treatments to decrease both children's problem behavior may permit for more fluid parent responses and increased procedural integrity. The current study describes one approach to treating problem behavior displayed by siblings with autism. Separate functional analyses identified a different maintaining reinforcer for each child's aggression. These ...
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Abstract
This study extended the comparison of active (self-regulated) music stimulation versus passive (outer-regulated) music stimulation with seven new patients in the severe or low moderate stage of Alzheimer’s disease. In the active condition, the patients used a simple hand response and a microswitch to self-regulate music stimulation inputs. In the passive condition, music stimulation was automatically presented to them. Data showed an increase in the patients’ indices of positive participation (e.g., singing or music-related movements, and smiles) during both music conditions. ...
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Abstract
These two single-case studies assessed the use of microswitch clusters to support adaptive responses and reduce problem behavior with two adults with multiple disabilities. Study I involved a man whose adaptive responses consisted of touching color shapes appearing on a computer screen in front of him and the problem behavior was hand mouthing. Study II involved a woman whose adaptive response consisted of using a napkin to wipe her mouth to reduce drooling effects. Her problem behavior, like for the man, ...
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Abstract
Effectiveness of functional analysis (FA) and functional communication training (FCT) on challenging behavior was assessed in three children with Angelman syndrome (AS). Analogue FA conditions were used to assess the behavioral function of the challenging behavior. FA and FCT protocols were administered in the children’s classroom and were performed by their teachers. Replacement behavior was prompted upon the onset of precursor behavior. One or more function(s) of their challenging behavior were identified and challenging behavior appeared to be escape or tangibly ...
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by Debora M. Kagohara, Donna Achmadi, Larah Meer, et al.Giulio E. Lancioni, Mark F. O’Reilly, Russell Lang, Peter B. Marschik, Dean Sutherland, Sathiyaprakash Ramdoss, Vanessa A. Green, Jeff Sigafoos
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of Social Stories ™ and video modeling for teaching two students with Asperger syndrome to greet school staff. A Social Story ™ describing how to greet teaching staff and other adults at school was introduced across participants in a multiple-baseline design. After the students demonstrated they had learned to make a simple greeting (e.g., Hi), video modeling was introduced to teach them to produce a more complex greeting (e.g., Hello. How are you?”). The two students learned ...
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Abstract
The aim of this study is to make a prospective analysis of changes in anxiety levels and determining their associations with a longitudinal subjective assessment of trunk deformity in adolescent females with scoliosis, in relation to clinical, radiological and brace-related data. The study design was comprised of three questionnaire assessments, with the second and third evaluations taking place 6 and 12 months after the beginning of the study, respectively. 36 AIS females treated conservatively were asked to fill in the Polish ...
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Abstract
This study aimed to determine the factors underlying the reading comprehension (RC) failure of prelingually deaf Turkish readers. Participants were 77 individuals with prelingual deafness and a hearing control of 78 normally developing hearing individuals selected from three distinct levels of education (3rd–4th graders = elementary; 6th–7th graders = middle; 9th–10th graders = high). We applied an experimental paradigm manipulating the semantic plausibility and syntactic complexity of sentences to compare RC at the sentence level. In line with findings reported for ...
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Abstract
This article aimed to review outcome measure instruments of self-reported Quality of Life (QOL) in people with Intellectual Disability (ID). Instruments were identified from five electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, and ERIC) and hand-searching with the following inclusion criteria: (i) the paper was to evaluate the measurement properties of QOL; (ii) the measurement measured dimensions/indicators that align with the QOL construct; (iii) the target participants should include an ID population; (iv) the measurement should include self-reported QOL ratings from ...
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Abstract
Children with complex disabilities require comprehensive, coordinated and integrated services. However, parents often find themselves navigating fragmentary service systems—a process that may be more difficult when children exhibit behavioral problems such as hyperactivity and inattention. Such problems are more common among children with disabilities. Thus, the present study examined the familial and economic impact of service integration and child hyperactivity among 111 families involved with a children’s treatment network over 2 years. The most dysfunctional families over time were involved with ...
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Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine the prospective relation between illness attitudes and depressive symptoms in a sample of youth with juvenile rheumatic diseases (JRDs). Thirty children with JRDs completed the Child Attitude Toward Illness Scale (CATIS) and the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) on two occasions, approximately 1 year apart. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses revealed significant CATIS - CDI associations, highlighting the link between children’s negative illness attitudes and increases in depressive symptoms. Importantly, cross-lagged panel analysis demonstrated ...
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Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of video prompts presented on an iPod Touch on the acquisition of two daily living skills, as well as a system of most-to-least prompts to teach two students with moderate to severe intellectual and developmental disabilities to use the iPod Touch as a self-directed prompting device. In phase 1, video prompts presented on an iPod Touch were used to teach the students to make microwavable popcorn. Once the students were consistently performing the popcorn task, they ...
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Abstract
There is a dearth of research looking at how autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and IQ scores impact social skills. The present study aimed to extend the literature in this area by evaluating how ASD and IQ scores are related to ratings on a measure of appropriate and inappropriate social skills. Children without ASD and children with ASD participated in this study. Adaptive and maladaptive social skills were assessed with the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Youngsters-II (MESSY-II) . Correlational and ...
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posted by
1 person
judycollinskiddoo
Abstract
This article was inspired by Rolland’s Family Systems-Illness (FSI) model, aiming to predict adolescent stress as a function of parental illness type. Ninety-nine parents with a chronic medical condition, 82 partners, and 158 adolescent children (51 % girls; mean age = 15.1 years) participated in this Dutch study. The Dutch Stress Questionnaire for Children was used to measure child report of stress. Ill parents completed the Beck Depression Inventory. Children filled in a scale of the Inventory of Parent and Peer ...
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by Eric Storch, Michael Larson, Jill Ehrenreich-May, et al.Elysse Arnold, Anna Jones, Patricia Renno, Cori Fujii, Adam Lewin, P. Mutch, Tanya Murphy, Jeffrey Wood
Abstract
Peer problems are common among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and may be exacerbated among those who are also anxious. Yet, few data exist on the nature and psychosocial correlates of peer victimization in youth with ASD and anxiety. Accordingly, this study investigated associations among peer victimization, loneliness, autism-related social impairment, and psychopathology in a sample of 60 youth (ages 11–14 years) with ASD and co-occurring anxiety. Youth completed measures of peer victimization, loneliness, anxiety, and depression, while ...
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Abstract
This study compared conditions of brief and extended wait time on opportunities to respond, rate of responding, rate of correct responding, and disruptive behavior of two students with autism spectrum disorder during one-on-one teaching. Brief wait time increased students’ opportunities to respond per minute, responses per minute, and correct responses per minute. While variable, slightly fewer instances of problem behavior were also produced by the brief wait time condition. The current study supports previous findings that suggested use of brief wait ...
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Abstract
We evaluated a procedure consisting of functional communication training (FCT) and a chained schedule of reinforcement to treat multiply maintained challenging behavior exhibited by an individual diagnosed with autism. First, we conducted a functional analysis that yielded results indicating that challenging behavior served multiple functions. Next, we implemented a chained schedule of reinforcement procedure in which during the initial link, mands for a stimulus were reinforced on a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement. The participant’s access to the stimulus ...
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Abstract
Since its introduction to the field, a growing body of research on the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) has demonstrated its efficacy for children with autism in research settings. However, knowledge of PECS generalization remains limited and mixed. The present study explored a train and probe technique of assessing generalization after each phase of PECS training. Four children with autism were taught PECS in treatment rooms with a therapist at their behavioral treatment program. Generalization was assessed in a playroom with ...
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Abstract
Adults with intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are often at risk for developing additional forms of psychopathology and/or challenging behaviors, including pica. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of pica and social skills deficits. The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills for Individuals with sEvere Retardation (MESSIER), a measure of social skill impairment, was administered to a group of adults with ID alone ( n = 22), a group with ID and ASD ( n ...
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Abstract
Speaking rate is an important variable to measure during a stuttering diagnostic evaluation and to modify or treat for many individuals who stutter (Conture 2001 ; Gregory 2003 ; Guitar 1998 , 2006 ; Zebrowski & Kelly 2002 ). This investigation identified procedures used by speech-language pathologists to calculate and modify speaking rate in a clinical setting. A questionnaire was developed and administered to 92 speech-language pathologists that assessed their knowledge of various aspects of speaking rate, as related to the ...
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Abstract
The present single-case studies assessed the effectiveness of technology-aided programs to help two persons with multiple disabilities exercise adaptive response schemes independently. In Study I, exercise concerned head movements (i.e., head and neck posture/muscle control) by a 12-year-old girl who tended to keep her head turned/bent to her left. In Study II, exercise concerned touching one or two object cues on a computer monitor (i.e., a preliminary form of hand-eye coordination) by a 15-year-old boy. The technology involved microswitches to detect ...
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Abstract
This study was conducted to extend the research on adaptive functioning of children, ages 7–12, with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders (HFASDs; n = 41) using the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System-II. Specific purposes included examination of (1) the ABAS-II adaptive profile; (2) relative strengths and weaknesses; and (3) predictors (age, IQ, and ASD symptomatology) of adaptive functioning for children with HFASDs. Results indicated significant deficits on overall adaptive functioning and all three adaptive composites. Relative weaknesses were found in the skill areas ...
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Abstract
The American Psychiatric Association is making changes in the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) criteria for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fifth Edition ( DSM - 5 ). In order to examine potential effects of the changing of the criteria, 330 adults with intellectual disability (ID) from two developmental centers were examined. However, due to the fact that the DSM - IV - TR / ICD - 10 Checklist does not contain one of the restricted behavior items ...
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Abstract
Programs offering horseback riding or other equine related experiences for children with disabilities are commonplace throughout the United States as well as other parts of the world. However, there is a dearth of research findings demonstrating the benefits of these programs. Four Internet search engines were used to identify 115 websites associated with equine programs that people with disabilities and their family members in the United States would likely encounter if searching the Web for information. Content analysis methodology was used ...
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Abstract
Children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have reduced play skills, interfering with their ability to interact with same-age peers. One way that children interact is to play structured games; thus, teaching children with ASD to play structured games may give them additional opportunities to interact with peers. The purpose of this study was to teach 2 children diagnosed with ASD 3 different age-appropriate structured board and card games. The teaching procedure was implemented in a group instructional format and ...
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Abstract
A longstanding debate has existed as to whether High-Functioning Autism (HFA) and Asperger’s Disorder are dimensional versus distinct disorders. The impending changes to the upcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders have rejuvenated this debate as the autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are scheduled to be collapsed into one diagnosis. Challenging behaviors are prevalent within ASD but have seldom been examined with respect to differences between these groups. As such, the purpose of the current investigation was to examine challenging behavior ...
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Abstract
Donnai and Barrow ( American Journal of Medical Genetics, 68 , 441–444, 1993 ) reported multiple participants who shared a variety of specific physical and neurological anomalies. Relatively few cases have been reported since then and few of those have progressed to an age such that the developmental progression of the disorder can be ascertained. We describe one participant with Donnai-Barrow syndrome who engaged in repetitive self-injurious behavior (SIB), which heretofore has not be described in this population. Direct observations of ...
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Abstract
Multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO) preference assessments have been demonstrated to effectively identify reinforcers for individuals with severe to profound disabilities, but it may be possible to make the procedures more efficient by decreasing the number of array presentations. This investigation presents one case study that compared single-, three-, and five-session MSWO formats to determine if reinforcers could be reliably identified with all three formats for one student with pervasive developmental disability not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Using a concurrent-operants design embedded ...
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to extend the literature on cognitive and psychosocial adjustment and on facial processing in children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure (PAE). Twenty-five children with PAE, 23 neurotypical children, and 13 children with Down syndrome matched on sex and mental age participated. Parents or guardians completed the Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scale for Parents and the Social Responsiveness Scale ; participants completed facial processing tasks. Using MANOVAs, the PAE group had substantially higher standard scores on all ...
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Abstract
Three male high school students with autism spectrum disorders participated in this study. Vocational and daily living skills were taught using video prompting via an iPhone. Specifically, using a washing machine, making noodles, and using a copy machine were taught. A multiple probe design across behaviors replicated across participants was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results indicate that the three participants increased performance across all behaviors by increasing the percent of steps performed independently. This study introduces a ...
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Abstract
Frequency and type of incontinence and its association with other variables were assessed in females with Rett Syndrome (RS) ( n = 63), using an adapted Dutch version of the ‘Parental Questionnaire: Enuresis/Urinary Incontinence’ (Beetz et al. 1994 ). Also, incontinence in RS was compared to a control group consisting of females with non-specific (mixed) intellectual disability ( n = 26). Urinary incontinence (UI) (i.e., daytime incontinence and nocturnal enuresis) and faecal incontinence (FI) were found to be common problems among ...
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Abstract
Functional analysis procedures have been revolutionary in the field of applied behavior analysis. Their ability to identify the contingencies maintaining problem behavior has allowed clinicians to develop function-based treatments and minimised the use of aversive procedures to reduce problem behavior. However, limitations including their time consuming nature, the expertise they require, their unsuitability for certain settings and types of behavior, and their reinforcement of the problem behavior, often preclude their use in applied settings. Several alternative types of functional analysis have ...
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