CiteULike: Group: ACS - library [46 articles]

How do people organize their desks?: Implications for the design of office information systems

Thomas Malone — 2005-04-17T23:19:37-00:00

ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., Vol. 1, No. 1. (January 1983), pp. 99-112.

Data mountain: using spatial memory for document management

George Robertson — 2006-05-11T08:29:49-00:00

(1998), pp. 153-162.

The spatial metaphor for user interfaces: experimental tests of reference by location versus name

William Jones — 2005-10-24T20:19:33-00:00

ACM Trans. Inf. Syst., Vol. 4, No. 1. (January 1986), pp. 42-63.

What do people recall about their documents?: implications for desktop search tools

Tristan Blanc-Brude — 2007-02-14T00:32:30-00:00

(2007), pp. 102-111.

A comparison of symbolic and spatial filing

Susan Dumais — 2008-07-02T15:36:40-00:00

(1985), pp. 127-130.

A comparison of spatial organization strategies in graphical and tangible user interfaces

James Patten — 2006-08-03T10:03:00-00:00

(2000), pp. 41-50.

Investigating the Roles of Knowledge and Cognitive Abilities in Older Adult Information Seeking on the Web

Joseph Sharit — 2008-05-09T09:42:33-00:00

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 15, No. 1. (May 2008), pp. 1-25.

Evidence accumulation in decision making: unifying the "take the best" and the "rational" models.

MD Lee — 2008-06-16T15:19:54-00:00

Psychonomic bulletin & review, Vol. 11, No. 2. (April 2004), pp. 343-352.

An evidence accumulation model of forced-choice decision making is proposed to unify the fast and frugal take the best (TTB) model and the alternative rational (RAT) model with which it is usually contrasted. The basic idea is to treat the TTB model as a sequential-sampling process that terminates as soon as any evidence in favor of a decision is found and the rational approach as a sequential-sampling process that terminates only when all available information has been assessed. The unified TTB and RAT models were tested in an experiment in which participants learned to make correct judgments for a set of real-world stimuli on the basis of feedback, and were then asked to make additional judgments without feedback for cases in which the TTB and the rational models made different predictions. The results show that, in both experiments, there was strong intraparticipant consistency in the use of either the TTB or the rational model but large interparticipant differences in which model was used. The unified model is shown to be able to capture the differences in decision making across participants in an interpretable way and is preferred by the minimum description length model selection criterion.

Re-visions of rationality?

BR Newell — 2006-03-10T16:12:06-00:00

Trends Cogn Sci, Vol. 9, No. 1. (January 2005), pp. 11-15.

The appeal of simple algorithms that take account of both the constraints of human cognitive capacity and the structure of environments has been an enduring theme in cognitive science. A novel version of such a boundedly rational perspective views the mind as containing an 'adaptive toolbox' of specialized cognitive heuristics suited to different problems. Although intuitively appealing, when this version was proposed, empirical evidence for the use of such heuristics was scant. I argue that in the light of empirical studies carried out since then, it is time this 'vision of rationality' was revised. An alternative view based on integrative models rather than collections of heuristics is proposed.

Making Good Decisions with Minimal Information: Simultaneous and Sequential Choice

Thomas Dudey — 2008-06-09T18:05:20-00:00

Journal of Bioeconomics, Vol. 3, No. 2. (16 May 2001), pp. 195-215.

Abstract The adaptive pressures facing humans and other animals to make decisions quickly can be met both by increasing internal information-processing speed and by minimizing the amount of information to be used. Here we focus on the latter effect and ask how, and how well, agents can make good decisions with a minimal amount of information, using two specific tasks as examples. When a choice must be made between simultaneously-available options, minimal information in the form of binary recognition (whether or not each item is recognized) can be used in the recognition heuristic to choose effectively. When options are encountered sequentially one at a time, minimal information as to whether or not each option is the best encountered so far is sufficient to guide agents using a simple search-cutoff rule to high performance along several choice criteria. Both of these examples have important economic as well as biological applications, and show the power of simple fast and frugal heuristics to produce good decisions with little information.

Recognizing the Maximum of a Sequence

John Gilbert — 2008-06-09T17:29:00-00:00

Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 61, No. 313. (1966), pp. 35-73.

The classical dowry, secretary, or beauty contest problem is extended in several directions. In trying to find sequentially the maximum of a random sequence of fixed length, the chooser can have one or several choices (section 2), no information about the distribution of the values (section 2), or at the other extreme, full information about the distribution and the value of the observation itself (section 3). He can have an opponent who alters the properties of the sequence (section 4). The payoff function may be 0 or 1 (sections 2-4), or it may be the value of the observation itself as in certain investment problems (section 5). Both theoretical and numerical results are given for optimum and near optimum play.

How our hands help us learn

Susan Goldin-Meadow — 2008-06-04T20:13:19-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 5. (May 2005), pp. 234-241.

When people talk they gesture, and those gestures often reflect thoughts not expressed in their words. In this sense, gesture and the speech it accompanies can mismatch. Gesture-speech [`]mismatches' are found when learners are on the verge of making progress on a task - when they are ready to learn. Moreover, mismatches provide insight into the mental processes that characterize learners when in this transitional state. Gesture is not just handwaving - it reflects how we think. However, evidence is mounting that gesture goes beyond reflecting our thoughts and can have a hand in changing those thoughts. We consider two ways in which gesture could change the course of learning: indirectly by influencing learning environments or directly by influencing learners themselves.

Strategic behavior in monkeys

Amnon Rapoport — 2005-03-27T02:30:42-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

In a recent paper, Lee et al. examined adaptive decision-making processes by training monkeys to play a competitive game against a computer programmed to play using various strategies. They found that the monkeys' responses were sensitive to the computer's strategies and consistent with reinforcement learning. Research such as this strongly complements current research in behavioral economics. We propose some potential future directions for this work, and put forward conjectures about what might be learned about decision-making in humans.

What makes interruptions disruptive? A study of length, similarity, and complexity

Tony Gillie — 2008-06-03T17:18:03-00:00

Psychological Research, Vol. 50, No. 4. (1 April 1989), pp. 243-250.

Classic work on interruptions by Zeigarnik showed that tasks that were interrupted were more likely to be recalled after a delay than tasks that were not interrupted. Much of the literature on interruptions has been devoted to examining this effect, although more recently interruptions have been used to choose between competing designs for interfaces to complex devices. However, none of this work looks at what makes some interruptions disruptive and some not. This series of experiments uses a novel computer-based adventure-game methodology to investigate the effects of the length of the interruption, the similarity of the interruption to the main task, and the complexity of processing demanded by the interruption. It is concluded that subjects make use of some form of non-articulatory memory which is not affected by the length of the interruption. It is affected by processing similar material however, and by a complex mentalarithmetic task which makes large demands on working memory.

Social tagging roles: publishers, evangelists, leaders

Jennifer Thom-Santelli — 2008-06-01T13:57:07-00:00

(2008), pp. 1041-1044.

Focusing on the Forgone: How Value Can Appear so Different to Buyers and Sellers

Ziv Carmon — 2008-05-27T17:21:37-00:00

The Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 27, No. 3. (2000), pp. 360-370.

What drives content tagging: the case of photos on Flickr

Oded Nov — 2008-04-18T05:46:10-00:00

(2008), pp. 1097-1100.

What goes around comes around: an analysis of del.icio.us as social space

Kathy Lee — 2006-11-28T15:11:46-00:00

(2006), pp. 191-194.

Encouraging participation in virtual communities

Joon Koh — 2007-02-11T23:29:12-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 50, No. 2. (February 2007), pp. 68-73.

Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media

Morgan Ames — 2007-05-05T19:33:04-00:00

(2007), pp. 971-980.

Looking and Weighting in Judgment and Choice,

Douglas Wedell — 2008-05-09T20:25:05-00:00

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 70, No. 1. (April 1997), pp. 41-64.

A sampling model was proposed in which the weight given to a piece of information corresponds to the amount of sampling of that information in either a continuous, discrete or strategic manner. These three sampling processes were related to process tracing measures of initial and additional time per acquisition and frequency of acquisition. The applicability of the sampling model was tested in three experiments in which students uncovered information corresponding to verbal and math aptitude scores of hypothetical applicants and either judged the likelihood of success in a designated major or chose which of a pair of applicants was more likely to succeed in the major. Task focus was manipulated by altering the designated major. In Experiment 1, analysis of judgment data demonstrated large effects of task focus on the weighting of verbal and math scores and corresponding increases in number of acquisitions and time per acquisition on the information receiving more weight. In Experiments 2 and 3, analyses of choice proportions revealed effects of task focus on weight and bias parameters. Looking data in choice provided strong support for two of the stages of processing described by Russo and Leclerc (1994). Initial looks reflected orientation and screening functions and additional looks reflected more evaluative processes. Experiment 3 also explored similarities and differences among groups of participants who were classified as following different identifiable choice strategies.

Adaptationism and Optimality (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology)

2008-05-06T16:48:08-00:00

(11 June 2001)

The theory of adaptationism argues that natural selection contains sufficient explanatory power in itself to account for all evolution. However, there are differing views about the efficiency, or optimality, of the adaptation model of explanation. If the adaptationism theory is applied, are energy and resources being used as optimally as possible? Adaptationism and Optimality combines contributions from biologists and philosophers, and offers a systematic treatment of foundational, conceptual, and methodological issues surrounding the theory of adaptationism.

Diagrams in the Mind and in the World: Relations between Internal and External Visualizations

Mary Hegarty — 2007-02-05T03:58:55-00:00

: Diagrammatic Representation and Inference (2004), pp. 1-13.

Connecting Internal and External Representations: Spatial Transformations of Scientific Visualizations

J Trafton — 2008-05-06T16:34:48-00:00

Foundations of Science, Vol. 10, No. 1. (26 March 2005), pp. 89-106.

Many scientific discoveries have depended on external diagrams or visualizations. Many scientists also report to use an internal mental representation or mental imagery to help them solve problems and reason. How do scientists connect these internal and external representations? We examined working scientists as they worked on external scientific visualizations. We coded the number and type of spatial transformations (mental operations that scientists used on internal or external representations or images) and found that there were a very large number of comparisons, either between different visualizations or between a visualization and the scientists’ internal mental representation. We found that when scientists compared visualization to visualization, the comparisons were based primarily on features. However, when scientists compared a visualization to their mental representation, they were attempting to align the two representations. We suggest that this alignment process is how scientists connect internal and external representations.

Introduction

Ryen White — 2006-05-01T00:08:36-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 36-39.

What to do when search fails: finding information by association

Duen Chau — 2008-04-25T22:27:41-00:00

(2008), pp. 999-1008.

Large scale analysis of web revisitation patterns

Eytan Adar — 2008-04-25T22:33:40-00:00

(2008), pp. 1197-1206.

CiteSense: supporting sensemaking of research literature

Xiaolong Zhang — 2008-04-25T22:22:58-00:00

(2008), pp. 677-680.

Knowledge in the head and on the web: using topic expertise to aid search

Geoffrey Duggan — 2008-04-24T21:49:56-00:00

(2008), pp. 39-48.

Information Foraging

Peter Pirolli — 2008-04-18T16:23:09-00:00

Psychological Review, Vol. 106, No. 4. (1 October 1999), pp. 643-675.

Information foraging theory is an approach to understanding how strategies and technologies for information seeking, gathering, and consumption are adapted to the flux of information in the environment. The theory assumes that people, when possible, will modify their strategies or the structure of the environment to maximize their rate of gaining valuable information. The theory is developed by (a) adaptation (rational) analysis of information foraging problems and (b) a detailed process model (adaptive control of thought in information foraging [ACT-IF]). The adaptation analysis develops (a) information patch models, which deal with time allocation and information filtering and enrichment activities in environments in which information is encountered in clusters; (b) information scent models, which address the identification of information value from proximal cues; and (c) information diet models, which address decisions about the selection and pursuit of information items. ACT-IF is instantiated as a production system model of people interacting with complex information technology.

A Computational Theory of Executive Cognitive Processes and Multiple-Task Performance

David Meyer — 2008-04-18T16:15:26-00:00

Psychological Review, Vol. 104, No. 1. (1 January 1997), pp. 3-65.

A new theoretical framework, executive-process interactive control (EPIC), is introduced for characterizing human performance of concurrent perceptual-motor and cognitive tasks. On the basis of EPIC, computational models may be formulated to simulate multiple-task performance under a variety of circumstances. These models account well for reaction-time data from representative situations such as the psychological refractory-period procedure. EPIC's goodness of fit supports several key conclusions: (a) At a cognitive level, people can apply distinct sets of production rules simultaneously for executing the procedures of multiple tasks; (b) people's capacity to process information at “peripheral” perceptual-motor levels is limited; (c) to cope with such limits and to satisfy task priorities, flexible scheduling strategies are used; and (d) these strategies are mediated by executive cognitive processes that coordinate concurrent tasks adaptively.

Routine evolution as the microgenetic basis of skill acquisition

P Agre — 2008-04-02T15:13:47-00:00

Proceedings Cognitive Science Conference (1990), pp. 694-701.

A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice

Herbert Simon — 2006-12-15T09:58:58-00:00

The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 69, No. 1. (1955), pp. 99-118.

Introduction, 99.--I. Some general features of rational choice, 100.--II. The essential simplifications, 103.--III. Existence and uniqueness of solutions, 111.--IV. Further comments on dynamics, 113.--V. Conclusion, 114.--Appendix, 115.

Social bookmarking and exploratory search

David Millen — 2007-10-30T17:03:06-00:00

ECSCW 2007 (2007), pp. 21-40.

In this paper, we explore various search tasks that are supported by a social bookmarking service. These bookmarking services hold great potential to powerfully combine personal tagging of information sources with interactive browsing, resulting in better social navigation. While there has been considerable interest in social tagging systems in recent years, little is known about their actual usage. In this paper, we present the results of a field study of a social bookmarking service that has been deployed in a large enterprise. We present new qualitative and quantitative data on how a corporate social tagging system was used, through both event logs (click level analysis) and interviews. We observed three types of search activities: community browsing, personal search, and explicit search. Community browsing was the most frequently used, and confirms the value of the social aspects of the system. We conclude that social bookmarking services support various kinds of exploratory search, and provide better personal bookmark management and enhance social navigation.

Exploratory search: from finding to understanding

Gary Marchionini — 2006-05-19T17:34:01-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 41-46.

Tagging, communities, vocabulary, evolution

Shilad Sen — 2006-11-28T14:55:38-00:00

Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2006, CSCW '06. 20th anniversary Conference on (2006), pp. 181-190.

A tagging community's vocabulary of tags forms the basis for social navigation and shared expression.We present a user-centric model of vocabulary evolution in tagging communities based on community influence and personal tendency. We evaluate our model in an emergent tagging system by introducing tagging features into the MovieLens recommender system.We explore four tag selection algorithms for displaying tags applied by other community members. We analyze the algorithms 'effect on vocabulary evolution, tag utility, tag adoption, and user satisfaction.

Comparing tagging vocabularies among four enterprise tag-based services

Michael Muller — 2008-03-18T19:37:06-00:00

(2007), pp. 341-350.

The Tree of Life: Universal and Cultural Features of Folkbiological Taxonomies and Inductions

Alejandro López — 2008-04-18T16:08:49-00:00

Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 3. (April 1997), pp. 251-295.

Two parallel studies were performed with members of very different cultures--industrialized American and traditional Itzaj-Mayan--to investigate potential universal and cultural features of folkbiological taxonomies and inductions. Specifically, we examined how individuals organize natural categories into taxonomies, and whether they readily use these taxonomies to make inductions about those categories. The results of the first study indicate that there is a cultural consensus both among Americans and the Itzaj in their taxonomies of local mammal species, and that these taxonomies resemble and depart from a corresponding scientific taxonomy in similar ways. However, cultural differences are also shown, such as a greater differentiation and more ecological considerations in Itzaj taxonomies. In a second study, Americans and the Itzaj used their taxonomies to guide similarity- and typicality-based inductions. These inductions converge and diverge crossculturally and regarding scientific inductions where their respective taxonomies do. These findings reveal some universal features of folkbiological inductions, but they also reveal some cultural features such as diversity-based inductions among Americans, and ecologically based inductions among the Itzaj. Overall, these studies suggest that while building folkbiological taxonomies and using them for folkbiological inductions is a universal competence of human cognition there are also important cultural constraints on that competence.

Feature centrality and conceptual coherence

Steven Sloman — 2007-08-14T15:21:45-00:00

Cognitive Science, Vol. 22, No. 2. ( 1998), pp. 189-228.

Conceptual features differ in how mentally tranformable they are. A robin that does not eat is harder to imagine than a robin that does not chirp. We argue that features are immutable to the extent that they are central in a network of dependency relations. The immutability of a feature reflects how much the internal structure of a concept depends on that feature; i.e., how much the feature contributes to the concept's coherence. Complementarily, mutability reflects the aspects in which a concept is flexible. We show that features can be reliably ordered according to their mutability using tasks that require people to conceive of objects missing a feature, and that mutability (conceptual centrality) can be distinguished from category centrality and from diagnosticity and salience. We test a model of mutability based on asymmetric, unlabeled, pairwise dependency relations. With no free parameters, the model provides reasonable fits to data. Qualitative tests of the model show that mutability judgments are unaffected by the type of dependency relation and that dependency structure influences judgments of variability.

Resolving the paradox of the active user: stable suboptimal performance in interactive tasks

Wai-Tat Fu — 2008-04-18T16:02:29-00:00

Cognitive Science, Vol. 28, No. 6. ( 2004), pp. 901-935.

This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the "paradox of the active user" [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA]--the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in these inefficient procedures. We examine three very different data sets. For each data set, we first satisfy ourselves that the preferred procedures used by some subjects are indeed less efficient than the recommended procedures. We then amass evidence, for each set, and conclude that when a preferred procedure is used instead of a more efficient, recommended procedure, the preferred procedure tends to have two major characteristics: (1) the preferred procedure is a well-practiced, generic procedure that is applicable either within the same task environment in different contexts or across different task environments, and (2) the preferred procedure is composed of interactive components that bring fast, incremental feedback on the external problem states. The support amassed for these characteristics leads to a new understanding of the paradox. In interactive tasks, people are biased towards the use of general procedures that start with interactive actions. These actions require much less cognitive effort as each action results in an immediate change to the external display that, in turn, cues the next action. Unfortunately for the users, the bias to use interactive unit tasks leads to a path that requires more effort in the long run. Our data suggest that interactive behavior is composed of a series of distributed choices; that is, people seldom make a once-and-for-all decision on procedures. This series of biased selection of interactive unit tasks often leads to a stable suboptimal level of performance.

Model-driven formative evaluation of exploratory search: A study under a sensemaking framework

Yan Qu — 2008-03-20T18:04:59-00:00

Inf. Process. Manage., Vol. 44, No. 2. (March 2008), pp. 534-555.

The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems

Scott Golder — 2005-08-27T17:06:09-00:00

(18 Aug 2005)

Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content. Recently, collaborative tagging has grown in popularity on the web, on sites that allow users to tag bookmarks, photographs and other content. In this paper we analyze the structure of collaborative tagging systems as well as their dynamical aspects. Specifically, we discovered regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given url. We also present a dynamical model of collaborative tagging that predicts these stable patterns and relates them to imitation and shared knowledge.

Semiotic dynamics in online social communities

Ciro Cattuto — 2008-04-01T19:22:15-00:00

Eur. Phys. J. C, Vol. 46, No. s02. (2006), pp. 33-37.

A distributed classification paradigm known as collaborative tagging has been successfully deployed in large-scale web applications designed to manage and share diverse online resources. Users of these applications organize resources by associating with them freely chosen text labels, or tags. Here we regard tags as basic dynamical entities and study the semiotic dynamics underlying collaborative tagging. We collect data from a popular system and focus on tags associated with a given resource. We find that the frequencies of tags obey to a generalized Zipf's law and show that a Yule-Simon process with memory can be used to explain the observed frequency distributions in terms of a simple model of user behavior

Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics

Daniel Kahneman — 2006-11-22T18:27:58-00:00

The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 5. (2003), pp. 1449-1475.

Beneath the Metadata: Some Philosophical Problems with Folksonomy

Elaine Peterson — 2006-11-17T18:08:57-00:00

Dlib Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 11. (November 2006)

Computational models of collective behavior

Robert Goldstone — 2005-08-29T10:04:06-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 9. (September 2005), pp. 424-430.

Computational models of human collective behavior offer promise in providing quantitative and empirically verifiable accounts of how individual decisions lead to the emergence of group-level organizations. Agent-based models (ABMs) describe interactions among individual agents and their environment, and provide a process-oriented alternative to descriptive mathematical models. Recent ABMs provide compelling accounts of group pattern formation, contagion and cooperation, and can be used to predict, manipulate and improve upon collective behavior. ABMs overcome an assumption that underlies much of cognitive science - that the individual is the crucial unit of cognition. The alternative advocated here is that individuals participate in collective organizations that they might not understand or even perceive, and that these organizations affect and are affected by individual behavior.