CiteULike: Tag affect

Toward Machine Emotional Intelligence: Analysis of Affective Physiological State

Rosalind Picard — 2006-11-06T11:47:06-00:00

IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Vol. 23, No. 10. (October 2001), pp. 1175-1191.

Emotion recognition from physiological signals using wireless sensors for presence technologies

Fatma Nasoz — 2008-01-09T15:11:17-00:00

Cognition, Technology & Work, Vol. 6, No. 1. (1 February 2004), pp. 4-14.

In this article we describe a new approach to enhance presence technologies. First, we discuss the strong relationship between cognitive processes and emotions and how human physiology is uniquely affected when experiencing each emotion. Secondly, we introduce our prototype multimodal affective user interface. In the remainder of the paper we describe the emotion elicitation experiment we designed and conducted and the algorithms we implemented to analyse the physiological signals associated with emotions. These algorithms can then be used to recognise the affective states of users from physiological data collected via non-invasive technologies. The affective intelligent user interfaces we plan to create will adapt to user affect dynamically in the current context, thus providing enhanced social presence.

The impact of web-logs blogs on student perceptions of isolation and alienation in a web-based distance-learning environment

Michele Dickey — 2005-01-26T10:49:04-00:00

Open Learning, Vol. 19, No. 3. (November 2004), 279.

Self-report measures for use with children: a review and comment.

JH Beitchman — 2005-08-04T21:28:57-00:00

J Clin Psychol, Vol. 44, No. 4. (July 1988), pp. 477-490.

This article underscores the need for self-report instruments for children to complement the teacher and parent questionnaires traditionally used to assess various aspects of children's psychological lives. Some of the problems inherent in using teachers, parents, and children as informants are delineated. Many self-report instruments, in particular those that are used to assess children's self-concept, anxiety, depression, and personality, are reviewed. The Children's Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ) was designed to assist in the diagnosis and detection of psychological deviance in 7- to 12-year-old children. The SRQ is easily administered, has broadly based norms, and has acceptable reliability and validity. The SRQ can be used as an aid to both research and clinical assessment and may provide insight into the inner world of the child.

An observationally based rating scale for affective symptomatology in child psychiatry.

Y Kaminer — 2005-08-04T21:20:54-00:00

J Nerv Ment Dis, Vol. 178, No. 12. (December 1990), pp. 750-754.

There is growing dissatisfaction with current methods for rating affective symptoms in children. We report findings from a preliminary psychometric study of an alternative approach, that of direct observational ratings. The Emotional Disorders Rating Scale (EDRS) is an observation-based instrument containing 59 items divided into eight subscales. The results of this study indicate that measurement of nonverbal components of affective symptoms in children is feasible. Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the EDRS subscales were high. The EDRS also has potential as a measurement of state-related changes in affective behavior and as a technique for examining treatment response.

Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: dissecting the elephant.

JA Russell — 2008-05-24T03:45:38-00:00

Journal of personality and social psychology, Vol. 76, No. 5. (May 1999), pp. 805-819.

What is the structure of emotion? Emotion is too broad a class of events to be a single scientific category, and no one structure suffices. As an illustration, core affect is distinguished from prototypical emotional episode. Core affect refers to consciously accessible elemental processes of pleasure and activation, has many causes, and is always present. Its structure involves two bipolar dimensions. Prototypical emotional episode refers to a complex process that unfolds over time, involves causally connected subevents (antecedent; appraisal; physiological, affective, and cognitive changes; behavioral response; self-categorization), has one perceived cause, and is rare. Its structure involves categories (anger, fear, shame, jealousy, etc.) vertically organized as a fuzzy hierarchy and horizontally organized as part of a circumplex.

How to find trouble in communication

A Batliner — 2007-05-30T11:00:39-00:00

Speech Commun., Vol. 40, No. 1-2. (2003), pp. 117-143.

Audio-Visual Affect Recognition

Zhihong Zeng — 2007-05-15T02:33:24-00:00

Multimedia, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 9, No. 2. (2007), pp. 424-428.

The ability of a computer to detect and appropriately respond to changes in a user's affective state has significant implications to human-computer interaction (HCI). In this paper, we present our efforts toward audio-visual affect recognition on 11 affective states customized for HCI application (four cognitive/motivational and seven basic affective states) of 20 nonactor subjects. A smoothing method is proposed to reduce the detrimental influence of speech on facial expression recognition. The feature selection analysis shows that subjects are prone to use brow movement in face, pitch and energy in prosody to express their affects while speaking. For person-dependent recognition, we apply the voting method to combine the frame-based classification results from both audio and visual channels. The result shows 7.5% improvement over the best unimodal performance. For person-independent test, we apply multistream HMM to combine the information from multiple component streams. This test shows 6.1% improvement over the best component performance

Integrating Perceptual and Cognitive Modeling for Adaptive and Intelligent Human-Computer Interaction

Zoran Duric — 2008-05-26T13:45:44-00:00

This paper describes technology and tools for intelligent human--computer interaction (IHCI) where human cognitive, perceptual, motor, and affective factors are modeled and used to adapt the H--C interface. IHCI emphasizes that human behavior encompasses both apparent human behavior and the hidden mental state behind behavioral performance. IHCI expands on the interpretation of human activities, known as W4 (what, where, when, who). While W4 only addresses the apparent perceptual aspect of...

Assessment of User Affective and Belief States for Interface Adaptation: Application to an Air Force Pilot Task

Eva Hudlicka — 2005-05-20T12:37:22-00:00

User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction, Vol. 12, No. 1. (February 2002), pp. 1-47.

Shybot: friend-stranger interaction for children living with autism

Chia-Hsun Lee — 2008-05-26T14:07:33-00:00

(2008), pp. 3375-3380.

Experiments with a robotic computer: body, affect and cognition interactions

Cynthia Breazeal — 2007-04-20T05:15:42-00:00

(2007), pp. 153-160.

An affective mobile robot educator with a full-time job

Illah Nourbakhsh — 2008-05-26T13:49:52-00:00

Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 114, No. 1-2. (October 1999), pp. 95-124.

Sage is a robot that has been installed at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History as a full-time autonomous member of the staff. Its goal is to provide educational content to museum visitors in order to augment their museum experience. This paper discusses all aspects of the related research and development. The functional obstacle avoidance system, which departs from the conventional occupancy grid-based approaches, is described. Sage's topological navigation system, using only color vision and odometric information, is also described. Long-term statistics provide a quantitative measure of performance over a nine month trial period. The process by which Sage's educational content and personality were created and evaluated in collaboration with the museum's Divisions of Education and Exhibits is explained. Finally, the ability of Sage to conduct automatic long-term parameter adjustment is presented.

Linking Automatic Evaluation to Mood and Information Processing Style: Consequences for Experienced Affect, Impression Formation, and Stereotyping

Tanya Chartrand — 2006-03-03T13:01:45-00:00

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 135, No. 1. (February 2006), pp. 70-77.

According to the feelings-as-information account, a person's mood state signals to him or her the valence of the current environment (N. Schwarz & G. Clore, 1983). However, the ways in which the environment automatically influences mood in the first place remain to be explored. The authors propose that one mechanism by which the environment influences affect is automatic evaluation, the nonconscious evaluation of environmental stimuli as good or bad. A first experiment demonstrated that repeated brief exposure to positive or negative stimuli (which leads to automatic evaluation) induces a corresponding mood in participants. In 3 additional studies, the authors showed that automatic evaluation affects information processing style. Experiment 4 showed that participants' mood mediates the effect of valenced brief primes on information processing.

Feelings you can't imagine: towards a cognitive neuroscience of alexithymia

Andre Aleman — 2005-11-25T13:06:19-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 12. (December 2005), pp. 553-555.

Alexithymia, or 'no words for feelings', refers to an impairment of the ability to identify and communicate one's emotional state, in addition to diminished affect-related fantasy and imagery. A recent study by Mantani et al. reported reduced activation of the posterior cingulate cortex in people with alexithymia when they imagined a future happy event. This finding augments the emerging understanding of the neural basis of alexithymia, and potentially provides valuable insights into brain systems underlying normal emotion processing.

How brains beware: neural mechanisms of emotional attention

Patrik Vuilleumier — 2005-11-25T13:02:15-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 12. (December 2005), pp. 585-594.

Emotional processes not only serve to record the value of sensory events, but also to elicit adaptive responses and modify perception. Recent research using functional brain imaging in human subjects has begun to reveal neural substrates by which sensory processing and attention can be modulated by the affective significance of stimuli. The amygdala plays a crucial role in providing both direct and indirect top-down signals on sensory pathways, which can influence the representation of emotional events, especially when related to threat. These modulatory effects implement specialized mechanisms of 'emotional attention' that might supplement but also compete with other sources of top-down control on perception. This work should help to elucidate the neural processes and temporal dynamics governing the integration of cognitive and affective influences in attention and behaviour.

Development of Affective Decision Making for Self and Other: Evidence for the Integration of First- and Third-Person Perspectives

Angela Prencipe — 2005-07-05T23:31:10-00:00

Psychological Science, Vol. 16, No. 7. (July 2005), pp. 501-505.

The role of perspective taking in affective decision making was studied in children at two ages (3 and 4 years) using a delay-of-gratification paradigm in which children chose between an immediate reward of lower value and a delayed reward of higher value. Half the children chose for themselves (self condition), and half chose for the experimenter (other condition). Three-year-olds chose delayed rewards in the other condition but made impulsive choices in the self condition. Compared with 3-year-olds, 4-year-olds performed better in the self condition and worse in the other condition. Results suggest that 3-year-olds took either a subjective, first-person perspective (for self) or an objective, third-person perspective (for other). Four-year-olds integrated these perspectives, considering a third-person perspective in the self condition and the experimenter's subjective perspective in the other condition (i.e., her desire for immediate gratification). This integration allowed reason to be tempered by emotion, and vice versa.

Backward affective priming: Even when the prime is late, people still evaluate

Daniel Fockenberg — 2006-03-03T13:49:50-00:00

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

It is well-established that affective stimuli can prime congruent evaluations if they precede the target within a short time interval, i.e., forward affective priming. The present research examines whether similar effects occur if affective primes succeed target presentation, i.e., backward affective priming. Experiments 1 found short-lived, yet reliable backward affective priming. Experiment 2 found parallel forward affective priming in the same paradigm. Experiment 3 found forward and backward affective priming in a within-subjects design. Comparison with neutral primes suggested that the observed effects were mainly due to interference. Backward affective priming is a robust phenomenon that may reflect a rapid and continuous evaluation of environmental stimuli.

Primate orbitofrontal cortex and adaptive behaviour

AC Roberts — 2006-03-03T13:28:57-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2. (February 2006), pp. 83-90.

Orbitofrontal cortex contributes to behavioural adaptation in response to changes in the contingent relationship and incentive value of positive affective stimuli in the environment. This article integrates early descriptions of the effects of orbitofrontal ablation in monkeys, on object discrimination reversal and extinction, with contemporary theories of animal learning. Studies of incentive devaluation, conditioned reinforcement and changes in reward contingency are reviewed, highlighting the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in processing the affective and non-affective properties of rewarding stimuli, in reward expectation, and in goal selection. It is argued that future studies should focus on the interaction of the orbitofrontal cortex with peripheral arousal systems and the ascending monoamine systems in order to understand fully the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in behavioural adaptation.

The impact of affective and cognitive focus on attitude formation

Helma van den Berg — 2005-06-21T08:57:13-00:00

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

We examined the effects of unobtrusive affective and cognitive focus on attitude formation. To induce focus, participants worked on a word-search puzzle consisting of either affective (e.g., emotion) or cognitive (e.g., reasoning) words. They then read positive and negative affective and cognitive information about a new attitude object. In the affective focus condition, evaluations were more congruent with the valence of the affective information than they were in the cognitive focus condition, where evaluations were more congruent with the valence of the cognitive information than they were in the affective focus condition. Affective focus also resulted in enhanced recall of affective information. The effects on evaluations remained stable over time, whereas effects on memory disappeared. Finally, affective focus was associated with faster response times, suggesting enhanced accessibility of affect-based attitudes. The present research shows that an affective or cognitive focus leads to the formation of different attitudes.

NEUROSCIENCE: Emotion and Reason in Making Decisions

Aldo Rustichini — 2006-03-03T16:43:03-00:00

Science, Vol. 310, No. 5754. (9 December 2005), pp. 1624-1625.

Emotion Facilitates Perception and Potentiates the Perceptual Benefits of Attention

Elizabeth Phelps — 2006-03-22T05:32:00-00:00

Psychological Science, Vol. 17, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 292-299.

Differences in the cognitive accessibility of action and inaction regrets

Priyali Rajagopal — 2005-06-30T21:10:08-00:00

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

This paper investigates the temporal pattern of experienced regret and provides insight into the underlying factors leading to differential cognitive accessibility of actions and inactions over time. Across three studies, we find increased cognitive accessibility of inactions in the long term with no difference in the accessibility of actions and inactions in the short term. We find support for the depth of impact, breadth of impact, and frequency of thought as explanations for this differential accessibility.

Positive Affect as Implicit Motivator: On the Nonconscious Operation of Behavioral Goals

Ruud Custers — 2005-09-28T19:37:17-00:00

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 2. (August 2005), pp. 129-142.

Recent research has revealed that nonconscious activation of desired behavioral states--or behavioral goals--promotes motivational activity to accomplish these states. Six studies demonstrate that this nonconscious operation of behavioral goals emerges if mental representations of specific behavioral states are associated with positive affect. In an evaluative-conditioning paradigm, unobtrusive linking of behavioral states to positive, as compared with neutral or negative, affect increased participants' wanting to accomplish these states. Furthermore, participants worked harder on tasks that were instrumental in attaining behavioral states when these states were implicitly linked to positive affect, thereby mimicking the effects on motivational behavior of preexisting individual wanting and explicit goal instructions to attain the states. Together, these results suggest that positive affect plays a key role in nonconscious goal pursuit. Implications for behavior-priming research are discussed.

Does Positive Affect Influence Health?

Sarah Pressman — 2006-03-03T14:59:03-00:00

Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 131, No. 6. (November 2005), pp. 925-971.

This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.

Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations

Carla Harenski — 2005-10-25T11:31:41-00:00

NeuroImage, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

Previous neuroimaging studies have identified several brain regions associated with regulating emotional responses. Different kinds of emotional stimuli, however, may recruit different regulatory processes and, in turn, recruit different regions. We compared emotion regulation for two types of negative emotional stimuli: those involving moral violations (moral stimuli), and those not involving moral violations (non-moral stimuli). In addition, we investigated whether activation in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), a region implicated previously in specifically moral processing, may instead reflect greater social and emotional content. Ten female subjects were scanned using fMRI while they passively viewed or were instructed to decrease emotional reactions to moral and non-moral pictures closely matched on social and emotional content. Passive viewing of both picture types elicited similar activations in areas related to the processing of social and emotional content, including MPFC and amygdala. During regulation, different patterns of activation in these regions were observed for moral vs. non-moral pictures. These results suggest that the neural correlates of regulating emotional reactions are modulated by the emotional content of stimuli, such as moral violations. In addition, the current findings suggest that some brain regions previously implicated in moral processing reflect the processing of greater social and emotional content in moral stimuli.

Nonconscious goal pursuit: Acting in an explanatory vacuum

Gabriele Oettingen — 2005-12-05T15:09:37-00:00

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

Nonconsciously activated goals and consciously set goals produce the same outcomes by engaging similar psychological processes (Bargh, 1990; Gollwitzer & Bargh, 2005). However, nonconscious and conscious goal pursuit may have different effects on subsequent affect if goal pursuit affords an explanation, as nonconscious goal pursuit occurs in an explanatory vacuum (i.e. cannot be readily attributed to the respective goal intention). We compared self-reported affect after nonconscious versus conscious goal pursuit that either violated or conformed to a prevailing social norm. When goal-directed behavior did not require an explanation (was norm-conforming), affective experiences did not differ after nonconscious and conscious goal pursuit. However, when goal-directed behavior required an explanation (was norm-violating), nonconscious goal pursuit induced more negative affect than conscious goal pursuit.

The Cognitive Structure of Emotions

Andrew Ortony — 2008-02-04T18:32:37-00:00

(29 July 1988)

What causes us to experience emotions? What makes emotions vary in intensity? How are different emotions related to one another and to the language used to talk about them? What are the information processing mechanisms and structures that underlie the elicitation and intensification of emotions? Despite an abundance of psychological research on emotions, many fundamental questions like these have yet to be answered. The Cognitive Structure of Emotions addresses such questions by presenting a systematic and detailed account of the cognitive antecedents of emotions. The authors propose three aspects of the world to which people can react emotionally. People can react to events of concern to them, to the actions of those they consider responsible for such events, and to objects. It is argued that these three classes of reactions lead to three classes of emotions, each based on evaluations in terms of different kinds of knowledge representations. The authors characterize a wide range of emotions, offering concrete proposals about the factors that influence the intensity of each. In doing so, they forge a clear separation between emotions themselves and the language of emotion, and offer the first systematic, comprehensive, and computationally tractable account of the cognitions that underlie distinct types of human emotions.

Emotion and Adaptation

Richard Lazarus — 2008-02-04T18:31:48-00:00

(29 August 1991)

In this landmark work, Richard Lazarus -- one of the world's foremost authorities -- offers a comprehensive treatment of the psychology of emotion, its role in adaptation, and the issues that must be addressed to understand it. The work provides a complete theory of emotional processes, explaining how different emotions are elicited and expressed, and how the emotional range of individuals develops over their lifetime. The author's approach puts emotion in a central role as a complex, patterned, organic reaction to both daily events and long-term efforts on the part of the individual to survive, flourish, and achieve. In his view, emotions cannot be divorced from other functions--whether biological, social, or cognitive--and express the intimate, personal meaning of what individuals experience. As coping and adapting processes, they are seen as part of the ongoing effort to monitor changes, stimuli, and stresses arising from the environment. After defining emotion and discussing issues of classification and measurement, Lazarus turns to the topics of motivation, cognition, and causality as key concepts in this theory. Next he looks at individual emotions, both negative and positive, and examines their development in terms of social influences and individual events. Finally, he considers the long-term consequences of emotion on physical health and well-being, and the treatment and prevention of emotional dysfunction. The book draws together the relevant research from a wide variety of sources, and distills the author's pioneering work in the field over the last forty years. As a comprehensive treatment of the emotions, the book will interest students, clinicians, and researchers involved in personality, social and clinical psychology, as well as cognitive and developmental psychology. It may also be used as a supplemental textbook in courses on the psychology of adjustment, emotion, and feeling.

Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior

Icek Ajzen — 2008-03-11T01:17:05-00:00

(17 March 1980)

Processing Rational and Emotional Messages: The Cognitive and Affective Mediation of Persuasion

Francine Rosselli — 2006-05-07T07:29:48-00:00

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 31, No. 2. (March 1995), pp. 163-190.

Do rational and emotional appeals produce persuasion via the same process? We examined this question by exposing subjects experiencing a positive or neutral mood to a counterattitudinal message comprising strong or weak, rational or emotional arguments. Persuasion in response to rational messages was best accounted for by current models of persuasion: attitude change was mediated by the valence of the cognitive responses generated in neutral mood conditions but not in positive mood conditions. Persuasion in response to emotional messages, however, was best explained by a model which allowed for both the cognitive and affective mediation of persuasion: attitude change was mediated by the valence of both cognitive and affective responses generated in neutral mood conditions but these mechanisms were again disrupted in the positive mood conditions.

How emotion is made and measured

Kirsten Boehner — 2007-03-23T10:49:06-00:00

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 65, No. 4. (April 2007), pp. 275-291.

How we design and evaluate for emotions depends crucially on what we take emotions to be. In affective computing, affect is often taken to be another kind of information--discrete units or states internal to an individual that can be transmitted in a loss-free manner from people to computational systems and back. While affective computing explicitly challenges the primacy of rationality in cognitivist accounts of human activity, at a deeper level it often relies on and reproduces the same information-processing model of cognition. Drawing on cultural, social, and interactional critiques of cognition which have arisen in human-computer interaction (HCI), as well as anthropological and historical accounts of emotion, we explore an alternative perspective on emotion as interaction: dynamic, culturally mediated, and socially constructed and experienced. We demonstrate how this model leads to new goals for affective systems--instead of sensing and transmitting emotion, systems should support human users in understanding, interpreting, and experiencing emotion in its full complexity and ambiguity. In developing from emotion as objective, externally measurable unit to emotion as experience, evaluation, too, alters focus from externally tracking the circulation of emotional information to co-interpreting emotions as they are made in interaction.

Finnish research on affect in mathematics: blended theories, mixed methods and some findings

Markku Hannula — 2007-09-03T09:56:05-00:00

ZDM, Vol. 39, No. 3. (28 May 2007), pp. 197-203.

Investigating the Psychological and Emotional Dimensions in Instructed Language Learning: Obstacles and Possibilities

Jean-Marc Dewaele — 2005-08-24T17:55:39-00:00

The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 89, No. 3. (2005), pp. 367-380.

Anxiety and non-anxiety in a distance language learning environment: The distance factor as a modifying influence

Stella Hurd — 2008-03-04T13:32:30-00:00

System, Vol. 35, No. 4. (December 2007), pp. 487-508.

Foreign language anxiety in classroom-based language learning has a long history of research, but there are fewer studies examining this particular phenomenon with respect to the distance language learner. The isolated context and the physical absence of tutor and peers suggest that FL anxiety might be intensified in a distance setting. A longitudinal study using questionnaires, think-aloud protocols and one-to-one telephone interviews with students enrolled on a distance lower-intermediate French course at The Open University (UK) set out to test this hypothesis and to explore the nature of language anxiety in a distance learning environment and the strategies students use to cope with it. The findings indicated that although there were areas in which distance language learners shared aspects of anxiety with face-to-face learners, the distance factor could be causally linked to some marked differences with regard to the nature and extent of language anxiety. Moreover, there was evidence that the distance language learning setting may be associated with absence of anxiety for some learners, a finding that merits further investigation.

The Influence of Attitudes and Affect on Willingness to Communicate and Second Language Communication

Tomoko Yashima — 2008-03-03T07:00:21-00:00

Language Learning, Vol. 54, No. 1. (2004), pp. 119-152.

This article investigates results and antecedents of willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second language (L2) through 2 separate investigations conducted with Japanese adolescent learners of English. In the first investigation, involving 160 students, a model was created based on the hypothesis that WTC results in more frequent communication in the L2 and that the attitudinal construct international posture leads to WTC and communication behavior. This model was tested with structural equation modeling and was found to fit the data well. The second investigation with 60 students who participated in a study-abroad program in the United States confirmed the results of the first. Finally, frequency of communication was shown to correlate with satisfaction in interpersonal relationships during the sojourn.

A Model of Adaptive Language Learning

Lindy Woodrow — 2006-09-07T18:47:32-00:00

The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 90, No. 3. (2006), pp. 297-319.

Agents with faces: the effect of personification

T Koda — 2005-05-25T15:46:18-00:00

Robot and Human Communication, 1996., 5th IEEE International Workshop on (1996), pp. 189-194.

It is still an open question whether software agents should be personified in the interface. In order to study the effects of faces and facial expressions in the interface a series of experiments was conducted to compare subjects' responses to and evaluation of different faces and facial expressions. The experimental results obtained demonstrate that: (1) personified interfaces help users engage in a task, and are well suited for an entertainment domain; (2) people's impressions of a face in a task are different from ones of the face in isolation. Perceived intelligence of a face is determined not by the agent's appearance but by its competence; (3) there is a dichotomy between user groups which have opposite opinions about personification. Thus, agent-based interfaces should be flexible to support the diversity of users' preferences and the nature of tasks

Temporal lobe measurement in primary affective disorder by magnetic resonance imaging

P Hauser — 2007-08-19T12:37:32-00:00

J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, Vol. 1, No. 2. (1 May 1989), pp. 128-134.

From movement to thought: Anatomic substrates of the cerebellar contribution to cognitive processing

Jeremy Schmahmann — 2007-08-19T12:23:00-00:00

Human Brain Mapping, Vol. 4, No. 3. (1996), pp. 174-198.

The cerebellar contribution to cognitive operations and emotional behavior is critically dependent upon the existence of plausible anatomic substrates. This paper explores these anatomic substrates, namely, the incorporation of the associative and paralimbic cerebral areas into the cerebrocerebellar circuitry in nonhuman primates. Using the novel information that has emerged concerning this system, proposed rules are derived and specific hypotheses offered concerning cerebellar function and the relationship between cerebellum and nonmotor behavior, as follow. (1) The associative and paralimbic incorporation into the cerebrocerebellar circuit is the anatomic underpinning of the cerebellar contribution to cognition and emotion. (2) There is topographic organization of cognitive and behavioral functions within the cerebellum. The archicerebellum, vermis, and fastigial nucleus are principally concerned with affective and autonomic regulation and emotionally relevant memory. The cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nucleus are concerned with executive, visual-spatial, language, and other mnemonic functions. (3) The convergence of inputs from multiple associative cerebral regions to common areas within the cerebellum facilitates cerebellar regulation of supramodal functions. (4) The cerebellar contribution to cognition is one of modulation rather than generation. Dysmetria of (or ataxic) thought and emotion are the clinical manifestations of a cerebellar lesion in the cognitive domain. (5) The cerebellum performs the same computations for associative and paralimbic functions as it does for the sensorimotor system. These proposed rules and the general and specific hypotheses offered in this paper are testable using functional neuroimaging techniques. Neuroanatomy and functional neuroimaging may thus be mutually advantageous in predicting and explaining new concepts of cerebellar function. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit.

RS Snider — 2007-08-19T11:56:31-00:00

J Neurosci Res, Vol. 2, No. 2. (1976), pp. 133-146.

Cerebellar influences on the various substructures in the Papez Circuit are indicated by the following. 1. Anatomical studies indicate that the major midbrain areas to which this circuit projects are : 1) ventral tegmental area; 2) interpeduncular area; and 3) periaqueductal gray areas; and these same areas project back to the limbic system. There are projections to these regions from the cerebellar nuclei, as indicated by terminal degeneration studies which show that cerebellar nuclei connect, mostly by fine fibers, with a continuum of cells located on either side of the midline in the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain. Observations that the cerebellum also projects to the locus ceruleus (NA system) and VTA (DA system) indicate that cerebellar influences can also reach the limbic areas via the catecholamine fiber bundles. 2. Electrophysiological studies indicate that vermiam and fastigial stimulation induce evoked responses in the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus, and the septum, with latencies to the peak of first wave ranging from 4 to 8 msec and to the second wave of 16-29 msec. Citations from the physiological literature indicate that electrical stimulation of the cerebellum, especially the vermis, can modify a wide range of responses which involve functional activities of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems. 3. Studies on electrically induced afterdischarges in the septum, hippocampus, and amygdala indicate that cerebellar stimulation can shorten the duration of or terminate the afterdischarges, and the site of lowest threshold is the midline cortex. Focal cooling of the vermis promotes prolongation of the afterdischarges as does pretreatment of animals with 6-OH dopamine. Chemical lesions in the catecholamine system induced by 6-OH dopamine reduce the effectiveness of the cerebellar stimulation, as do lesions of nucleus fastigii. These data are interpreted to indicate that the cerebellum can exert a tonic suppressor (inhibitory?) influence on substructures within the Papez Circuit. 4. Citations from animal behavioral studies indicate that electrical stimulation of the anterior cerebellum can induce responses such as arousal, predatory attack, and feeding which mimic those obtained by amygdaloid stimulation. Fastigial stimulation can produce drowsiness and EEG changes which resemble the sleep patterns resulting from stimulation of the ventral amygdala.

The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome

Jd Schmahmann — 2007-08-18T19:31:11-00:00

Brain, Vol. 121, No. 4. (1 April 1998), pp. 561-579.

10.1093/brain/121.4.561

Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving.

AM Isen — 2008-02-19T15:00:23-00:00

J Pers Soc Psychol, Vol. 52, No. 6. (1987), pp. 1122-1131.

Four experiments indicated that positive affect, induced by means of seeing a few minutes of a comedy film or by means of receiving a small bag of candy, improved performance on two tasks that are generally regarded as requiring creative ingenuity: Duncker's (1945) candle task and M. T. Mednick, S. A. Mednick, and E. V. Mednick's (1964) Remote Associates Test. One condition in which negative affect was induced and two in which subjects engaged in physical exercise (intended to represent affectless arousal) failed to produce comparable improvements in creative performance. The influence of positive affect on creativity was discussed in terms of a broader theory of the impact of positive affect on cognitive organization.

The influence of positive affect on the unusualness of word associations.

AM Isen — 2008-02-19T14:59:13-00:00

J Pers Soc Psychol, Vol. 48, No. 6. (1985), pp. 1413-1426.

A pilot study and two experiments investigated the influence of positive affect, induced in three differing ways, on the uniqueness of word associations. Persons in the positive-affect conditions gave more unusual first-associates to neutral words, according to the Palermo & Jenkins (1964) norms, than did subjects in the control conditions. In Study 3, where word type (positive, neutral, negative) was a second factor along with affect, in a between-subjects design, associates to positive words were also more unusual and diverse than were those to other words. These results were related to those of studies suggesting that positive affect may facilitate creative problem solving and to other work suggesting an impact of positive feelings on cognitive organization.

Do you see what i see? Affect and visual information processing

K Gasper — 2008-02-02T13:13:40-00:00

Cogn. Emot., Vol. 18, No. 3. (2004), pp. 405-421.

Individuals in sad moods process information in a less global and more local manner than do those in happier moods. This experiment investigates whether processing speed is associated with these mood effects, whether task ambiguity moderates these mood effects, and whether making feelings appear irrelevant to the task can eliminate these mood effects. Participants in happy, sad, and neutral moods were lead to experience their feelings as being either relevant or irrelevant to a global/local processing task. As predicted, sad moods decreased global processing relative to happier moods when feelings seemed relevant to the task and when the criteria for responding were ambiguous, but not when feelings seemed irrelevant or when the criteria were unambiguous. Consistent with the idea that mood guides processing, increases in affect intensity were associated with faster reaction times. Overall, the results suggest that mood and processing effects share some core similarities with mood and judgement effects. © 2004 Psychology Press Ltd.

Attending to the Big Picture: Mood and Global Versus Local Processing of Visual Information

Karen Gasper — 2008-02-06T10:08:45-00:00

Psychological Science, Vol. 13, No. 1. (2002), pp. 34-40.

Two experiments employed image-based tasks to test the hypothesis that happier moods promote a greater focus on the forest and sadder moods a greater focus on the trees. The hypothesis was based on the idea that in task situations, affective cues may be experienced as task-relevant information, which then influences global versus local attention. Using a serial-reproduction paradigm, Experiment 1 showed that individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to use an accessible global concept to guide attempts to reproduce a drawing from memory. Experiment 2 investigated the same hypothesis by assessing the use of global and local attributes to classify geometric figures. As predicted, individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to classify figures on the basis of global features.

Affect and Cognition

Forgas — 2008-03-09T08:39:06-00:00

Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 3, No. 2. (March 2008), pp. 94-101.

How emotions inform judgment and regulate thought.

GL Clore — 2008-01-19T23:16:49-00:00

Trends Cogn Sci, Vol. 11, No. 9. (September 2007), pp. 393-399.

Being happy or sad influences the content and style of thought. One explanation is that affect serves as information about the value of whatever comes to mind. Thus, when a person makes evaluative judgments or engages in a task, positive affect can enhance evaluations and empower potential responses. Rather than affect itself, the information conveyed by affect is crucial. Tests of the hypothesis find that affective influences can be made to disappear by changing the source to which the affect is attributed. In tasks, positive affect validates and negative affect invalidates accessible cognitions, leading to relational processing and item-specific processing, respectively. Positive affect is found to promote, and negative affect to inhibit, many textbook phenomena from cognitive psychology.

Mood and the Use of Scripts: Does a Happy Mood Really Lead to Mindlessness?

H Bless — 2008-02-14T08:47:36-00:00

J. Pers. Soc. Psychol., Vol. 71, No. 4. (1996), pp. 665-679.

The authors tested whether happy moods increase, and sad moods decrease, reliance on general knowledge structures. Participants in happy, neutral, or sad moods listened to a "going-out-for-dinner" story. Happy participants made more intrusion errors in recognition than did sad participants, with neutral mood participants falling in between (Experiments 1 and 2). Happy participants outperformed sad ones when they performed a secondary task while listening to the story (Experiment 2), but only when the amount of script-inconsistent information was small (Experiment 3). This pattern of findings indicates higher reliance on general knowledge structures under happy rather than sad moods. It is incompatible with the assumption that happy moods decrease either cognitive capacity or processing motivation in general, which would predict impaired secondary-task performance.

Positive Affect and Flexibility: Overcoming the Precedence of Global over Local Processing of Visual Information

Nicola Baumann — 2005-10-28T05:31:57-00:00

Motivation and Emotion, Vol. 29, No. 2. (June 2005), pp. 123-134.