CiteULike: Tag awareness

The GAZE groupware system: mediating joint attention in multiparty communication and collaboration

Roel Vertegaal — 2006-10-25T07:09:48-00:00

(1999), pp. 294-301.

A Look Is Worth a Thousand Words: Full Gaze Awareness in Video-Mediated Conversation

Andrew Monk — 2008-05-15T17:38:20-00:00

Discourse Processes, Vol. 33, No. 3. (2002), pp. 257-278.

Full gaze awareness, defined here as knowing what someone is looking at, might be expected to be a powerful communicative resource when the conversation concerns some object of common interest in the environment. This article sets out to demonstrate this possibility in the context of video-mediated communication. An experiment is reported in which pairs complete a communication task using a novel apparatus that supports full gaze awareness (GA) and mutual gaze (eye contact). This GA display was contrasted with 2 control conditions, mutual gaze without full gaze awareness and audio only. The GA display reduced the number of turns and number of words required to complete the task by about 1/2 in comparison with the 2 control conditions. The results of a subsequent conversational games analysis suggest that at least part of this saving comes about because full gaze awareness provides an alternative nonlinguistic channel for checking one's own and the other person's understanding of what was said.

Where am I looking? The accuracy of video-mediated gaze awareness.

C Gale — 2008-05-15T20:47:48-00:00

Perception & psychophysics, Vol. 62, No. 3. (April 2000), pp. 586-595.

Participants worked in pairs, with one person gazing at a flat horizontal stimulus between them. The other participant estimated where the gazer was looking. Experiment 1 used linear scales as gaze targets. The mean root mean square error of estimation equates to 3.8 degrees of head-and-eye pan and 2.6 degrees of tilt. This small error of estimation was essentially the same in a video-mediated condition and in one in which a procedure that did not allow the estimator to see the head-and-eye movement to the target position was used. Experiment 2 obtained comparable gaze estimation performance in face-to-face and video-mediated conditions, using a combined pan-and-tilt grid. It is concluded that people are very good at estimating what someone else is looking at and that such estimations should be practical during video-mediated conversation.

Realizing That You Don't Understand: Elementary School Children's Awareness of Inconsistencies

Ellen Markman — 2006-02-26T23:02:16-00:00

Child Development, Vol. 50, No. 3. (1979), pp. 643-655.

2 factors were proposed to affect awareness of one's comprehension failure: the inferential processing requirements, and the kind of standards against which comprehension is evaluated. These studies investigated elementary school children's awareness of their own comprehension failure when presented with inconsistent information. Study 1 showed that children were more likely to notice explicit than implicit contradictions. However, even 12-year-olds judged as comprehensible a sizable proportion of essays with seemingly obvious inconsistencies. Yet, the children had good probed recall of the information, the logical capacity to draw the inferences, and were not generally reluctant to question the experimenter. In subsequent studies children were (a) asked to repeat sentences in order to guarantee that the 2 inconsistent propositions were concurrently activated in working memory, and (b) warned about the existence of a problem in order to promote more careful evaluation. Taken together, the results suggest that to notice inconsistencies children have to encode and store the information, draw the relevant inferences, retrieve and maintain the (inferred) propositions in working memory, and compare them. Third through sixth graders do not spontaneously carry out those processes that they are capable of carrying out.

Group awareness in distributed software development

Carl Gutwin — 2005-09-22T21:22:43-00:00

(2004), pp. 72-81.

Peek-a-drawer: communication by furniture

Itiro Siio — 2006-04-19T07:31:47-00:00

(2002), pp. 582-583.

Digital family portraits: supporting peace of mind for extended family members

Elizabeth Mynatt — 2006-04-19T07:25:34-00:00

(2001), pp. 333-340.

Supporting social presence through lightweight photo sharing on and off the desktop

Scott Counts — 2005-03-14T06:05:06-00:00

(2004), pp. 599-606.

Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Photographic Images in Long-Term and Short-Term Computer-Mediated Communication

Joseph Walther — 2006-04-19T06:04:56-00:00

Communication Research, Vol. 28, No. 1. (1 February 2001), pp. 105-134.

This article asks whether, and when, participants benefit from seeing each other's faces in computer-mediated communication. Although new technologies make it relatively easy to exchange images over the Internet, our formal understanding of their impacts is not clear. Some theories suggest that the more one can see of one's partners, the better one will like them. Others suggest that long-term virtual team members may like each other better than would those who use face-to-face interaction. The dynamic underlying this latter effect may also pertain to the presentation of realistic images compared to idealized virtual perceptions. A field experiment evaluated the timing of physical image presentations for members of short-term and long-term virtual, international groups. Results indicate that in new, unacquainted teams, seeing one's partner promotes affection and social attraction, but in long-term online groups, the same type of photograph dampens affinity.

Asynchronous videoconferencing: a hybrid communication prototype

JH Watt — 2006-04-19T05:24:10-00:00

System Sciences, 2002. HICSS. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (2002), pp. 97-105.

The article introduces a hybrid asynchronous, distributed audio/video group conferencing system. One of the chief benefits of Internet communication systems is that they allow communicators to write messages when they need to, and read messages when they can. However, most theories of interactive technologies suggest that users would achieve more accurate interpersonal perceptions and more efficient work transactions if all visual and auditory nonverbal cues were available via desktop communication systems. Synchronous multimedia communication technologies achieve this, but forego the benefits of store-and-forward and retrieve-on-demand. The technological barrier has been in wedding asynchronous communication to the storage, indexing, and retrieval of sound and video. The paper reviews the literature on the costs and benefits of synchronous and asynchronous interaction, and full- versus partial-cue messaging that prompted development of the system. It also discusses the technological basis of a working prototype asynchronous audio/video (a/v) conferencing system, including its facility for a nonlinear indexing system. Validation tests for the utility of asynchronous a/v that are being conducted are discussed. These address the affective, co-presence, satisfaction, and effectiveness outcomes such a system provides.

Breast cancer survivors: learning from the faces of hope.

V Hinson-Smith — 2006-10-18T04:02:43-00:00

Nurs Manage, Vol. 31 Suppl (October 2000)

Technology for care networks of elders

S Consolvo — 2005-05-29T08:16:54-00:00

Pervasive Computing, IEEE, Vol. 3, No. 2. (2004), pp. 22-29.

Computer-supported coordinated care uses technology to aid the network of people who support an elder living at home. CSCC supports improved communication among individuals and a balanced distribution of responsibilities to allow the elder to live at home despite increasing care needs. The problem of coordinating the care of elders living at home hasn't been well defined or explored. We focus on using technology to aid the elder's entire support network. To distinguish this space from the broader research issues of computer-supported cooperative work, we call it computer-supported coordinated care and propose that it is a meaningful focus for the pervasive computing, CSCW, and human-computer interaction (HCI) communities.

Social Networks as Health Feedback Displays

Margaret Morris — 2006-04-12T05:36:52-00:00

IEEE Internet Computing, Vol. 9, No. 5. (September 2005), pp. 29-37.

How visual salience wins the battle for awareness

Steven Yantis — 2005-07-27T01:14:29-00:00

Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 8, No. 8., pp. 975-977.

Using an experimental study to develop group awareness support for real-time distributed collaborative writing

Minh Tran — 2006-03-10T13:41:19-00:00

Information and Software Technology, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof

Supporting group awareness is vital for the success of real-time, distributed, collaborative writing systems. Many awareness mechanisms have been introduced, but highly effective solutions are few. The research presented in this paper focuses on the development of awareness mechanisms using an experimental study of synchronous distributed collaborative writing. Our study has made two major contributions to research on group awareness.First, the study compares the importance of different awareness elements in supporting group awareness for collaborative writing. The results of our Wilcoxon test on awareness elements identify the five most important elements, including "Being able to comment on what other users have done," "Knowing what actions other users are currently taking," "Providing a communication tool when audio is not available," "Knowing other user's working areas in the document," and "Knowing other user's tasks."Second, the research proposes mechanisms corresponding to the above-mentioned five awareness elements. The mechanisms include Dynamic Task List (DTL), Modification Director (MD), Advanced Chat (AC) and Split Window View (SWV). These mechanisms provide support for various aspects of group awareness, and add many enhanced features to existing awareness mechanisms. For example, DTL presents high-level information about authors' responsibilities and the correlation between their work allocations. MD notifies users instantaneously whenever their work is modified by other authors. AC enhances communication between users by allowing them to attach document objects such as text and diagrams to a conversation message. And, SWV provides the views of other authors' working areas and viewing areas simultaneously.

MetaWeb: bringing synchronous groupware to the world wide web

Jonathan Trevor — 2007-12-02T21:18:53-00:00

(1997), pp. 65-80.

The World Wide Web is increasingly seen as an attractive technology for the deployment and evaluation of groupware However the underlying architecture of the Web is inherently stateless - best supporting asynchronous types of cooperation. This paper presents a toolkit for application developers, MetaWeb, which augments the Web with basic features which provide new and legacy applications with better support for synchronous cooperation. Using three simple abstractions, User, Location and Session, MetaWeb allows applications to be coupled as tightly or as loosely to the Web as desired The paper presents two distinct applications of MetaWeb, including the extension of an existing application, the BSCW shared workspace system, from which a number of observations are drawn.

Situation awareness in emergency medical dispatch

Ann Blandford — 2007-06-19T16:42:34-00:00

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4. (October 2004), pp. 421-452.

Situation awareness, and how systems can be designed to support it appropriately, have been a focus of study in dynamic, safety critical contexts such as aviation. The work reported here extends the study of situation awareness into the domain of emergency medical dispatch (EMD). The study was conducted in one of the largest ambulance services in the world. In this study, we encountered development and exploitation of situation awareness, particularly among the more senior EMD operators called allocators. In this paper we describe the notion of a `mental picture' as an outcome of situation awareness, how an awareness of the situation is developed and maintained, the cues allocators attend to, and the difficulties they face in doing so. One of the key characteristics of ambulance control is that relatively routine behaviour is periodically interspersed with incidents that demand much higher levels of attention, but that the routine work must still be completed; operators exhibit contrasting levels of situation awareness for the different kinds of incidents. Our findings on situation awareness are related to those of others, particularly Endsley and Wickens. The observations and interviews enable us to propose high-level requirements for systems to support appropriate situation awareness, to enable EMD staff to complete their work effectively.

AwareMedia: a shared interactive display supporting social, temporal, and spatial awareness in surgery

Jakob Bardram — 2006-12-25T06:55:24-00:00

(2006), pp. 109-118.

The AWARE architecture: supporting context-mediated social awareness in mobile cooperation

Jakob Bardram — 2005-08-12T01:36:52-00:00

(2004), pp. 192-201.

Transient life: collecting and sharing personal information

Stephanie Smale — 2007-03-08T19:17:15-00:00

(2006), pp. 31-38.

Doing Virtually Nothing: Awareness and Accountability in Massively Multiplayer Online Worlds

Robert Moore — 2007-06-12T11:36:47-00:00

Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), Vol. 16, No. 3. (6 June 2007), pp. 265-305.

Abstract To date the most popular and sophisticated types of virtual worlds can be found in the area of video gaming, especially in the genre of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG). Game developers have made great strides in achieving game worlds that look and feel increasingly realistic. However, despite these achievements in the visual realism of virtual game worlds, they are much less sophisticated when it comes to modeling face-to-face interaction. In face-to-face, ordinary social activities are “accountable,” that is, people use a variety of kinds of observational information about what others are doing in order to make sense of others’ actions and to tightly coordinate their own actions with others. Such information includes: (1) the real-time unfolding of turns-at-talk; (2) the observability of embodied activities; and (3) the direction of eye gaze for the purpose of gesturing. But despite the fact that today’s games provide virtual bodies, or “avatars,” for players to control, these avatars display much less information about players’ current state than real bodies do. In this paper, we discuss the impact of the lack of each type of information on players’ ability to tightly coordinate their activities and offer guidelines for improving coordination and, ultimately, the players’ social experience.

Suitable notification intensity: the dynamic awareness system

Yao Wang — 2008-01-09T14:16:06-00:00

(2007), pp. 99-106.

Shared waypoints and social tagging to support collaboration in software development

Margaret-Anne Storey — 2006-11-29T13:28:05-00:00

(2006), pp. 195-198.

Responsiveness in instant messaging: predictive models supporting inter-personal communication

Daniel Avrahami — 2006-05-08T12:48:54-00:00

(2006), pp. 731-740.

The effects of workspace awareness support on the usability of real-time distributed groupware

Carl Gutwin — 2005-07-06T07:06:09-00:00

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 6, No. 3. (September 1999), pp. 243-281.

The neural correlate of (un)awareness: lessons from the vegetative state

Steven Laureys — 2005-11-25T13:05:26-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 12. (December 2005), pp. 556-559.

Consciousness has two main components: wakefulness and awareness. The vegetative state is characterized by wakefulness without awareness. Recent functional neuroimaging results have shown that some parts of the cortex are still functioning in 'vegetative' patients. External stimulation, such as a painful stimulus, still activates 'primary' sensory cortices in these patients but these areas are functionally disconnected from 'higher order' associative areas needed for awareness. Such studies are disentangling the neural correlates of the vegetative state from the minimally conscious state, and have major clinical consequences in addition to empirical importance for the understanding of consciousness.

Social Disclosure of Place: From Location Technology to Communication Practices

Ian Smith — 2006-11-08T02:23:15-00:00

Lecture Notes in Computer Science : Pervasive Computing (2005), pp. 134-151.

Orthography as a handicap? A direct comparison of spelling acquisition in Danish and Icelandic

Holge Juul — 2005-04-15T06:15:45-00:00

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 46, No. 3. (July 2005), pp. 263-272.

Timing of the earliest ERP correlate of visual awareness

Maria Wilenius — 2007-08-17T09:00:21-00:00

Psychophysiology, Vol. 44, No. 5. (2007), pp. 703-710.

Abstract The earliest reliably occurring event-related brain potential (ERP) correlate of visual awareness (visual awareness negativity, VAN) emerges after 100 ms and peaks between 200 and 300 ms from stimulus onset. In a study using low-contrast stimuli, VAN was significantly delayed, peaking at 460 ms (V. Ojanen, A. Revonsuo, & M. Sams, 2003). In that study physical differences between the conscious and nonconscious stimuli may have confounded the results. Here we explored whether VAN is similarly delayed for physically identical stimuli. We presented low-contrast stimuli near an individually determined subjective contrast threshold. A delayed VAN peaked at 400 ms at occipito-temporal sites to subjectively perceived stimuli. Our results support the interpretation that VAN is the earliest ERP correlate of phenomenal visual awareness. The electrophysiological processes eliciting VAN may become delayed as a function of the difficulty of the early perceptual discrimination.

Wagering demonstrates subconscious processing in a binary exclusion task.

Navindra Persaud — 2008-01-08T13:45:01-00:00

Conscious Cogn (13 June 2007)

We briefly presented either the letter 'b' or the letter 'h' to participants who were instructed to respond by saying the letter that was not shown. This binary version of the exclusion task avoids problems with assessing baseline completion rates. When the letters were shown for 5-10ms participants erroneously responded with the shown letter at a rate greater than chance. They were capable of following the instructions when the letter was shown for longer (15ms). Given the chance to wager low or high on their choices after short duration stimuli, participants declined to wager high even when they were correct. Taken together these results suggest that the briefly presented stimuli were processed subconsciously.

Getting technical about awareness

Colin Clifford — 2008-02-14T12:17:00-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 12, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 54-58.

It has recently been argued that post-decision wagering provides an objective measure of awareness. We critically evaluate this claim, emphasizing the distinction between performance without awareness and a reluctance to gamble in full awareness of weak sensory evidence. We address two key methodological issues. The first is the design of the pay-off matrix to reward a strategy of wagering that reflects the strength of sensory evidence. The second is the use of signal detection theory to analyze the resulting data. We argue that proper treatment of these issues is essential if post-decision wagering is to prove valuable in validating claims of perception without awareness in normal subjects and neuropsychological patients.

Inducing blindsight in normal observers.

L Robichaud — 2007-10-03T13:56:46-00:00

Psychon Bull Rev, Vol. 10, No. 1. (March 2003), pp. 206-209.

We attempted to induce blindsight in normal observers, in an effort to replicate and extend the findings of Kolb and Braun (1995). In that demonstration, observers were able to localize a target in the absence of visual awareness, indicated by the lack of a correlation between localization accuracy and confidence ratings. Replication of this work seemed essential, given the failed attempt by Morgan, Mason, and Solomon (1997). A key aspect of the present work was the use of a pointing response, which is believed to have access to the unconscious representations subserving blindsight. In the critical rivalrous condition, the display consisted of Gabor patterns presented dichoptically with orthogonal orientation in each eye. Binocular summation of left and right images combined to give the appearance of a uniform plaid, camouflaging the texture-defined target. Our attempt to demonstrate blindsight in normal observers was unsuccessful, in that the localization accuracy of the texture-defined target and the observers' confidence ratings were positively correlated. Although the replication was unsuccessful, the results are valuable in that they provide closure to this widely publicized but fruitless line of inquiry.

Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness

Navindra Persaud — 2007-01-27T11:53:27-00:00

Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2. (21 January 2007), pp. 257-261.

Attention for emotional faces under restricted awareness revisited: Do emotional faces automatically attract attention?

EH Koster — 2007-05-24T00:16:54-00:00

Emotion, Vol. 7, No. 2. (May 2007), pp. 285-295.

Theoretical models of attention for affective information have assigned a special status to the cognitive processing of emotional facial expressions. One specific claim in this regard is that emotional faces automatically attract visual attention. In three experiments, the authors investigated attentional cueing by angry, happy, and neutral facial expressions that were presented under conditions of limited awareness. In these experiments, facial expressions were presented in a masked (14 ms or 34 ms, masked by a neutral face) and unmasked fashion (34 ms or 100 ms). Compared with trials containing neutral cues, delayed responding was found on trials with emotional cues in the unmasked, 100-ms condition, suggesting stronger allocation of cognitive resources to emotional faces. However, in both masked and unmasked conditions, the hypothesized cueing of visual attention to the location of emotional facial expression was not found. In contrary, attentional cueing by emotional faces was less strong compared with neutral faces in the unmasked, 100-ms condition. These data suggest that briefly presented emotional faces influence cognitive processing but do not automatically capture visual attention. ((c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).

Fast backprojections from the motion to the primary visual area necessary for visual awareness.

A Pascual-Leone — 2006-11-11T00:21:37-00:00

Science, Vol. 292, No. 5516. (20 April 2001), pp. 510-512.

Much is known about the pathways from photoreceptors to higher visual areas in the brain. However, how we become aware of what we see or of having seen at all is a problem that has eluded neuroscience. Recordings from macaque V1 during deactivation of MT+/V5 and psychophysical studies of perceptual integration suggest that feedback from secondary visual areas to V1 is necessary for visual awareness. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe the timing and function of feedback from human area MT+/V5 to V1 and found its action to be early and critical for awareness of visual motion.

Orienting attention without awareness.

PA McCormick — 2007-07-08T14:43:08-00:00

J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, Vol. 23, No. 1. (February 1997), pp. 168-180.

Previous research has shown that visual attention can be directed to a spatial location in 2 qualitatively different ways. Attention can be allocated endogenously in response to centrally presented precues, or it can be captured exogenously by a visual stimulus with an abrupt onset. It has been suggested that exogenous orienting of attention is an automatic process, whereas endogenous orienting of attention represents a controlled and strategic process. M.I. Posner and C.R.R. Snyder (1975) suggested that an automatic process occurs without intention, does not interfere with other mental processes, and does not necessarily give rise to awareness, whereas a controlled process will likely interfere with other processes and necessarily requires intention and awareness. Three experiments investigated the role of awareness in orienting visual attention. Endogenous and exogenous components of orienting attention were placed in opposition to each other to assess the automaticity of exogenous orienting by examining the potential for brief stimulus events to capture attention in the absence of subjective awareness. Results show that an exogenous cue presented below a subjective threshold of awareness captured attention automatically and without awareness.

Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces

Paul Dourish — 2005-08-12T01:18:20-00:00

(1992), pp. 107-114.

ambientROOM: integrating ambient media with architectural space

Hiroshi Ishii — 2006-07-29T12:49:32-00:00

(1998), pp. 173-174.

Heuristic evaluation of ambient displays

Jennifer Mankoff — 2006-07-29T09:49:12-00:00

(2003), pp. 169-176.

A toolkit for managing user attention in peripheral displays

Tara Matthews — 2006-07-29T09:48:14-00:00

(2004), pp. 247-256.

Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information

Paul Maglio — 2006-07-29T09:46:56-00:00

(2000), pp. 241-248.

Aesthetic information collages: generating decorative displays that contain information

James Fogarty — 2006-07-29T09:45:40-00:00

(2001), pp. 141-150.

The information percolator: ambient information display in a decorative object

Jeremy Heiner — 2005-09-07T09:10:51-00:00

(1999), pp. 141-148.

Support for multitasking and background awareness using interactive peripheral displays

Blair Macintyre — 2005-11-01T22:26:10-00:00

(2001), pp. 41-50.

Empirical development of a heuristic evaluation methodology for shared workspace groupware

Kevin Baker — 2005-11-24T13:51:45-00:00

(2002), pp. 96-105.

Information and context: lessons from the study of two shared information systems

Paul Dourish — 2005-08-12T01:31:28-00:00

(1993), pp. 42-51.

Portholes: supporting awareness in a distributed work group

Paul Dourish — 2005-04-29T03:18:37-00:00

(1992), pp. 541-547.

Preparing and Motivating Behavior Outside of Awareness

Henk Aarts — 2008-03-22T14:45:19-00:00

Science, Vol. 319, No. 5870. (21 March 2008), 1639.

The mere activation of the idea of a behavioral act moves the human body without the person consciously deciding to take action. In an experiment, we showed that people subliminally primed with the concept of exertion were faster to squeeze a hand grip forcefully but expended more effort when the subliminal primes were directly accompanied by consciously visible positive stimuli. These findings demonstrate the human capacity to rely on mental processes in preparing and motivating behavior outside of awareness. 10.1126/science.1150432

Being There: Concepts, Effects and Measurements of User Presence in Synthetic Environments (Emerging Communication: Studies in New Technologies and Practices in Communication, Vol. 5)

2006-12-12T13:59:51-00:00

(01 January 2003)

"Presence", the sense of "being there" in a mediated environment, has been applied to describe the user experience when interacting with advanced media interfaces such as virtual environments. Why examine the concept of presence? There are compelling practical and theoretical reasons. The definition of the construct of presence is of particular interest today because it has the potential relevance for the design and evaluation of a broad range of interactive and non-interactive media and applications in several areas such as medicine, entertainment, education and training. An enhanced sense of presence plays an important role in technologies such as the video telephone, high definition television (HDTV), 3G portable phones, home and arcade video games, the World Wide Web, and more. The book examines the different facets of the concept of presence. It begins by noting practical and theoretical reasons for studying this concept. Different theories of presence are identified and a detailed description of the concepts included in these conceptualizations is presented. Existing research and about the factors that encourage or discourage a sense of presence in media users as well as the physiological and psychological effects of presence are then outlined. Finally, suggestions concerning possible evolutions of this concept allowed by the diffusion of ambient intelligence and 3G portable communication are presented.

Activity rhythm detection and modeling

Rosco Hill — 2006-05-31T01:53:13-00:00

(2003), pp. 782-783.

We present an algorithm for detecting and modeling rhythmic temporal patterns in the record of an individual's computer activity, or online "presence." The model is both predictive and descriptive of temporal features and is constructed with minimal a priori knowledge.