Thu, 07 Aug 2008 21:32:47 BST CiteULike: Tag economics http://www.citeulike.org/tag/economics CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/zinp/article/221517 <i>(01 March 1992)</i><br /><br />When this classic work was first published in 1976, its central tenet--more is not necessarily better--placed it in direct conflict with mainstream thought in economics. Within a few years, however, this apparently paradoxical claim was gaining wide acceptance. Scitovsky's ground-breaking book was the first to apply theories of behaviorist psychology to questions of consumer behavior and to do so in clear, non-technical language. Setting out to analyze the failures of our consumerist lifestyle, Scitovsky concluded that people's need for stimulation is so vital that it can lead to violence if not satisfied by novelty--whether in challenging work, art, fashion, gadgets, late-model cars, or scandal. <P>Though much of the book stands as a record of American post-war prosperity and its accompanying problems, the revised edition also takes into account recent social and economic changes. A new preface and a foreword by economist Robert Frank introduce some of the issues created by those changes and two revised chapters develop them, discussing among others the assimilation of counter-cultural ideas throughout American society, especially ideas concerning quality of life. Scitovsky draws fascinating connections between the new elite of college-educated consumers and the emergence of a growing underclass plagued by drugs and violence, perceptively tracing the reactions of these disparate groups to the problems of leisure and boredom. <P>In the wake of the so-called "decade of greed" and amidst calls for a "kindler, gentler" society, The Joyless Economy seems more timely than ever. The Joyless Economy: The Psychology of Human Satisfaction Tibor Scitovsky (01 March 1992) 2005-06-07T20:40:30-00:00 1992 Oxford University Press consumers economics psychlogy http://www.citeulike.org/user/zinasahib/article/1691127 <i>(2005), pp. 1-5.</i> Why profit-oriented companies enter the OS field?: intrinsic vs. extrinsic incentives Cristina Rossi Andrea Bonaccorsi doi:10.1145/1083258.1083269 (2005), pp. 1-5. 2007-09-25T01:20:11-00:00 2005 0163-5948 1 5 ACM Press economics incentives open source http://www.citeulike.org/user/zhlobko/article/54159 <i>Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 73, No. 1. (7 January 2004), pp. 41-50.</i> Cost-effectiveness analysis of addiction treatment: paradoxes of multiple outcomes JL Sindelar M Jofre-Bonet MT French AT Mclellan doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2003.09.002 Drug and Alcohol Dependence, Vol. 73, No. 1. (7 January 2004), pp. 41-50. 2004-12-28T17:54:34-00:00 2004 Drug and Alcohol Dependence 0376-8716 73 1 41 50 Elsevier Science economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zenzenzen/article/914368 <i>Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 15, No. 8. (November 2006), pp. 777-799.</i> THE REVOLUTION WITHIN: ICT AND THE SHIFTING KNOWLEDGE BASE OF THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPANIES Mendonaa Sandro doi:10.1080/10438590500510442 Economics of Innovation and New Technology, Vol. 15, No. 8. (November 2006), pp. 777-799. 2006-10-27T08:59:21-00:00 2006 Economics of Innovation and New Technology 1043-8599 15 8 777 799 Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group base companies databases economics knowledge mathematics models http://www.citeulike.org/user/yoav/article/1940850 <i>Marketing Science, Vol. 4, No. 3. (1985), pp. 199-214.</i><br /><br />A new model of consumer behavior is developed using a hybrid of cognitive psychology and microeconomics. The development of the model starts with the mental coding of combinations of gains and losses using the prospect theory value function. Then the evaluation of purchases is modeled using the new concept of "transaction utility". The household budgeting process is also incorporated to complete the characterization of mental accounting. Several implications to marketing, particularly in the area of pricing, are developed. Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice Richard Thaler Marketing Science, Vol. 4, No. 3. (1985), pp. 199-214. 2007-11-20T02:31:55-00:00 1985 Marketing Science 4 3 199 214 behavioural economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yoav/article/1953151 <i>The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1. (2000), pp. 1-17.</i><br /><br />The deterrence hypothesis predicts that the introduction of a penalty that leaves everything else unchanged will reduce the occurrence of the behavior subject to the fine. We present the result of a field study in a group of day-care centers that contradicts this prediction. Parents used to arrive late to collect their children, forcing a teacher to stay after closing time. We introduced a monetary fine for late-coming parents. As a result, the number of late-coming parents increased significantly. After the fine was removed no reduction occurred. We argue that penalties are usually introduced into an incomplete contract, social or private. They may change the information that agents have, and therefore the effect on behavior may be opposite of that expected. If this is true, the deterrence hypothesis loses its predictive strength, since the clause "everything else is left unchanged" might be hard to satisfy. A Fine Is a Price Uri Gneezy Aldo Rustichini The Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1. (2000), pp. 1-17. 2007-11-21T17:03:38-00:00 2000 The Journal of Legal Studies 29 1 1 17 behavioural economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/ynagar/article/87216 <i>Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1998), pp. 11-46.</i><br /><br />Because psychology systematically explores human judgment, behavior, and well-being, it can teach us important facts about how humans differ from traditional economic assumptions. In this essay I discuss a selection of psychological findings relevant to economics. Standard economics assumes that each person has stable, well-defined preferences, and that she rationally maximizes those preferences. Section 2 considers what psychological research teaches us about the true form of preferences, allowing us to make economics more realistic within the rationalchoice framework. Section 3 reviews research on biases in judgment under uncertainty; because those biases lead people to make systematic errors in their attempts to maximize their preferences, this research poses a more radical challenge to the economics model. The array of psychological findings reviewed in Section 4 points to an even more radical critique of the economics model: Even if we are willing to modify our familiar assumptions about preferences, or allow that people make systematic errors in their attempts to maximize those preferences, it is sometimes misleading to conceptualize people as attempting to maximize well-defined, coherent, or stable preferences. Psychology and Economics Matthew Rabin doi:10.2307/2564950 Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 36, No. 1. (1998), pp. 11-46. 2005-02-05T04:24:20-00:00 1998 Journal of Economic Literature 36 1 11 46 15575 behavioral-economics economics psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ynagar/article/359059 <i>(16 August 2005)</i><br /><br />In this fascinating book, <i>New Yorker </i>business columnist James Surowiecki explores a deceptively simple idea: Large groups of people are <i>smarter</i> than an elite few, no matter how brilliant–better at solving problems, fostering innovation, coming to wise decisions, even predicting the future. <br><br>With boundless erudition and in delightfully clear prose, Surowiecki ranges across fields as diverse as popular culture, psychology, ant biology, behavioral economics, artificial intelligence, military history, and politics to show how this simple idea offers important lessons for how we live our lives, select our leaders, run our companies, and think about our world. The Wisdom of Crowds James Surowiecki (16 August 2005) 2005-10-21T05:49:06-00:00 2005 Anchor 15320 collective-intelligence crowdsourcing economics innomediation innovation open-source organization-theory wikinomics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yizheng/article/1188261 <i>(28 January 1983)</i><br /><br />Economists have long treated technological phenomena as events transpiring inside a black box and, on the whole, have adhered rather strictly to a self-imposed ordinance not to inquire too seriously into what transpires inside that box. The purpose of Professor Rosenberg’s work is to break open and examine the contents of the black box. In so doing, a number of important economic problems be powerfully illuminated. The author clearly shows how specific features of individual technologies have shaped a number of variables of great concern to economists: the rate of productivity improvement, the nature of learning processes underlying technological change itself, the speed of technology transfer, and the effectiveness of government policies that are intended to influence technologies in particular ways. The separate chapters of this book reflect a primary concern with some of the distinctive aspects of industrial technologies in the twentieth century, such as the increasing reliance upon science, but also the considerable subtlety and complexity of the dialectic between science and technology. Other concerns include the rapid growth in the development of costs associated with new technologies as well as the difficulty of predicting the eventual performance characteristics of newly emerging technologies. Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics Nathan Rosenberg (28 January 1983) 2007-03-26T15:33:03-00:00 1983 Cambridge University Press economics innovation technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/yish/article/423821 <i>(01 June 2005)</i><br /><br />Between 1946 and 1957 computing went from a preliminary, developmental stage to more widespread use accompanied by the beginnings of the digital computer industry. During this crucial decade, spurred by rapid technological advances, the computer enterprise became a major phenomenon. In <i>Computers and Commerce</i>, Arthur Norberg explores the importance of these years in the history of computing by focusing on technical developments and business strategies at two important firms, both established in 1946, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) and Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company (EMCC), from their early activities through their acquisition by Remington Rand.<br /> <br /> Both ERA and EMCC had their roots in World War II, and in postwar years both firms received major funding from the United States government. Norberg analyzes the interaction between the two companies and the government and examines the impact of this institutional context on technological innovation. He assesses the technical contributions of such key company figures as J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Grace Hopper, and William Norris, analyzing the importance of engineering knowledge in converting theoretical designs into workable machines. Norberg looks at the two firms' operations after 1951 as independent subsidiaries of Remington Rand, and documents the management problems that began after Remington Rand merged with Sperry Gyroscope to form Sperry Rand in 1955. Computers and Commerce : A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957 (History of Computing) Arthur Norberg (01 June 2005) 2005-12-07T00:20:27-00:00 2005 The MIT Press computers economics history http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/43038 <i>Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 4. (December 2003), pp. 339-347.</i> Effects of values, problem awareness, and personal norm on willingness to reduce personal car use AM Nordlund J Garvill doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00037-9 Journal of Environmental Psychology, Vol. 23, No. 4. (December 2003), pp. 339-347. 2004-12-28T17:22:14-00:00 2003 Journal of Environmental Psychology 0272-4944 23 4 339 347 Elsevier Science economics environment psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/251430 <i>European Economic Review, Vol. 46, No. 4-5. (May 2002), pp. 657-685.</i><br /><br />This essay provides a perspective on the recent trend towards integrating psychology into economics. Some specific topics are discussed briefly, and arguments are provided for why greater psychological realism will improve mainstream economics. A perspective on psychology and economics Matthew Rabin doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00207-0 European Economic Review, Vol. 46, No. 4-5. (May 2002), pp. 657-685. 2005-07-11T09:47:29-00:00 2002 European Economic Review 46 4-5 657 685 economics preference psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/567545 <i>Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3. (May 2006), pp. 205-216.</i><br /><br />Recently, in the economics literature, several papers have put forward arguments for using a declining discount rate in social-cost benefit analysis. This paper examines the impact of employing a declining discount rate on the social cost of carbon--the marginal social damage from a ton of emitted carbon. Six declining discounting schemes are implemented in the FUND 2.8 integrated assessment model, including the recent amendments to the Green Book of HM Treasury (Treasury, H.M., 2003. The Greenbook: Appraisal and Evaluation in Central Government. TSO, London). We find that using a declining schedule of discount rates increases the social cost of carbon estimate by as little as 10% or by as much as a factor of 40, depending upon the scenario selected. Although the range of plausible estimates is large, using declining discounting schemes in FUND 2.8 in most cases does not yield values at the [UK pound]70/tC level suggested by UK DEFRA [Clarkson, R., Deyes, K., 2002. Estimating the social cost of carbon emissions. Government Economic Service Working Paper. HM Treasury, London]. Indeed, only at the higher end of the values of social cost of carbon found here would many climate change related policies - such as the Kyoto Protocol - pass a cost-benefit analysis. This conclusion, however, does not necessarily undermine the ethical and political economic reasons for supporting international collective action on climate change. Discounting and the social cost of carbon: a closer look at uncertainty Jiehan Guo Cameron Hepburn Richard Tol David Anthoff doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2005.11.010 Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3. (May 2006), pp. 205-216. 2006-03-29T07:04:14-00:00 2006 Environmental Science & Policy 9 3 205 216 economics environment http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/569612 <i>Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3. (May 2006), pp. 217-227.</i><br /><br />Geological carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is currently seriously considered for addressing, in the near term, the problem of climate change. CCS technology is available today and is expected to become an increasingly affordable CO2 abatement alternative. Whereas the rapidly growing scientific literature on CCS as well as experimental and commercial practice demonstrate the technological and economic feasibility of implementing this clean fossil fuel option on a large scale, relatively little attention has been paid so far to the risks and environmental externalities of geological storage of CO2. This paper assesses the effects of including CCS damage costs in a long-term energy scenario analysis for Europe. An external cost sensitivity analysis is performed with a bottom-up energy technology model that accounts not only for CCS technologies but also for their external costs. Our main conclusion is that in a business-as-usual scenario (i.e. without climate change intervention or externality internalisation), CCS technologies are likely to be deployed at least to some extent, mainly in the power generation sector, given the economic benefits of opportunities such as enhanced coal bed methane, oil and gas recovery. Under a strict climate (CO2 emissions) constraint, CCS technologies are deployed massively. With the simultaneous introduction of both CO2 and CCS taxation in the power sector, designed to internalise the external atmospheric and geological effects of CO2 emissions and storage, respectively, we find that CCS will only be developed if the climate change damage costs are at least of the order of 100 [euro]/t CO2 or the CO2 storage damage costs not more than a few [euro]/t CO2. When the internalised climate change damage costs are as high as 67 [euro]/t CO2, the expensive application of CCS to biomass-fuelled power plants (with negative net CO2 emissions) proves the most effective CCS alternative to reduce CO2 emissions, rather than CCS applied to fossil-based power plants. Atmospheric and geological CO2 damage costs in energy scenarios Koen Smekens Bob van der Zwaan doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2006.01.004 Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 9, No. 3. (May 2006), pp. 217-227. 2006-03-30T03:07:05-00:00 2006 Environmental Science & Policy 9 3 217 227 economics environment http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/99680 <i>Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 2. (1979), pp. 263-292.</i><br /><br />This paper presents a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develops an alternative model, called prospect theory. Choices among risky prospects exhibit several pervasive effects that are inconsistent with the basic tenets of utility theory. In particular, people underweight outcomes that are merely probable in comparison with outcomes that are obtained with certainty. This tendency, called the certainty effect, contributes to risk aversion in choices involving sure gains and to risk seeking in choices involving sure losses. In addition, people generally discard components that are shared by all prospects under consideration. This tendency, called the isolation effect, leads to inconsistent preferences when the same choice is presented in different forms. An alternative theory of choice is developed, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights. The value function is normally concave for gains, commonly convex for losses, and is generally steeper for losses than for gains. Decision weights are generally lower than the corresponding probabilities, except in the range of low probabilities. Overweighting of low probabilities may contribute to the attractiveness of both insurance and gambling. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk Daniel Kahneman Amos Tversky Econometrica, Vol. 47, No. 2. (1979), pp. 263-292. 2005-02-20T19:58:05-00:00 1979 Econometrica 47 2 263 292 economics psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/278470 <i>Energy Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1. (January 2005), pp. 59-77.</i><br /><br />Hybrid energy-economy models combine top-down and bottom-up approaches to explore behaviorally realistic responses to technology-focused policies. This research uses empirically derived discrete choice models to inform key behavioral parameters in CIMS, a hybrid model. The discrete choice models are estimated for vehicle and commuting decisions from a survey of 1150 Canadians. With the choice models integrated into CIMS, we simulate carbon taxes, gasoline vehicle disincentives, and single occupancy vehicle disincentives to show how different policy levers can motivate technological change. We also use the empirical basis for the choice models to portray uncertainty in technological change, costs, and emissions. Improving behavioral realism in hybrid energy-economy models using discrete choice studies of personal transportation decisions Matt Horne Mark Jaccard Ken Tiedemann doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2004.11.003 Energy Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1. (January 2005), pp. 59-77. 2005-08-11T08:40:02-00:00 2005 Energy Economics 27 1 59 77 economics energy psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/276676 <i>Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2. (April 2003), pp. 189-202.</i><br /><br />Research in experimental and behavioral game theory has revealed a substantial and persistent degree of heterogeneity in the strategic behavior of real individuals. While the prevailing theoretical explanations of the observed heterogeneity typically invoke underlying differences in beliefs in the population of players, we argue that a further source of heterogeneity may consist in the individuals’ different ability to process information, of which short-term memory capacity provides a measurable proxy. Research in cognitive psychology has shown that individuals typically differ in their short-term memory capacity; furthermore, short-term memory capacity provides a fundamental cognitive bottleneck to our ability to process information efficiently and hence seems correlated with performance in a variety of problem-solving and reasoning tasks. In this paper we conduct experiments on a set of well-known games whose solution concepts require the application of some paradigmatic forms of strategic reasoning, such as iterated dominance and backward induction. We separately conduct standard short-term memory tests on our subjects to detect the presence of a correlation between individuals’ behavior in the games - here defined in terms of degrees of conformity to the standard game-theoretic prescriptions - and their short-term memory score.Our results show the presence of a significant and positive correlation between subjects’ short-term memory score and conformity to standard game-theoretic prescriptions in the games, thus confirming our hypothesis. While the robustness of our conjecture awaits to be confirmed by further data gathering in more interactive experimental settings, our preliminary results suggest a promising line of inquiry on the interconnections between information processing capacity and strategic behavior. Games and phone numbers: Do short-term memory bounds affect strategic behavior? Giovanna Devetag Massimo Warglien doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00202-7 Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 24, No. 2. (April 2003), pp. 189-202. 2005-08-08T06:14:20-00:00 2003 Journal of Economic Psychology 24 2 189 202 economics psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/276675 <i>Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 6. (December 2004), pp. 707-724.</i><br /><br />A frequent argument against efficiency standards is that they prohibit products that represent optimal choices for customers and thus lead to reduced customer utility. In this paper we propose and test a method to estimate such losses. Conjoint analysis is used to estimate utility functions for individuals that have recently bought a refrigerator. The utility functions are used to calculate the individuals' utility of all the refrigerators available in the market. Revealed utility losses due to non-optimal choices by the customers seem consistent with other data on customer behaviour. The same utility estimates are used to find losses due to energy efficiency standards that remove products from the market. Contrary to previous claims, we find that efficiency standards can lead to increased utility for the average customer. This is possible because customers do not make perfect choices in the first place. Estimating customer utility of energy efficiency standards for refrigerators Erling Moxnes doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(03)00072-2 Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 25, No. 6. (December 2004), pp. 707-724. 2005-08-08T06:03:05-00:00 2004 Journal of Economic Psychology 25 6 707 724 economics energy environment house preference psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/409875 <i>Habitat International, Vol. 30, No. 1. (March 2006), pp. 144-156.</i><br /><br />The economic integration between Hong Kong and the Mainland stimulates cross-border relocation from the former to the latter. This paper examines the determinants of cross-border tenure choice decision using factors at macro-, neighbourhood and household levels. The macro-factors include labour market conditions and property cycles that affect both relocation and tenure choice decision. Differences in neighbourhood quality act as pull and push factors that trigger relocation. Household level factors reflect variation in taste and affordability as the household moves through the lifecycle. The characteristics of the supply side are also discussed as they affect the alternatives in the choice set that the household might choose from. Results from the logit estimation indicate that job-related factors have a negative impact on home ownership across the border while the opposite is true when households relocate for better living environment. The recent downturn of the local property market has led a cohort of households to develop a negative attitude towards home ownership that is being carried over to the Mainland. Determinants of cross-border tenure choice decision Michael Ho doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.09.001 Habitat International, Vol. 30, No. 1. (March 2006), pp. 144-156. 2005-11-28T00:52:22-00:00 2006 Habitat International 30 1 144 156 city economics house http://www.citeulike.org/user/y4su0/article/460453 <i>Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 75, No. 1-2. (28 February 2006), pp. 5-22.</i><br /><br />Rural areas across North America are experiencing unprecedented residential development that negatively impact the rural character that attracts new residents to these areas in the first place. This study looks at the three groups that influence residential sprawl in rural areas on the urban fringe: planners, homebuilders, and local citizens. This study in rural New England included both written surveys in the form of a photo-questionnaire, as well as interviews with planners and homebuilders about their attitudes toward development and open space preservation and their perceptions of rural character. Scenes of both traditional and innovative rural areas were used to elicit participants' perceptions about the type of development, which they consider to be compatible with rural New England. The results of the survey showed many similarities between the three groups, but in some cases the "expert" planners revealed a more limited view of compatible development than did either local residents or homebuilders. Furthermore, homebuilders indicated that experimentation with innovative subdivision design was discouraged by current local planning laws. This study has planning implications for those interested in preserving rural character through innovative subdivision design, as well as reveals new insights into what attracts people to move to rural areas. Comparing the attitudes of local residents, planners, and developers about preserving rural character in New England Robert Ryan doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2004.10.005 Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 75, No. 1-2. (28 February 2006), pp. 5-22. 2006-01-10T00:51:57-00:00 2006 Landscape and Urban Planning 75 1-2 5 22 economics landscape http://www.citeulike.org/user/xxc/article/305756 <i>(17 Jun 2005)</i><br /><br />As an alternative to rigid DRM measures, ways of marketing virtual goods through multi-level or networked marketing have raised some interest. This report is a first approach to multi-level markets for virtual goods from the viewpoint of theoretical economy. A generic, kinematic model for the monetary flow in multi-level markets, which quantitatively describes the incentives that buyers receive through resales revenues, is devised. Building on it, the competition of goods is examined in a dynamical, utility-theoretic model enabling, in particular, a treatment of the free-rider problem. The most important implications for the design of multi-level market mechanisms for virtual goods, or multi-level incentive management systems, are outlined. Incentive Systems in Multi-Level Markets for Virtual Goods Andreas Schmidt (17 Jun 2005) 2005-08-27T17:13:01-00:00 2005 economics intellecture_property marketing http://www.citeulike.org/user/wsp_scott/article/912893 <i>The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 90, No. 10. (1993), pp. 497-516.</i> The Evolution of Human Altruism Philip Kitcher The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 90, No. 10. (1993), pp. 497-516. 2006-10-26T02:32:55-00:00 1993 The Journal of Philosophy 90 10 497 516 economics evolution game_theory teaching http://www.citeulike.org/user/wsp_scott/article/912885 <i>PLoS Biology, Vol. 1, No. 3. (1 December 2003), e77.</i> Economy of the Mind Kendall Powell doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000077 PLoS Biology, Vol. 1, No. 3. (1 December 2003), e77. 2006-10-26T01:25:10-00:00 2003 PLoS Biology 1 3 e77 economics evolution game_theory teaching http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2236551 <i>(March 2005)</i> Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profits, Jobs, and Security Amory Lovins Kyle Datta Odd-Even Bustnes Jonathan Koomey Nathan Glasgow (March 2005) 2008-01-15T22:30:52-00:00 2005 Rocky Mountain Institute economics economics-development economics-markets energy energy-renewable policy http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2547720 <i>World Bank Econ Rev, Vol. 5, No. 3. (1 September 1991), pp. 493-511.</i><br /><br />Countries that collect tax revenue from the agricultural sector through export taxes, marketing boards, and overvalued domestic currencies are often loath to abandon these distorting policies because of the consequent revenue loss. One potential alternative is to replace these distortionary taxes with a land tax, which would not depress output prices or discourage foreign exchange earnings and which could be, in theory, a highly progressive tax. The advantages and disadvantages of a land tax are examined theoretically and using the specific experiences of Bangladesh, Argentina, and Uruguay. It is concluded that the land tax is not necessarily more efficient than other types of taxes; the Achilles Heel of land taxation is administration; progressive tax rates based on land holdings are nearly impossible to administer; land taxes have been ineffective at promoting nonrevenue goals; political support by farmers is necessary to implement the tax; and the most promising prospects for a moderate land tax system are in financing local, rather than central, government expenditures. 10.1093/wber/5.3.493 Prospects for Agricultural Land Taxation in Developing Countries Jonathan Skinner doi:10.1093/wber/5.3.493 World Bank Econ Rev, Vol. 5, No. 3. (1 September 1991), pp. 493-511. 2008-03-17T20:42:58-00:00 1991 World Bank Econ Rev 5 3 493 511 economics landuse policy taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2547712 <i>World Bank Econ Rev, Vol. 5, No. 1. (1 January 1991), pp. 113-133.</i><br /><br />The land tax enjoys a distinguished pedigree in the theoretical literature on tax efficiency, yet it is rarely used as a serious revenue source in rural areas of developing countries. This article considers three drawbacks of the land tax relative to taxes on exports or marketed output: (1) capitalization effects of the land tax impose a large burden on the current generation, (2) land taxation increases the riskiness of net farmer income, and (3) administration of the land tax entails costly informational requirements. This article demonstrates that only the second and third drawbacks are valid economic arguments against the land tax. Simulations based on an economic model of farm behavior suggest that farmers may still prefer a land tax to an export tax despite the increased uncertainty of their after-tax income. Administrative costs are therefore the best explanation of the weak link between the theoretical and practical aspects of land taxation. 10.1093/wber/5.1.113 If Agricultural Land Taxation Is So Efficient, Why Is It So Rarely Used? Jonathan Skinner doi:10.1093/wber/5.1.113 World Bank Econ Rev, Vol. 5, No. 1. (1 January 1991), pp. 113-133. 2008-03-17T20:36:58-00:00 1991 World Bank Econ Rev 5 1 113 133 agriculture economics landuse policy taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/818013 <i>The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 3. (July 2006), pp. 733-749.</i> A Simple General Test for Tax Bias Gaffney Mason doi:10.1111/j.1536-7150.2006.00471.x The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 3. (July 2006), pp. 733-749. 2006-08-26T10:27:18-00:00 2006 The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 0002-9246 65 3 733 749 Blackwell Publishing economics economics-welfare taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2371494 <i>Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 90, No. 4-5. (May 2006), pp. 921-933.</i><br /><br />This paper analyzes the effects of a land rent tax on capital formation and foreign investment in a life-cycle small open economy with endogenous labor-leisure choices. The consequences of land taxation critically depend on how the tax proceeds are used by the government. A land tax depresses capital formation, crowds out foreign investment and increases national wealth and consumption when the land tax revenues are distributed as lump-sum payments. If the proceeds from land taxation are used to finance unproductive government expenditure, the land tax will be neutral in its effects on the capital stock, nonhuman wealth and labor. When the tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the land rent tax spurs nonhuman wealth accumulation and ambiguously affects the capital stock and labor. The incidence of a tax on pure rent in a small open economy Alberto Petrucci doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.05.005 Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 90, No. 4-5. (May 2006), pp. 921-933. 2008-02-13T20:33:32-00:00 2006 Journal of Public Economics 90 4-5 921 933 economics economics-welfare taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2547060 <i>NBER Working Paper, No. W12568. (October 2006)</i><br /><br />On Aug. 8, 2005, President Bush signed the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (PL 109-58). This was the first major piece of energy legislation enacted since 1992 following five years of Congressional efforts to pass energy legislation. Among other things, the law contains tax incentives worth over $14 billion between 2005 and 2015. These incentives represent both pre-existing initiatives that the law extends as well as new initiatives. In this paper I survey federal tax energy policy focusing both on programs that affect energy supply and demand. I briefly discuss the distributional and incentive impacts of many of these incentives. In particular, I make a rough calculation of the impact of tax incentives for domestic oil production on world oil supply and prices and find that the incentives for domestic production have negligible impact on world supply or prices despite the United States being the third largest oil producing country in the world. Finally, I present results from a model of electricity pricing to assess the impact of the federal tax incentives directed at electricity generation. I find that nuclear power and renewable electricity sources benefit substantially from accelerated depreciation and that the production and investment tax credits make clean coal technologies cost competitive with pulverized coal and wind and biomass cost competitive with natural gas. Federal Tax Policy Towards Energy Gilbert Metcalf NBER Working Paper, No. W12568. (October 2006) 2008-03-17T15:47:05-00:00 2006 NBER Working Paper W12568 economics policy taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/175923 <i>Economica, Vol. 4, No. 16. (November 1937), pp. 386-405.</i> The Nature of the Firm RH Coase Economica, Vol. 4, No. 16. (November 1937), pp. 386-405. 2005-05-02T09:05:08-00:00 1937 Economica 4 16 386 405 economics economics-tce http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/851238 <i>(01 June 2006)</i><br /><br />In the <i>Origin of Wealth</i>, Eric Beinhocker offers a thorough and convincing new way to think about economic growth and business management. The author begins by exploring the roots of modern economic theory and ultimately declares it outmoded and wrong. Instead, he suggests, markets and growth can best be explained by drawing on the emerging field of complexity economics: the study of markets and social systems as complex adaptive systems. Although biological metaphors in business have become familiar (i.e., organizations are living organisms), Beinhocker moves beyond metaphor to explain the revolutions in science that will inevitably change the way we think about economics, competition, and business. The <i>Origin of Wealth</i> raises important questions such as: How can one create strategy in uncertain and fast moving environments? Why is it hard for large organizations to be innovative and how should we organize for better results? What role should governments play in this new era? Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics Eric Beinhocker (01 June 2006) 2006-09-20T14:57:06-00:00 2006 Harvard Business School Press economics economics-evolutionary http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/1903104 <i>(27 September 1989)</i><br /><br />The classic of common-sense economics. "Enormously broad in scope, pithily weaving together threads from Galbraith and Gandhi, capitalism and Buddhism, science and psychology."-- <I>The New Republic</I> Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered EF Schumacher (27 September 1989) 2007-11-12T15:29:40-00:00 1989 Harper Perennial economics local wdw-beyond-local http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/1447279 <i>Agricultural Systems, Vol. 94, No. 2. (May 2007), pp. 128-140.</i><br /><br />Mathematical programming is used to examine the economic potential of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies in US agriculture and forestry. Mitigation practices are entered into a spatially differentiated sector model and are jointly assessed with conventional agricultural production. Competition among practices is examined under a wide range of hypothetical carbon prices. Simulation results demonstrate a changing portfolio of mitigation strategies across carbon price. For lower prices preferred strategies involve soil and livestock options, higher prices, however, promote mainly bioenergy generation. Results demonstrate the sensitivity of individual strategy potentials to assumptions about alternative opportunities. Assessed impacts also include market shifts, regional strategy diversity, economic surplus distribution, and environmental co-effects. Agricultural sector analysis on greenhouse gas mitigation in US agriculture and forestry Uwe Schneider Bruce Mccarl Erwin Schmid Agricultural Systems, Vol. 94, No. 2. (May 2007), pp. 128-140. 2007-07-10T20:16:18-00:00 2007 Agricultural Systems 94 2 128 140 climate economics wdw-climate-tf http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/1214979 <i>(30 October 2007)</i> The Starfish and the Spider: The Unstoppable Power of Leaderless Organizations Ori Brafman Rod Beckstrom (30 October 2007) 2007-04-07T13:51:18-00:00 2007 Portfolio Trade economics economics-organization http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2503483 <i>(27 March 1986)</i><br /><br />This collection of writings provides the only comprehensive introduction to the input-output model for which Leontief was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1973. The structural approach to economics developed by Leontief, and known as input-output analysis, paved the way for the transformation of economics into a truly empirical discipline that could utilize modern data processing technology. This thoroughly revised second edition includes twenty essays--twelve of which are new to this edition--that reflect the past developments and the present state of the field. Beginning with an introductory chapter, the book leads the reader into an understanding of the input-output approach--not only as formal theory but also as a research strategy and powerful tool for dealing with a complex modern economy. Input-Output Economics Wassily Leontief (27 March 1986) 2008-03-10T17:36:16-00:00 1986 Oxford University Press, USA economics economics-impact economics-methodology http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/1928158 <i>(15 January 2007)</i><br /><br />There is now clear scientific evidence that emissions from economic activity, particularly the burning of fossil fuels for energy, are causing changes to the Earth's climate. A sound understanding of the economics of climate change is needed in order to underpin an effective global response to this challenge. The Stern Review is an independent, rigourous and comprehensive analysis of the economic aspects of this crucial issue. It has been conducted by Sir Nicholas Stern, Head of the UK Government Economic Service, and a former Chief Economist of the World Bank. The Economics of Climate Change will be invaluable for all students of the economics and policy implications of climate change, and economists, scientists and policy makers involved in all aspects of climate change. The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review Nicholas Stern (15 January 2007) 2007-11-16T21:06:09-00:00 2007 Cambridge University Press climate economics economics-methodology wdw-wicci http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/1846051 <i>Global Environmental Change, Vol. 17, No. 3-4. ( 2007), pp. 311-325.</i><br /><br />The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change concluded that there can be "no doubt" the economic risks of business-as-usual (BAU) climate change are "very severe" [Stern, 2006. The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury, London, p. 188]. The total cost of climate change was estimated to be equivalent to a one-off, permanent 5-20% loss in global mean per-capita consumption today. And the marginal damage cost of a tonne of carbon emitted today was estimated to be around $312 [p. 344]. Both of these estimates are higher than most reported in the previous literature. Subsequently, a number of critiques have appeared, arguing that discounting is the principal explanation for this discrepancy. Discounting is important, but in this paper we emphasise that how one approaches the economics of risk and uncertainty, and how one attempts to model the very closely related issue of low-probability/high-damage scenarios (which we connect to the recent discussion of `dangerous' climate change), can matter just as much. We demonstrate these arguments empirically, using the same models applied in the Stern Review. Together, the issues of risk and uncertainty on the one hand, and `dangerous' climate change on the other, raise very strongly questions about the limits of a welfare-economic approach, where the loss of natural capital might be irreversible and impossible to compensate. Thus we also critically reflect on the state-of-the-art in integrated assessment modelling. There will always be an imperative to carry out integrated assessment modelling, bringing together scientific `fact' and value judgement systematically. But we agree with those cautioning against a literal interpretation of current estimates. Ironically, the Stern Review is one of those voices. A fixation with cost-benefit analysis misses the point that arguments for stabilisation should, and are, built on broader foundations. Some economics of `dangerous' climate change: Reflections on the Stern Review Simon Dietz Chris Hope Nicola Patmore doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.008 Global Environmental Change, Vol. 17, No. 3-4. ( 2007), pp. 311-325. 2007-10-31T09:06:42-00:00 2007 Global Environmental Change 17 3-4 311 325 climate economics economics-methodology wdw-climate-tf wdw-wicci http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/761824 <i>(11 July 2006)</i><br /><br /><b>What happens when the bottlenecks that stand between supply and demand in our culture go away and everything becomes available to everyone?</b> <P>"The Long Tail" is a powerful new force in our economy: the rise of the niche. As the cost of reaching consumers drops dramatically, our markets are shifting from a one-size-fits-all model of mass appeal to one of unlimited variety for unique tastes. From supermarket shelves to advertising agencies, the ability to offer vast choice is changing everything, and causing us to rethink where our markets lie and how to get to them. Unlimited selection is revealing truths about what consumers want and how they want to get it, from DVDs at Netflix to songs on iTunes to advertising on Google. <P>However, this is not just a virtue of online marketplaces; it is an example of an entirely new economic model for business, one that is just beginning to show its power. After a century of obsessing over the few products at the head of the demand curve, the new economics of distribution allow us to turn our focus to the many more products in the tail, which collectively can create a new market as big as the one we already know. <P><i>The Long Tail</i> is really about the economics of abundance. New efficiencies in distribution, manufacturing, and marketing are essentially resetting the definition of what’s commercially viable across the board. If the 20th century was about hits, the 21st will be equally about niches. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More Chris Anderson (11 July 2006) 2006-07-17T11:47:27-00:00 2006 Hyperion economics economics-information rwc software writing http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2735954 <i>(26 December 2007)</i><br /><br /><div><div><b>A sharp, brilliantly reported look at how globalization is changing America from the inside out. </div><br><br><br><br><div></b>The Midwest has always been the heart of America—both its economic bellwether and the repository of its national identity. Now, in a new, globalized age, the Midwest is challenged as never before. With an influx of immigrant workers and an outpouring of manufacturing jobs, the region that defines the American self— the Lake Wobegon image of solid, hardworking farmers and factory hands—is changing at breakneck speed. As factory farms and global forces displace old ways of life, the United States is being transformed literally from the inside out. </div><div> </div><div>In <i>Caught in the Middle</i>, longtime <i>Chicago Tribune </i>reporter Richard C. Longworth explores the new reality of life in today’s heartland and reveals what these changes mean for the region—and the country. Ranging from the manufacturing collapse that has crippled the Midwest to the biofuels revolution that may save it, and from the school districts struggling with new immigrants to the Iowa meatpacking town that can’t survive without them, Longworth addresses what’s right and what’s wrong in the region, and offers a prescription for how it must change—politically as well as economically—if it is to survive and prosper.</div></div> Caught in the Middle: America's Heartland in the Age of Globalism Richard Longworth (26 December 2007) 2008-04-30T02:18:56-00:00 2007 Bloomsbury USA economics economics-trade http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2562443 <i>National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 11686. (October 2005), 11686.</i><br /><br />Author contact info: Alan J. Auerbach Department of Economics 549 Evans Hall, \#3880 University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 Tel: 510/643-0711 Fax: 510/643-0413 E-Mail: auerbach@econ.berkeley.edu This paper reviews what we know from economic theory and evidence about who bears the burden of the corporate income tax. Among the lessons from the recent literature are: 1. For a variety of reasons, shareholders may bear a certain portion of the corporate tax burden. In the short run, they may be unable to shift taxes on corporate capital. Even in the long run, they may be unable to shift taxes attributable to a discount on “old” capital, taxes on rents, or taxes that simply reduce the advantages of corporate ownership. Thus, the distribution of share ownership remains empirically quite relevant to corporate tax incidence analysis, though attributing ownership is itself a challenging exercise. 2. One-dimensional incidence analysis---distributing the corporate tax burden over a representative cross-section of the population---can be relatively uninformative about who bears the corporate tax burden, because it misses the element timing. 3. It is more meaningful to analyze the incidence of corporate tax changes than of the corporate tax in its entirety, because different components of the tax have different incidence and incidence relates to the path of the economy over time, not just in a single year. Who Bears the Corporate Tax? A review of What We Know Alan Auerbach National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, No. 11686. (October 2005), 11686. 2008-03-19T15:43:17-00:00 2005 National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 11686 11686 economics taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/williamdwalker/article/2515654 <i>(02 May 1996)</i> Fiscal Policy and Social Welfare: An Analysis of Alternative Tax and Transfer Systems John Creedy (02 May 1996) 2008-03-11T16:42:49-00:00 1996 Edward Elgar Pub economics economics-methodology policy taxation http://www.citeulike.org/user/wcmc/article/894155 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 99, No. 14. (9 July 2002), pp. 9266-9271.</i><br /><br />Sustainability requires living within the regenerative capacity of the biosphere. In an attempt to measure the extent to which humanity satisfies this requirement, we use existing data to translate human demand on the environment into the area required for the production of food and other goods, together with the absorption of wastes. Our accounts indicate that human demand may well have exceeded the biosphere's regenerative capacity since the 1980s. According to this preliminary and exploratory assessment, humanity's load corresponded to 70% of the capacity of the global biosphere in 1961, and grew to 120% in 1999. 10.1073/pnas.142033699 Tracking the ecological overshoot of the human economy Mathis Wackernagel Niels Schulz Diana Deumling Alejandro Linares Martin Jenkins Valerie Kapos Chad Monfreda Jonathan Loh Norman Myers Richard Norgaard Jorgen Randers doi:10.1073/pnas.142033699 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 99, No. 14. (9 July 2002), pp. 9266-9271. 2006-10-12T10:10:43-00:00 2002 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99 14 9266 9271 ecology economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wcmc/article/431990 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 100, No. 3. (4 February 2003), pp. 1046-1050.</i><br /><br />Our ability to identify cost-efficient priorities for conserving biological diversity is limited by the scarcity of data on conservation costs, particularly at fine scales. Here we address this issue using data for 139 terrestrial programs worldwide. We find that the annual costs of effective field-based conservation vary enormously, across seven orders of magnitude, from <$0.1 to >$1,000,000 per km2. This variation can be closely predicted from positive associations between costs per unit area and an array of indices of local development. Corresponding measures of conservation benefit are limited but show opposing global trends, being higher in less developed parts of the world. The benefit-to-cost ratio of conservation is thus far greater in less developed regions, yet these are where the shortfall in current conservation spending is most marked. Substantially increased investment in tropical conservation is therefore urgently required if opportunities for cost-effective action are not to be missed. Global variation in terrestrial conservation costs, conservation benefits, and unmet conservation needs Andrew Balmford Kevin Gaston Simon Blyth Alex James Val Kapos Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, Vol. 100, No. 3. (4 February 2003), pp. 1046-1050. 2005-12-09T14:19:39-00:00 2003 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 3 1046 1050 economics effectiveness http://www.citeulike.org/user/wcmc/article/407498 <i>Science, Vol. 297, No. 5583. (9 August 2002), pp. 950-953.</i><br /><br />On the eve of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, it is timely to assess progress over the 10 years since its predecessor in Rio de Janeiro. Loss and degradation of remaining natural habitats has continued largely unabated. However, evidence has been accumulating that such systems generate marked economic benefits, which the available data suggest exceed those obtained from continued habitat conversion. We estimate that the overall benefit:cost ratio of an effective global program for the conservation of remaining wild nature is at least 100:1. Economic Reasons for Conserving Wild Nature Andrew Balmford Aaron Bruner Philip Cooper Robert Costanza Stephen Farber Rhys Green Martin Jenkins Paul Jefferiss Valma Jessamy Joah Madden Kat Munro Norman Myers Shahid Naeem Jouni Paavola Matthew Rayment Sergio Rosendo Joan Roughgarden Kate Trumper Kerry Turner doi:10.1126/science.1073947 Science, Vol. 297, No. 5583. (9 August 2002), pp. 950-953. 2005-11-24T16:31:10-00:00 2002 Science 297 5583 950 953 economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wcmc/article/2890167 <i>Science, Vol. 320, No. 5882. (13 June 2008), pp. 1454-1455.</i><br /><br />Recent climate talks in Bali have made progress toward action on deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, within the anticipated post-Kyoto emissions reduction agreements. As a result of such action, many forests will be better protected, but some land-use change will be displaced to other locations. The demonstration phase launched at Bali offers an opportunity to examine potential outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Research will be needed into selection of priority areas for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation to deliver multiple benefits, on-the-ground methods to best ensure these benefits, and minimization of displaced land-use change into nontarget countries and ecosystems, including through revised conservation investments. 10.1126/science.1155358 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation: Global Land-Use Implications Lera Miles Valerie Kapos doi:10.1126/science.1155358 Science, Vol. 320, No. 5882. (13 June 2008), pp. 1454-1455. 2008-06-12T23:04:44-00:00 2008 Science 320 5882 1454 1455 climate_change economics forest redd http://www.citeulike.org/user/wcmc/article/1151461 <i>Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 8, No. 7. (October 2006), pp. 725-741.</i><br /><br />Entrepreneurship and innovation by actors in the market for non-timber forest products (NTFPs) cannot be fully understood without a proper understanding of the position and behaviour of actors in the value chain of NTFPs. This paper places the market for NTFPs in the emerging literature on value chains which has, so far, lacked a detailed analysis of NTFPs. Our analysis reveals that certain key entrepreneurs are a driving force of success throughout several NTFP value chains in both Bolivia and Mexico. Where market information is scarce, e.g. where producers are distant from consumers, key entrepreneurs often govern entire value chains. We argue that certain entrepreneurs are key to spreading success throughout the value chains of selected NTFPs offsetting potential negative consequences such as exploitation of more upstream actors (e.g. collectors and processors) in the value chains. Typical examples include the shopkeeper/organisation in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, who sources woven palm products from and supports several producers, and the entrepreneur in Mexico who established links between mushroom pickers in rural communities and brokers and consumers in Japan. Rather than criticising the monopolistic position of individuals, it is important to understand how the activity of key entrepreneurs can be supported in spreading successful commercialisation further and where necessary control negative impacts of their role. Our analysis indicates that policies to support commercialisation of the case study NTFPs would also need to be tailored to each value chain. Entrepreneurship in value chains of non-timber forest products Dirk Tevelde Jonathan Rushton Kathrin Schreckenberg Elaine Marshall Fabrice Edouard Adrian Newton Erik Arancibia doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2005.06.010 Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 8, No. 7. (October 2006), pp. 725-741. 2007-03-09T15:31:19-00:00 2006 Forest Policy and Economics 8 7 725 741 economics ntfps http://www.citeulike.org/user/wagnerst/article/1135874 <i>Software Engineering Workshop, 2005. 29th Annual IEEE/NASA (2005), pp. 265-274.</i><br /><br />There are various ways to evaluate defect-detection techniques. However, for a comprehensive evaluation the only possibility is to reduce all influencing factors to costs. There are already some models and metrics for the cost of quality that can be used in that context. The existing metrics for the effectiveness and efficiency of defect-detection techniques and experiences with them are combined with cost metrics to allow a more fine-grained estimation of costs and a comprehensive evaluation of defect-detection techniques. The current model is most suitable for directly comparing concrete applications of different techniques. Towards Software Quality Economics for Defect-Detection Techniques S Wagner Software Engineering Workshop, 2005. 29th Annual IEEE/NASA (2005), pp. 265-274. 2007-03-02T10:12:16-00:00 2005 Software Engineering Workshop, 2005. 29th Annual IEEE/NASA 265 274 economics quality software http://www.citeulike.org/user/waffle168/article/2111331 <i>J Am Coll Cardiol, Vol. 39, No. 1. (2 January 2002), pp. 60-69.</i><br /><br />OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to create an automated surveillance tool for reporting the incidence, prevalence and processes of care for patients with heart failure. BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiologic studies suggest that the increasing prevalence of heart failure is a consequence of improved survival coupled with minimal changes in disease prevention. Developing new, efficient methods of assessing the incidence and prevalence of heart failure could allow continued surveillance of these rates during an era of rapidly changing treatments and health care delivery patterns. METHODS: Using administrative data sets, we created a definition of heart failure using diagnosis codes. After adjustment for patients leaving our health system or death, we derived the incidence, prevalence and mortality of the population with heart failure from 1989 to 1999. RESULTS: A total of 29,686 patients of all ages, 52.6% women and 47.4% men, met the definition of heart failure. Mean ages were 71.1 +/- 14.5 for women and 67.7 +/- 14.4 for men, p < 0.0001. Race proportions were 50.5% white, 44.6% African American and 4.9% other race. Incidence rates were higher in men and African Americans across all age groups. There was an annual increase in prevalence of 1/1,000 for women and 0.9/1,000 for men, p = 0.001 for both trends. CONCLUSIONS: Through the feasible and valid use of automated data, we have confirmed a chronic disease epidemic of heart failure manifested primarily by an increase in prevalence over the past decade. Our surveillance system mirrors the results of epidemiologic studies and may be a valid method for monitoring the impact of prevention and treatment programs. Confirmation of a heart failure epidemic: findings from the Resource Utilization Among Congestive Heart Failure (REACH) study Peter Mccullough Edward Philbin John Spertus Scott Kaatz Keisha Sandberg Douglas Weaver J Am Coll Cardiol, Vol. 39, No. 1. (2 January 2002), pp. 60-69. 2007-12-14T05:03:56-00:00 2002 J Am Coll Cardiol 39 1 60 69 chf cost economics http://www.citeulike.org/user/waffle168/article/197597 <i>Dis Manag, Vol. 8, No. 2. (April 2005), pp. 114-134.</i><br /><br />The economic effectiveness of disease management programs, which are designed to improve the clinical and economic outcomes for chronically ill individuals, has been evaluated extensively. A literature search was performed with MEDLINE and other published sources for the period covering January 1995 to September 2003. The search was limited to empirical articles that measured the direct economic outcomes for asthma, diabetes, and heart disease management programs. Of the 360 articles and presentations evaluated, only 67 met the selection criteria for meta-analysis, which included 32,041 subjects. Although some studies contained multiple measurements of direct economic outcomes, only one average effect size per study was included in the meta-analysis. Based on the studies included in the research, a meta-analysis provided a statistically significant answer to the question of whether disease management programs are economically effective. The magnitude of the observed average effect size for equally weighted studies was 0.311 (95% CI = 0.272-0.350). Statistically significant differences of effect sizes by study design, disease type and intensity of disease management program interventions were not found after a moderating variable, disease severity, was taken into consideration. The results suggest that disease management programs are more effective economically with severely ill enrollees and that chronic disease program interventions are most effective when coordinated with the overall level of disease severity. The findings can be generalized, which may assist health care policy makers and practitioners in addressing the issue of providing economically effective care for the growing number of individuals with chronic illness. (Disease Management 2005;8:114-134). Economic effectiveness of disease management programs: a meta-analysis. DS Krause doi:10.1089/dis.2005.8.114 Dis Manag, Vol. 8, No. 2. (April 2005), pp. 114-134. 2005-05-12T18:10:02-00:00 2005 Dis Manag 1093-507X 8 2 114 134 chronic disease economics management meta-analysis http://www.citeulike.org/user/VRadenovic/article/957833 <i>The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2. (1994), pp. 406-411.</i> Inductive Reasoning and Bounded Rationality Brian Arthur The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2. (1994), pp. 406-411. 2006-11-22T18:16:21-00:00 1994 The American Economic Review 84 2 406 411 complex_system economics learning