Sun, 27 Jul 2008 06:04:09 BST CiteULike: Tag habit http://www.citeulike.org/tag/habit CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/ramon/article/266223 <i>Nature, Vol. 436, No. 7050., pp. 550-553.</i> Robust habit learning in the absence of awareness and independent of the medial temporal lobe Peter Bayley Jennifer Frascino Larry Squire doi:10.1038/nature03857 Nature, Vol. 436, No. 7050., pp. 550-553. 2005-07-27T22:46:23-00:00 Nature 0028-0836 436 7050 550 553 Nature Publishing Group habit human learning http://www.citeulike.org/user/ramon/article/479115 <i>J Neurophysiol, Vol. 92, No. 4. (October 2004), pp. 2405-2412.</i><br /><br />Learning a motor skill is associated with changes in patterns of brain activation with movement. Here we have further characterized these dynamics during fast (short-term) learning of a visuomotor skill using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects (n = 15) were studied as they learned to visually track a moving target by varying the isometric force applied to a pressure plate held in the right hand. Learning was confirmed by demonstration of improved performance and automaticity (the relative lack of need for conscious attention during task execution). We identified two distinct, time-dependent patterns of functional changes in the brain associated with these behavioral changes. An initial, more attentionally demanding stage of learning was associated with the greatest relative activity in widely distributed, predominantly cortical regions including prefrontal, bilateral sensorimotor, and parietal cortices. The caudate nucleus and ipsilateral cerebellar hemisphere also showed significant activity. Over time, as performance improved, activity in these regions progressively decreased. There was an increase in activity in subcortical motor regions including that of the cerebellar dentate and the thalamus and putamen. Short-term motor-skill learning thus is associated with a progressive reduction of widely distributed activations in cortical regions responsible for executive functions, processing somatosensory feedback and motor planning. The results suggest that early performance gains rely strongly on prefrontal-caudate interactions with later increased activity in a subcortical circuit involving the cerebellum and basal ganglia as the task becomes more automatic. Characterization of these changes provides a potential tool for functional "dissection" of pathologies of movement and motor learning. Changing brain networks for visuomotor control with increased movement automaticity. A Floyer-Lea PM Matthews doi:10.1152/jn.01092.2003 J Neurophysiol, Vol. 92, No. 4. (October 2004), pp. 2405-2412. 2006-01-25T02:57:26-00:00 2004 J Neurophysiol 0022-3077 92 4 2405 2412 habit imaging motor striatum http://www.citeulike.org/user/psique/article/2694489 <i>Physiology & behavior, Vol. 84, No. 5. (13 April 2005), pp. 753-759.</i><br /><br />Two groups of rats, one rewarded with sweetened food and the other rewarded with medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation, were trained to home in on and dig for a buried object coated with a target odor. After each group had 15 training trials, MFB rats searched with greater accuracy and speed than food-rewarded rats. MFB rats were subsequently tested (1) after 6 weeks with no additional practice; (2) with food or non-food distractor odors, and (3) with major spatial alterations to the search environment, and in all cases searched with the same high accuracy, short search time, and low level of distractibility as in baseline. These results suggest that the high motivation provided by MFB reward engenders rapidly formed, long-lasting, and surprisingly flexibly deployable "habit" memories. Rapid learning and flexible memory in "habit" tasks in rats trained with brain stimulation reward. L Hermer-Vazquez R Hermer-Vazquez I Rybinnik G Greebel R Keller S Xu JK Chapin doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.03.007 Physiology & behavior, Vol. 84, No. 5. (13 April 2005), pp. 753-759. 2008-04-21T07:49:17-00:00 2005 Physiology & behavior 0031-9384 84 5 753 759 dbs habit learning rat http://www.citeulike.org/user/phillipkent/article/2177535 <i>The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4. (December 1996), pp. 375-402.</i> Habits of mind: An organizing principle for mathematics curricula Al Cuoco E Goldenberg June Mark doi:10.1016/S0732-3123(96)90023-1 The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, Vol. 15, No. 4. (December 1996), pp. 375-402. 2007-12-28T15:31:01-00:00 1996 The Journal of Mathematical Behavior 15 4 375 402 dynamic education geometry habit mathematics mind tml-project http://www.citeulike.org/user/oamg/article/1106100 <i>Learn. Mem., Vol. 9, No. 6. (1 November 2002), pp. 430-442.</i><br /><br />Different forms of nondeclarative learning involve regionally specific striatal circuits. The motor circuit (involving the putamen) has been associated with motor-skill learning and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) circuit (involving the caudate) has been associated with cognitive-habit learning. Efforts to differentiate functional striatal circuits within patient samples have been limited. Previous studies have provided mixed results regarding striatal-dependent nondeclarative learning deficits in patients with schizophrenia. In this study, a cognitive-habit learning task (probabilistic weather prediction) was used to assess the DLPFC circuit and a motor-skill learning task (pursuit rotor) was used to assess the motor circuit in 35 patients with schizophrenia and 35 normal controls. Patients with schizophrenia displayed significant performance differences from controls on both nondeclarative tasks; however, cognitive-habit learning rate in patients did not differ from controls. There were performance and learning-rate differences on the motor-skill learning task between the whole sample of patients and controls, however, analysis of a subset of patients and controls matched on general intellectual level eliminated learning rate differences between groups. The abnormal performance offset between patients with schizophrenia and controls in the absence of learning rate differences suggests that abnormal cortical processing provides altered input to normal striatal circuitry. 10.1101/lm.49102 Habit and Skill Learning in Schizophrenia: Evidence of Normal Striatal Processing With Abnormal Cortical Input Thomas Weickert Alejandro Terrazas Llewellyn Bigelow James Malley Thomas Hyde Michael Egan Daniel Weinberger Terry Goldberg Learn. Mem., Vol. 9, No. 6. (1 November 2002), pp. 430-442. 2007-02-13T23:55:34-00:00 2002 Learn. Mem. 9 6 430 442 habit learning schizophrenia skill striatum http://www.citeulike.org/user/nicka/article/459441 <i>No&ucirc;s, Vol. 37, No. 3. (September 2003), pp. 417-446.</i> Brute Rationality J Gert doi:10.1111/1468-0068.00445 No&ucirc;s, Vol. 37, No. 3. (September 2003), pp. 417-446. 2006-01-07T18:45:42-00:00 2003 No&ucirc;s 0029-4624 37 3 417 446 action habit philosophy http://www.citeulike.org/user/nelmor/article/355573 <i>Nature, Vol. 437, No. 7062., pp. 1158-1161.</i> Activity of striatal neurons reflects dynamic encoding and recoding of procedural memories Terra Barnes Yasuo Kubota Dan Hu Dezhe Jin Ann Graybiel doi:10.1038/nature04053 Nature, Vol. 437, No. 7062., pp. 1158-1161. 2005-10-20T02:51:21-00:00 Nature 0028-0836 437 7062 1158 1161 Nature Publishing Group habit learning rats striatum http://www.citeulike.org/user/nelmor/article/658841 <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 6., pp. 464-476.</i> The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation Henry Yin Barbara Knowlton doi:10.1038/nrn1919 Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 7, No. 6., pp. 464-476. 2006-05-20T11:27:51-00:00 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1471-003X 7 6 464 476 Nature Publishing Group goal habit review striatum http://www.citeulike.org/user/nelmor/article/1823255 <i>J Neurosci, Vol. 25, No. 29. (20 July 2005), pp. 6729-6733.</i><br /><br />A wide range of behaviors is impaired after disruption of dopamine (DA) transmission, yet behaviors that are reflexive, automatic, or elicited by salient cues often remain intact. Responses triggered by strong external cues appear to be DA independent. Here, we examined the possibility that a single behavior may become DA independent as a result of extended training. Rats were trained to execute a head-entry response to a cue signaling food delivery. Vulnerability of the response to D1 or D2 receptor blockade was assessed on day 3, 7, or 17 of 28-trial-per-day training. During the early stages of training, the D1 receptor antagonist R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH 23390) increased response latencies; however, the same behavior was unaffected by SCH 23390 in animals tested during the later stages of training. Other aspects of behavior such as locomotion and head-entry responses during the uncued intertrial interval remained vulnerable to SCH 23390 throughout the experiment. This D1-mediated response was unaffected by the D2 antagonist raclopride, even at a dose that strongly suppressed locomotion. The results provide strong evidence that a D1-dependent behavior becomes less dependent on DA with extended training. A number of fundamental neurobiological changes occur as behaviors become learned habits; at least for some responses, this change involves a shift from D1-mediated to D1-independent responding. Extended habit training reduces dopamine mediation of appetitive response expression. WY Choi PD Balsam JC Horvitz doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1498-05.2005 J Neurosci, Vol. 25, No. 29. (20 July 2005), pp. 6729-6733. 2007-10-26T02:41:38-00:00 2005 J Neurosci 1529-2401 25 29 6729 6733 dopamine habit rats http://www.citeulike.org/user/nelmor/article/1532729 <i>J. Neurosci., Vol. 27, No. 31. (1 August 2007), pp. 8181-8183.</i><br /><br />Recent studies suggest new ways to interpret dopaminergic actions in goal-directed performance and habitual responding. In the early stages of learning dopamine plays an essential role, but with extended training dopamine appears to play a decreasing role in response expression. Experimental manipulation of dopamine levels alters the correlation of cortical and striatal neural activity in behaving animals, and these dopamine-dependent changes in corticostriatal correlations may be reflected in changes in action selection in the basal ganglia. Consistent with this hypothesis, changes in dopamine signaling brought about by sensitization with amphetamine mimic the transition from goal-directed to habit-based instrumental performance. At the cellular level, dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity may be important initially, and subsequently lead to more persistent changes that no longer require dopamine. The locus of these actions within the cortical and corticostriatal circuitry is a focus on ongoing research. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1671-07.2007 Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Actions and Habits Jeffery Wickens Jon Horvitz Rui Costa Simon Killcross doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1671-07.2007 J. Neurosci., Vol. 27, No. 31. (1 August 2007), pp. 8181-8183. 2007-08-03T09:40:10-00:00 2007 J. Neurosci. 27 31 8181 8183 action-selection dopamine habit review http://www.citeulike.org/user/josepe/article/1544822 <i>Science, Vol. 286, No. 5445. (26 November 1999), pp. 1745-1749.</i><br /><br />10.1126/science.286.5445.1745 Building Neural Representations of Habits Mandar Jog Yasuo Kubota Christopher Connolly Viveka Hillegaart Ann Graybiel doi:10.1126/science.286.5445.1745 Science, Vol. 286, No. 5445. (26 November 1999), pp. 1745-1749. 2007-08-09T01:43:00-00:00 1999 Science 286 5445 1745 1749 action_selection basal_ganglia behavioral_control cognitive_control habit learning neurodynamics http://www.citeulike.org/group/2534/article/11235 <i>Sociological Theory, Vol. 22, No. 4., 603.</i> Creativity, Habit, and the Social Products of Creative Action: Revising Joas, Incorporating Bourdieu Benjamin Dalton doi:10.1111/j.0735-2751.2004.00236.x Sociological Theory, Vol. 22, No. 4., 603. 2004-12-28T15:47:33-00:00 Sociological Theory 0735-2751 22 4 603 Blackwell Publishing 62071019 bienes consumo creativity habit products social http://www.citeulike.org/user/brian/article/965754 <i>J Neurosci, Vol. 25, No. 11. (16 March 2005), pp. 2771-2780.</i><br /><br />Acquisition and performance of instrumental actions are assumed to require both action-outcome and stimulus-response (S-R) habit processes. Over the course of extended training, control over instrumental performance shifts from goal-directed action-outcome associations to S-R associations that progressively gain domination over behavior. Lesions of the lateral part of the dorsal striatum disrupt this process, and rats with lesions to the lateral striatum showed selective sensitivity to devaluation of the instrumental outcome (Yin et al., 2004), indicating that this area is necessary for habit formation. The present experiment further explored the basis of this dysfunction by examining the ability of rats subjected to bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway to develop behavioral autonomy with overtraining. Rats were given extended training on two cued instrumental tasks associating a stimulus (a tone or a light) with an instrumental action (lever press or chain pull) and a food reward (pellets or sucrose). Both tasks were run daily in separate sessions. Overtraining was followed by a test of goal sensitivity by satiety-specific devaluation of the reward. In control animals, one action (lever press) was insensitive to reward devaluation, indicating that it became a habit, whereas the second action (chain pull) was still sensitive to goal devaluation. This result provides evidence that the development of habit learning may depend on the characteristics of the response. In dopamine-depleted rats, lever press and chain pull remained sensitive to reward devaluation, evidencing a role of striatal dopamine transmission in habit formation. Lesion to the nigrostriatal dopamine system disrupts stimulus-response habit formation. A Faure U Haberland F Condé N El Massioui doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3894-04.2005 J Neurosci, Vol. 25, No. 11. (16 March 2005), pp. 2771-2780. 2006-11-29T01:24:48-00:00 2005 J Neurosci 1529-2401 25 11 2771 2780 basalganglia dopamine habit lesion nigrostriatal rats s-r striatum http://www.citeulike.org/user/brian/article/171360 <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 308, No. 1135. (1985), pp. 67-78.</i><br /><br />The study of animal behaviour has been dominated by two general models. According to the mechanistic stimulus-response model, a particular behaviour is either an innate or an acquired habit which is simply triggered by the appropriate stimulus. By contrast, the teleological model argues that, at least, some activities are purposive actions controlled by the current value of their goals through knowledge about the instrumental relations between the actions and their consequences. The type of control over any particular behaviour can be determined by a goal revaluation procedure. If the animal's performance changes appropriately following an alteration in the value of the goal or reward without further experience of the instrumental relationship, the behaviour should be regarded as a purposive action. On the other hand, the stimulus-response model is more appropriate for an activity whose performance is autonomous of the current value of the goal. By using this assay, we have found that a simple food-rewarded activity is sensitive to reward devaluation in rats following limited but not extended training. The development of this behavioural autonomy with extended training appears to depend not upon the amount of training per se, but rather upon the fact that the animal no longer experiences the correlation between variations in performance and variations in the associated consequences during overtraining. In agreement with this idea, limited exposure to an instrumental relationship that arranges a low correlation between performance and reward rates also favours the development of behavioural autonomy. Thus, the same activity can be either an action or a habit depending upon the type of training it has received. Actions and Habits: The Development of Behavioural Autonomy A Dickinson Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 308, No. 1135. (1985), pp. 67-78. 2005-04-26T01:42:08-00:00 1985 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 308 1135 67 78 a-o behavior habit matchinglaw procedural s-r vi vr http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/1070682 <i>Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2. (21 January 2007), pp. 148-149.</i> Inducing motor skill improvements with a declarative task Rachel Brown Edwin Robertson doi:10.1038/nn1836 Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2. (21 January 2007), pp. 148-149. 2007-01-27T11:53:32-00:00 2007 Nature Neuroscience 1097-6256 10 2 148 149 Nature Publishing Group classical conditioning habit instrumental neurobiology neuroscience operant pavlovian skill http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/1070673 <i>Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2. (21 January 2007), pp. 240-248.</i> Switching from automatic to controlled action by monkey medial frontal cortex Masaki Isoda Okihide Hikosaka doi:10.1038/nn1830 Nature Neuroscience, Vol. 10, No. 2. (21 January 2007), pp. 240-248. 2007-01-27T11:53:28-00:00 2007 Nature Neuroscience 1097-6256 10 2 240 248 Nature Publishing Group classical conditioning habit operant skill http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/1206070 <i>Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof</i><br /><br />There are several brain regions that have been implicated in the control of motivated behavior and whose disruption leads to the pathophysiology observed in major psychiatric disorders. These systems include the ventral hippocampus, which is involved in context and focus on tasks, the amygdala, which mediates emotional behavior, and the prefrontal cortex, which modulates activity throughout the limbic system to enable behavioral flexibility. Each of these systems has overlapping projections to the nucleus accumbens, where these inputs are integrated under the modulatory influence of dopamine. Here, we provide a systems-oriented approach to interpreting the function of the dopamine system, its modulation of limbic-cortical interactions and how disruptions within this system might underlie the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and drug abuse. Regulation of firing of dopaminergic neurons and control of goal-directed behaviors Anthony Grace Stan Floresco Yukiori Goto Daniel Lodge doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.003 Trends in Neurosciences, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2007-04-04T14:05:09-00:00 Trends in Neurosciences In Press, Corrected Proof behavior decision-making habit instrumental learning neurobiology neuroscience operant psychology