CiteULike: Tag history

Dealers of Lightning: Xerox Parc and the Dawn of the Computer Age

Michael Hiltzik — 2005-05-15T19:31:12-00:00

(01 April 1999)

Throughout the '70s and '80s, Xerox Corporation provided unlimited funding to a renegade think tank called the Palo Alto Research Center (PARC). Occupying a ramshackle building adjacent to Stanford University, PARC's occupants would prove to be the greatest gathering of computer talent ever assembled: it conceptualized the very notion of the desktop computer, long before IBM launched its PC, and it laid the foundation for Microsoft Windows with a prototype graphical user interface of icons and layered screens. Even the technology that makes it possible for these words to appear on the screen can trace its roots to Xerox's eccentric band of innovators. But despite PARC's many industry-altering breakthroughs, Xerox failed ever to grasp the financial potential of such achievements. And while Xerox's inability to capitalize upon some of the world's most important technological advancements makes for an interesting enough story, Los Angeles Times correspondent Michael Hiltzik focuses instead on the inventions and the inventors themselves. We meet fiery ringleader Bob Taylor, a preacher's son from Texas known as much for his ego as for his uncanny leadership; we trace the term "personal computer" back to Alan Kay, a visionary who dreamed of a machine small enough to tuck under the arm; and we learn how PARC's farsighted principles led to collaborative brilliance. Hiltzik's consummate account of this burgeoning era won't improve Xerox's stake in the computer industry by much, but it should at least give credit where credit is due. Recommended. --Rob McDonald

A History of Private Life: Revelations of the Medieval World (History of Private Life (Paperback))

Phillippe Ariès — 2005-04-18T14:51:24-00:00

(01 February 1993)

The Twentieth Century : A People's History

Howard Zinn — 2005-05-15T18:44:40-00:00

(01 February 2003)

America Calling: A Social History of the Telephone to 1940

Claude Fischer — 2005-05-15T18:44:22-00:00

(01 February 1994)

The History of Sexuality : An Introduction (History of Sexuality)

Michel Foucault — 2005-05-11T20:59:07-00:00

(14 April 1990)

Sexual Nature/Sexual Culture (The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society)

Paul Abramson — 2005-05-11T20:53:28-00:00

(01 July 1995)

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies

Jared Diamond — 2005-04-11T23:59:20-00:00

(01 April 1999)

Winner of the Pulitzer Prize. In this "artful, informative, and delightful" (William H. McNeill, New York Review of Books) book, Jared Diamond convincingly argues that geographical and environmental factors shaped the modern world. Societies that had had a head start in food production advanced beyond the hunter-gatherer stage, and then developed religion --as well as nasty germs and potent weapons of war --and adventured on sea and land to conquer and decimate preliterate cultures. A major advance in our understanding of human societies, Guns, Germs, and Steel chronicles the way that the modern world came to be and stunningly dismantles racially based theories of human history. Winner of the Pulitzer Prize, the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science, the Rhone-Poulenc Prize, and the Commonwealth club of California's Gold Medal.

Extraordinary Popular Delusions & the Madness of Crowds

Charles Mackay — 2005-05-11T20:35:44-00:00

(25 July 1995)

Categories and Classification: Maussian Reflections on the Social (Methodology and History in Anthropology (Paper) , Vol 8)

NJ Allen — 2005-05-11T20:35:31-00:00

(01 January 2001)

Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School

Adam Kuper — 2005-05-11T20:34:19-00:00

(01 June 1996)

A People's History of the United States: 1492 to Present

Howard Zinn — 2005-05-11T20:33:52-00:00

(01 September 2001)

A History of Anthropological Theory

Paul Erickson — 2005-05-11T20:33:28-00:00

(01 March 1998)

Selections from the Prison Notebooks

Antonio Gramsci — 2005-05-11T20:26:51-00:00

(01 June 1971)

Marxism and Literature (Marxist Introductions)

Raymond Williams — 2005-05-11T20:22:34-00:00

(01 June 1985)

Review of "American Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party" by Frederick J. Simonelli and "Troubled memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana" by Lawrence N. Powell

Alan Berger — 2008-01-19T02:02:00-00:00

Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1. (2003), pp. 180-185.

Book InformationAmerican Fuehrer: George Lincoln Rockwell and the American Nazi Party. By Frederick J. Simonelli. University of Illinois Press. Chicago. 1999. Pp. xi + 280. $29.95.

Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective

Daron Acemoglu — 2006-11-17T18:16:28-00:00

The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 115, No. 4. (2000), pp. 1167-1199.

During the nineteenth century most Western societies extended voting rights, a decision that led to unprecedented redistributive programs. We argue that these political reforms can be viewed as strategic decisions by the political elite to prevent widespread social unrest and revolution. Political transition, rather than redistribution under existing political institutions, occurs because current transfers do not ensure future transfers, while the extension of the franchise changes future political equilibria and acts as a commitment to redistribution. Our theory also offers a novel explanation for the Kuznets curve in many Western economies during this period, with the fall in inequality following redistribution due to democratization.

Review: The Analytical Narrative Project

Robert Bates — 2008-07-09T06:36:14-00:00

The American Political Science Review, Vol. 94, No. 3. (2000), pp. 696-702.

Special issue of Games and Economic Behavior in honor of Richard D. McKelvey

Thomas Palfrey — 2008-07-02T07:03:42-00:00

Games and Economic Behavior, Vol. 51, No. 2. (May 2005), pp. 237-242.

Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory

Roger Myerson — 2007-12-10T18:29:48-00:00

Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 37, No. 3. (1999), pp. 1067-1082.

The Development of a Party-Orientated Electorate in England, 1832-1918

Gary Cox — 2008-07-02T06:51:46-00:00

British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 16, No. 2. (1986), pp. 187-216.

It has long been the accepted view that twentieth-century British voters tend to base their vote decisions chiefly upon the partisan affiliations of the candidates, rather than upon the candidates' personal policy beliefs or characteristics; voters are 'party-orientated' rather than 'candidate-orientated'. This article focuses upon three previously unanswered questions: (1) when did English voters become party-orientated? (2) why did they do so? and (3) what were the consequences? After demonstrating statistically that English voting behaviour changed markedly during the nineteenth century (based upon an analysis of over a thousand election contests between 1832 and 1918), the causal relationships between electoral choice and Parliamentary behaviour are examined.

Introductory remarks on the history of game theory

Kenneth Arrow — 2008-07-02T06:50:26-00:00

Games and Economic Behavior, Vol. 45, No. 1. (October 2003), pp. 15-18.

I give some personal reactions to the development of game theory as it found application in economic analysis during the last half-century. I discuss which contributions have in fact found use and, in particular, what was the role of Theory of Games and Economic Behavior in light of previous and subsequent developments.

Text Chunking Using Transformation-Based Learning

Lance Ramshaw — 2007-04-04T10:42:18-00:00

(1995), pp. 82-94.

. Transformation-based learning, a technique introduced by Eric Brill (1993b), has been shown to do part-of-speech tagging with fairly high accuracy. This same method can be applied at a higher level of textual interpretation for locating chunks in the tagged text, including non-recursive "baseNP" chunks. For this purpose, it is convenient to view chunking as a tagging problem by encoding the chunk structure in new tags attached to each word. In automatic tests using Treebank-derived data, this ...

A stochastic parts program and noun phrase parser for unrestricted text

Kenneth Church — 2007-04-04T10:41:34-00:00

(1988), pp. 136-143.

An Algorithm for finding Noun Phrase Correspondences in Bilingual Corpora

Julian Kupiec — 2007-04-04T10:44:38-00:00

(1993), pp. 17-22.

The paper describes an algorithm that employs English and French text taggers to associate noun phrases in an aligned bilingual corpus. The taggers provide part-of-speech categories which are used by finite-state recognizers to extract simple noun phrases for both languages. Noun phrases are then mapped to each other using an iterative re-estimation algorithm that bears similarities to the Baum-Welch algorithm which is used for training the taggers. The algorithm provides an alternative to...

Finding clauses in unrestricted text by finitary and stochastic methods

Eva Ejerhed — 2007-04-04T10:43:57-00:00

(1988), pp. 219-227.

This paper is a report of an attempt to provide a better foundation for parsing text by the use of simple finitary and stochastic computational methods. These simple methods have not figured prominently in the theory and practice of natural langauge parsing, with some exceptions (Langendoen 1975, Church 1982, Ejerbed & Church 1983). For an experimental, and more complicated method to derive all prosodic units in the text-to-speech system, i.e. not just tonal minor and major phrases but every...

Computers and Commerce : A Study of Technology and Management at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company, Engineering Research Associates, and Remington Rand, 1946-1957 (History of Computing)

Arthur Norberg — 2005-12-07T00:20:27-00:00

(01 June 2005)

Between 1946 and 1957 computing went from a preliminary, developmental stage to more widespread use accompanied by the beginnings of the digital computer industry. During this crucial decade, spurred by rapid technological advances, the computer enterprise became a major phenomenon. In Computers and Commerce, Arthur Norberg explores the importance of these years in the history of computing by focusing on technical developments and business strategies at two important firms, both established in 1946, Engineering Research Associates (ERA) and Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company (EMCC), from their early activities through their acquisition by Remington Rand. Both ERA and EMCC had their roots in World War II, and in postwar years both firms received major funding from the United States government. Norberg analyzes the interaction between the two companies and the government and examines the impact of this institutional context on technological innovation. He assesses the technical contributions of such key company figures as J. Presper Eckert, John Mauchly, Grace Hopper, and William Norris, analyzing the importance of engineering knowledge in converting theoretical designs into workable machines. Norberg looks at the two firms' operations after 1951 as independent subsidiaries of Remington Rand, and documents the management problems that began after Remington Rand merged with Sperry Gyroscope to form Sperry Rand in 1955.

Some Historical Issues and Paradoxes Regarding the Concept of Infinity: An Apos Analysis: Part 2

Ed Dubinsky — 2005-11-25T16:54:34-00:00

Educational Studies in Mathematics, Vol. 60, No. 2. (October 2005), pp. 253-266.

A Persistent Tradition: The Classical Curriculum in Eighteenth-Century New England

Robert Middlekauff — 2005-11-23T15:31:34-00:00

The English Grammar School Curriculum in the 18th Century: A Reappraisal

Richard Tompson — 2005-11-23T11:52:02-00:00

British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1. (1971), pp. 32-39.

Prussian Education and Mathematics

Marguerite Gerstell — 2005-11-23T11:50:34-00:00

The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 82, No. 3. (1975), pp. 240-245.

The History of Mathematical Education

Phillip Jones — 2005-11-23T11:46:47-00:00

The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 74, No. 1. (1967), pp. 38-55.

1871: Our State of Mathematical Ignorance

HB Griffiths — 2005-11-23T11:45:57-00:00

The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 78, No. 10. (1971), pp. 1067-1085.

Scientific Studies in the English Universities of the Seventeenth Century

Phyllis Allen — 2005-11-23T11:05:20-00:00

Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 10, No. 2. (1949), pp. 219-253.

The production of reason and power: curriculum history and intellectual traditions

TS Popkewitz — 2005-11-23T10:55:58-00:00

Journal of Curriculum Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2. (1 March 1997), pp. 131-164.

Curricula are historically formed within systems of ideas that inscribe styles of reasoning, standards and conceptual distinctions in school practices and its subjects. Further, the systems of reasoning embodied in schooling are the effects of power. That power is in the manner in which the categories and distinctions of curriculum shape and fashion interpretation and action. In this sense, curriculum is a practice of social regulation and the effect of power. The question of what is curriculumhistory is also a question about the politics of the knowledge embodied in disciplinary work. Two enduring assumptions of the Enlightenment inscribed in contemporary educational history and research are explored. One identifies social progress as tied to an evolutionary conception of change. The second relates to the epistemological assumption that inquiry must identify the actors as causal agents who bring or suppress social change. Both of these assumptions are, I argue, grounded in a particular doctrine of modernity and the effects of power. The essay argues for an alternative conception of intellectualwork and its relation to socialchange. It does this through viewing intellectual work as a strategy for destabilizing the conventions of reason` that limit the consideration of alternatives.

History in Mathematics Education - An ICMI Study (NEW ICMI STUDIES SERIES Volume 6) (New ICMI Study Series)

2005-11-23T10:50:41-00:00

(01 June 2000)

This book investigates how the learning and teaching of mathematics can be improved through integrating the history of mathematics into all aspects of mathematics education: lessons, homework, texts, lectures, projects, assessment, and curricula. Most of the leading specialists in the field have contributed to this ground-breaking book, whose topics include the integration of history in the classroom, its value in the training of teachers, historical support for particular subjects and for students with diverse educational requirements, the use of original texts written by great mathematicians of the past, the epistemological backgrounds to choose for history, and non-standard media and other resources, from drama to the internet. Resulting from an international study on behalf of ICMI (the International Commission of Mathematics Instruction), the book draws upon evidence from the experience of teachers as well as national curricula, textbooks, teacher education practices, and research perspectives across the world. Together with its 300-item annotated bibliography of recent work in the field in eight languages, the book provides firm foundations for future developments. Focusing on such issues as the many different ways in which the history of mathematics might be useful, on scientific studies of its effectiveness as a classroom resource, and on the political process of spreading awareness of these benefits through curriculum design, the book will be of particular interest to teachers, mathematics educators, decision-makers, and concerned parents across the world.

Technology in American education 1650-1900, (United States. Office of Education. Bulletin 1962)

Charnel Anderson — 2005-11-22T16:48:47-00:00

Some Historical Issues and Paradoxes Regarding the Concept of Infinity: An Apos-Based Analysis: Part 1

Ed Dubinsky — 2005-06-03T06:09:09-00:00

Education and Information Technologies, Vol. 58, No. 3. (January 2005), pp. 335-359.

Number Words and Number Symbols : A Cultural History of Numbers

Karl Menninger — 2005-11-28T15:13:24-00:00

(05 May 1992)

<div>Classic study discusses number sequence and number language, then explores written numerals and computations in a wide range of cultures. "The historian of mathematics will find much to interest him here both in the contents and viewpoint, while the casual reader is likely to be intrigued by the author’s superior narrative ability."—Library Journal. 282 illus. 1969 edition. </div>

Anarchism and Education: A Philosophical Perspective (Routledge International Studies in the Philosophy of Education)

Judith Suissa — 2006-02-08T00:22:22-00:00

(16 December 2004)

Exploring the neglected tradition of anarchist education, this book shows how the ideas traditionally associated with anarchism can lend a valuable perspective to philosophical debates on education, and offer a motivating vision for teachers and educational policy makers. In focusing on the educational ideas associated with social anarchists, Judith Suissa provides a detailed account of the central features of anarchist thought, dispelling some common misconceptions about anarchism and demonstrating how a failure to appreciate the crucial role of education in anarchist theory is often responsible for the dismissal of anarchism as a coherent position by both academics and the general public. The book also establishes that anarchist education is a distinct tradition that differs in important respects form libertarian or child-centered education, with which it is often mistakenly conflated. Anarchism and Education offers an historical account of anarchist ideas and experiments, and situates these in the framework of contemporary debates in the philosophy of education and political philosophy. Anarchism is compared with Liberal and Marxist traditions, with particular emphasis on the concept of human nature, which, it is argued, is the key to grasping the role of education in anarchist thought, and on the notion of utopianism. The relationship between anarchist ideas and issues of pedagogy, school climate, curriculum and policy are explored, leading to a broad discussion of the political and social context of educational ideas. The perspective arising from this account is used to offer a trenchant critique of some current trends in educational theory and policy, such as calls for free markets in educational provision.

AI Application Programming (Programming Series)

Tim Jones — 2006-02-19T03:59:14-00:00

(27 March 2003)

In the second edition of this bestseller, the author continues to demystify the techniques associated with the field of artificial intelligence. It covers a wide variety of techniques currently defined as ?AI? and shows how they can be useful in practical, everyday applications. AI Application Programming covers both the theory and the practical applications to teach developers how to apply AI techniques in their own designs. Each chapter covers both the theory of the algorithm or the technique under discussion followed by a practical application of the technique with a detailed discussion of the source code.

Understanding and developing models for detecting and differentiating breakpoints during interactive tasks

Shamsi Iqbal — 2008-02-16T01:47:07-00:00

(2007), pp. 697-706.

Towards memory supporting personal information management tools

David Elsweiler — 2008-01-11T20:10:39-00:00

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 58, No. 7. (2007), pp. 924-946.

In this article, the authors discuss reretrieving personal information objects and relate the task to recovering from lapse(s) in memory. They propose that memory lapses impede users from successfully refinding the information they need. Their hypothesis is that by learning more about memory lapses in noncomputing contexts and about how people cope and recover from these lapses, we can better inform the design of personal information management (PIM) tools and improve the user's ability to reaccess and reuse objects. They describe a diary study that investigates the everyday memory problems of 25 people from a wide range of backgrounds. Based on the findings, they present a series of principles that they hypothesize will improve the design of PIM tools. This hypothesis is validated by an evaluation of a tool for managing personal photographs, which was designed with respect to the authors' findings. The evaluation suggests that users' performance when refinding objects can be improved by building personal information management tools to support characteristics of human memory.

Searching Emergent Vocabularies: Exploring Methods to Reduce Cognitive Load during Web Navigation and Resource Contribution

S Joseph — 2006-11-17T18:50:46-00:00

System Sciences, 2006. HICSS '06. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on, Vol. 7 (2006), pp. 154a-154a.

This paper presents a differential usage study of a web-based resource database that provides both search and associative browsing functionality. The associative browsing is based on emergent meta-data: meta-data that is derived from the terms that users associate with resources they have contributed to the system. We argue that this approach provides a low cognitive load information seeking mechanism, and can also reduce the effort required by the user to enter meta-data when contributing resources. In this paper we concentrate on a three-month study of student librarians using the system, with analysis of their activities and other data collected by questionnaire. The results suggest that associative browsing was at least as popular as search, and that providing perspectives on emerging meta-data during the contribution process may have helped the community self-organize a vocabulary.

Integrating back, history and bookmarks in web browsers

Shaun Kaasten — 2005-09-26T22:18:32-00:00

(2001), pp. 379-380.

Edit wear and read wear

William Hill — 2007-01-15T19:08:00-00:00

(1992), pp. 3-9.

User activity histories

Etienne Pelaprat — 2008-02-14T20:20:17-00:00

(2002), pp. 876-877.

How users repeat their actions on computers: principles for design of history mechanisms

S Greenberg — 2008-02-14T20:15:18-00:00

(1988), pp. 171-178.

A framework for reuse of user experience in Web browsing

Guangfeng Song — 2008-04-08T22:14:41-00:00

Behaviour & Information Technology, Vol. 22, No. 2. (2003), pp. 79-90.

This paper examines aspects affecting user behaviours in Web browsing with a discussion of existing models for both the computer and human aspects of Web browsing. Problems in Web information retrieval are analysed and studies related to the reuse of user experience in Web browsing are reviewed. An object-oriented model for user behaviours in Web browsing is proposed in which both the information from the Web and the information retained by users are modelled as objects. Thus, user actions on the Web are described as a graph of objects or transformations from one object to another. A framework for reuse of user experience is provided. The possible methods of reusing Web browsing experience are described for the scenario of reusing by oneself (history mechanism, prediction) or reusing by others (collaborative filtering, instructions).

What do web users do? An empirical analysis of web use

2008-04-08T21:37:25-00:00

Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., Vol. 54, No. 6. (June 2001), pp. 903-922.

"Stuff goes into the computer and doesn't come out": a cross-tool study of personal information management

Richard Boardman — 2005-05-03T00:29:40-00:00

(2004), pp. 583-590.