Thu, 07 Aug 2008 21:29:35 BST CiteULike: Tag linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/tag/linguistics CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/ziquje/article/201535 <i>Appl Bioinformatics, Vol. 2, No. 2. (2003), pp. 103-112.</i><br /><br />This is a review of the methods based on counting oligomers in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Such methods are analogous to the formal linguistic analysis of human texts. This review includes methods based on the calculation of observed occurrences (frequencies) of oligomers and their distribution, as well as those based on deviations between the observed and the expected occurrences (contrast words, genome signatures) in biological sequences. Both types of methods have a wide range of sensitivity and can identify homologous as well as functionally and taxonomically related sequences. DNA sequence analysis linguistic tools: contrast vocabularies, compositional spectra and linguistic complexity. A Bolshoy Appl Bioinformatics, Vol. 2, No. 2. (2003), pp. 103-112. 2005-05-16T15:47:56-00:00 2003 Appl Bioinformatics 1175-5636 2 2 103 112 analysis linguistics sequence http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/105583 <i>(01 April 2003)</i><br /><br /><div>The now-classic <i>Metaphors We Live By</i> changed our understanding of metaphor and its role in language and the mind. Metaphor, the authors explain, is a fundamental mechanism of mind, one that allows us to use what we know about our physical and social experience to provide understanding of countless other subjects. Because such metaphors structure our most basic understandings of our experience, they are "metaphors we live by"--metaphors that can shape our perceptions and actions without our ever noticing them.<br><br>In this updated edition of Lakoff and Johnson's influential book, the authors supply an afterword surveying how their theory of metaphor has developed within the cognitive sciences to become central to the contemporary understanding of how we think and how we express our thoughts in language.<br><br></div> Metaphors We Live by George Lakoff Mark Johnson (01 April 2003) 2005-02-27T00:48:19-00:00 2003 University of Chicago Press iown linguistics metaphor http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/158158 <i>(15 April 1990)</i><br /><br /><div>"Its publication should be a major event for cognitive linguistics and should pose a major challenge for cognitive science. In addition, it should have repercussions in a variety of disciplines, ranging from anthropology and psychology to epistemology and the philosophy of science. . . . Lakoff asks: What do categories of language and thought reveal about the human mind? Offering both general theory and minute details, Lakoff shows that categories reveal a great deal."--David E. Leary, <i>American Scientist</i><br><br></div> Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things George Lakoff (15 April 1990) 2005-04-11T00:55:03-00:00 1990 University Of Chicago Press classification iown linguistics metaphor http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/200842 <i>(15 September 1979)</i> On Metaphor Sheldon Sacks (15 September 1979) 2005-05-15T18:51:14-00:00 1979 University Of Chicago Press iown linguistics metaphor http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/200833 <i>(01 October 1998)</i> Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language Robin Dunbar (01 October 1998) 2005-05-15T18:46:46-00:00 1998 Harvard University Press biology iown linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197307 <i>(01 November 2001)</i> Poetry, Language, Thought (Perennial Classics) Martin Heidegger (01 November 2001) 2005-05-11T20:47:46-00:00 2001 Perennial Classics criticism iown linguistics philosophy http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197292 <i>(01 September 1975)</i> How to Do Things With Words (William James Lectures) J Austin (01 September 1975) 2005-05-11T20:43:22-00:00 1975 Harvard University Press criticism iown linguistics performance http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197289 <i>(31 August 1981)</i> Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences : Essays on Language, Action and Interpretation Paul Ricoeur (31 August 1981) 2005-05-11T20:42:59-00:00 1981 Cambridge University Press anthropology iown linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197281 <i>(10 September 2004)</i><br /><br />In the first of his three debates with George W. Bush, 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry argued against the war in Iraq not by directly condemning it but by citing the various ways in which airport and commercial shipping security had been jeopardized due to the war's sizable price tag. In so doing, he re-framed the war issue to his advantage while avoiding discussing it in the global terrorism terms favored by President Bush. One possible reason for this tactic could have been that Kerry familiarized himself with the influential linguist George Lakoff, who argues in <I>Don't Think of an Elephant</I> that much of the success the Republican Party can be attributed to a persistent ability to control the language of key issues and thus position themselves in favorable terms to voters. While Democrats may have valid arguments, Lakoff points out they are destined to lose when they and the news media accept such nomenclature as "pro-life," "tax relief," and "family values," since to argue against such inherently positive terminology necessarily casts the arguer in a negative light. Lakoff offers recommendations for how the progressive movement can regain semantic equity by repositioning their arguments, such as countering the conservative call for "Strong Defense" with a call for "A Stronger America" (curiously, one of the key slogans of the Kerry camp). Since the book was published during the height of the presidential campaign, Lakoff was unable to provide an analytical perspective on that race. He does, however, apply the notion of rhetorical framing devices to the 2003 California recall election in an insightful analysis of the Schwarzenegger victory. <I>Don't Think of an Elephant</I> is a bit rambling, overexplaining some concepts while leaving others underexplored, but it provides a compelling linguistic analysis of political campaigning. <I>--John Moe</I> Don't Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate--The Essential Guide for Progressives George Lakoff Howard Dean Don Hazen (10 September 2004) 2005-05-11T20:35:37-00:00 2004 Chelsea Green Publishing Company iown linguistics politics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197255 <i>(15 April 2005)</i> New Keywords: A Vocabulary Of Culture And Society Tony Bennett Lawrence Grossberg Meaghan Morris (15 April 2005) 2005-05-11T20:24:00-00:00 2005 Blackwell Publishers criticism cultural_studies iown linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zephoria/article/197254 <i>(01 May 2002)</i> Moral Politics : How Liberals and Conservatives Think George Lakoff (01 May 2002) 2005-05-11T20:23:38-00:00 2002 University Of Chicago Press iown linguistics politics http://www.citeulike.org/user/zemeigo/article/265302 <i>Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3136 (January 2004), pp. 135-146.</i> Experimenting with Linguistic Tools for Conceptual Modelling: Quality of the Models and Critical Features Nadzeya Kiyavitskaya Nicola Zeni Luisa Mich John Mylopoulos Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3136 (January 2004), pp. 135-146. 2005-07-26T14:11:48-00:00 2004 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3136 135 146 Springer information linguistics model quality http://www.citeulike.org/user/zeichnendes/article/158531 <i>Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 2, No. 3. (1956), pp. 113-124.</i><br /><br />We investigate several conceptions of linguistic structure to determine whether or not they can provide simple and "revealing" grammars that generate all of the sentences of English and only these. We find that no finite-state Markov process that produces symbols with transition from state to state can serve as an English grammar. Furthermore, the particular subclass of such processes that produce<tex>n</tex>-order statistical approximations to English do not come closer, with increasing<tex>n</tex>, to matching the output of an English grammar. We formalize-the notions of "phrase structure" and show that this gives us a method for describing language which is essentially more powerful, though still representable as a rather elementary type of finite-state process. Nevertheless, it is successful only when limited to a small subset of simple sentences. We study the formal properties of a set of grammatical transformations that carry sentences with phrase structure into new sentences with derived phrase structure, showing that transformational grammars are processes of the same elementary type as phrase-structure grammars; that the grammar of English is materially simplified if phrase structure description is limited to a kernel of simple sentences from which all other sentences are constructed by repeated transformations; and that this view of linguistic structure gives a certain insight into the use and understanding of language. Three models for the description of language N Chomsky Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 2, No. 3. (1956), pp. 113-124. 2005-04-11T17:57:26-00:00 1956 Information Theory, IEEE Transactions on 2 3 113 124 cfg cs fsm grammar language linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/Zababa/article/2403591 <i>Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 111-155.</i><br /><br />Mayali has four genders and five morphological classes, with formal identity between the gender prefixes and four of the morphological class prefixes. Gender and morphological class are assigned according to different but largely overlapping semantic principles. We analyze these partially overlapping systems within the NETWORK MORPHOLOGY framework; an implemented model demonstrates that the analysis gives the correct forms for the majority of nouns in a basic lexicon, and further extends to understanding assignment in the avoidance register. Our account depends on recognizing two different types of default: NORMAL CASE DEFAULT, the expected outcome in a given domain, and EXCEPTIONAL CASE DEFAULT, the last resort short of full lexical specification. The Semantics of Gender in Mayali: Partially Parallel Systems and Formal Implementation Nicholas Evans Dunstan Brown Greville Corbett Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 111-155. 2008-02-20T15:27:27-00:00 2002 Language 78 1 111 155 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/Zababa/article/2403587 <i>Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 81-110.</i><br /><br />This article argues for a particular understanding of feature class behavior-the recurrent patterning together of certain phonological features, such as place of articulation and laryngeal features. The proposals build on the well-known work of feature geometry in assuming the importance of feature classes in phonology, but differ in that features of a class are targeted directly and individually by constraints (or rules), even when a feature class such as Place is mentioned. Further, constraints mentioning feature classes are gradiently violable. Evidence for this view of feature classes comes from two sources. First, assimilation involving feature classes is sometimes only partially successful; an adequate understanding of such cases requires the proposed view of feature classes. Second, there are broad categories of feature class generalization that require it, including dissimilatory effects usually handled by the obligatory contour principle. Overall, the proposals broaden the explanatory potential of the feature class idea due to feature geometry. At a more general level, the results here suggest that linguistic representations sometimes need to be reconsidered in the context of optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993), since they can effectively function as inviolable constraints and so hinder our understanding of the more subtle kind of phenomena revealed by analyses employing gradiently violable constraints. Feature Classes in Phonology Jaye Padgett Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 81-110. 2008-02-20T15:25:14-00:00 2002 Language 78 1 81 110 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/Zababa/article/2403586 <i>Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 51-80.</i><br /><br />The author proposes that syllable weight is driven by considerations of phonetic effectiveness and phonological simplicity, and that the phonetically best distinctions are those which divide syllables into groups that are phonetically most distinct from each other. Phonologically complex distinctions are those which exceed an upper threshold in the number of phonological predicates to which they refer. It is claimed that languages adopt weight distinctions that are phonetically most effective without being overly complex phonologically. Syllable weight thus reflects a compromise between phonetic and phonological factors. The proposed model of weight further suggests that phonological weight distinctions are ultimately predictable from other basic phonological properties, such as syllable structure. A Phonetically Driven Account of Syllable Weight Matthew Gordon Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 51-80. 2008-02-20T15:24:46-00:00 2002 Language 78 1 51 80 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/Zababa/article/2403584 <i>Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 3-50.</i><br /><br />Strict head-final surface order derives from underlying left-headedness in Ijo, a Niger-Congo language of Nigeria. A word order anomaly in Ijo serial verb constructions (SVCs) strongly suggests this, and left-to-right asymmetric c-command among internal arguments of SVCs confirms it. The anomaly is universal among surface right-headed languages with SVCs, indicating that deep left-headedness is universal, as antisymmetry theory predicts (Kayne 1994). Assuming complements are in Specs, and that a light verb v selects every VP (Chomsky 1999), I derive VOVO from OVOV by two instances of V-to-v movement. I argue for a nonuniform approach to SVCs, involving relations of both raising (Campbell 1989) and control (Collins 1997). Other aspects of SVC word order are predictable from a universal thematic hierarchy nontheme > theme, and short scrambling (Takano 1998). Antisymmetry and Word Order in Serial Constructions Vicki Carstens Language, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2002), pp. 3-50. 2008-02-20T15:24:06-00:00 2002 Language 78 1 3 50 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/Zababa/article/2403571 <i>Language, Vol. 1, No. 1. (1925), pp. 1-5.</i> Why a Linguistic Society? Leonard Bloomfield Language, Vol. 1, No. 1. (1925), pp. 1-5. 2008-02-20T15:20:17-00:00 1925 Language 1 1 1 5 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/ynaffit/article/218667 <i>J Acoust Soc Am, Vol. 109, No. 2. (February 2001), pp. 775-794.</i><br /><br />Classic non-native speech perception findings suggested that adults have difficulty discriminating segmental distinctions that are not employed contrastively in their own language. However, recent reports indicate a gradient of performance across non-native contrasts, ranging from near-chance to near-ceiling. Current theoretical models argue that such variations reflect systematic effects of experience with phonetic properties of native speech. The present research addressed predictions from Best's perceptual assimilation model (PAM), which incorporates both contrastive phonological and noncontrastive phonetic influences from the native language in its predictions about discrimination levels for diverse types of non-native contrasts. We evaluated the PAM hypotheses that discrimination of a non-native contrast should be near-ceiling if perceived as phonologically equivalent to a native contrast, lower though still quite good if perceived as a phonetic distinction between good versus poor exemplars of a single native consonant, and much lower if both non-native segments are phonetically equivalent in goodness of fit to a single native consonant. Two experiments assessed native English speakers' perception of Zulu and Tigrinya contrasts expected to fit those criteria. Findings supported the PAM predictions, and provided evidence for some perceptual differentiation of phonological, phonetic, and nonlinguistic information in perception of non-native speech. Theoretical implications for non-native speech perception are discussed, and suggestions are made for further research. Discrimination of non-native consonant contrasts varying in perceptual assimilation to the listener's native phonological system. CT Best GW McRoberts E Goodell J Acoust Soc Am, Vol. 109, No. 2. (February 2001), pp. 775-794. 2005-06-04T03:37:00-00:00 2001 J Acoust Soc Am 0001-4966 109 2 775 794 linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yish/article/467344 <i>Trends Cogn Sci (28 December 2005)</i><br /><br />The classic issue of color naming and color cognition has been re-examined in a recent series of articles. Here, we review these developments, and suggest that they move the field beyond a familiar rhetoric of 'nature versus nurture', or 'universals versus relativity', to new concepts and new questions. Language, thought and color: recent developments. Paul Kay Terry Regier doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.12.007 Trends Cogn Sci (28 December 2005) 2006-01-17T21:38:41-00:00 2005 Trends Cogn Sci 1364-6613 cognition color language linguistics sapir-whorf sociocognitive http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1471822 <i>Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 4. (2007), pp. 1322-1342.</i><br /><br />This paper explores how children use two possible solutions to the verb-mapping problem: attention to perceptually salient actions and attention to social and linguistic information (speaker cues). Twenty-two-month-olds attached a verb to one of two actions when perceptual cues (presence/absence of a result) coincided with speaker cues but not when these cues were placed into conflict (Experiment 1), and not when both possible referent actions were perceptually salient (Experiment 2). By 34 months, children were able to override perceptual cues to learn the name of an action that was not perceptually salient (Experiment 3). Results demonstrate an early reliance on perceptual information for verb mapping and an emerging tendency to weight speaker information more heavily over developmental time. Action Speaks Louder Than Words: Young Children Differentially Weight Perceptual, Social, and Linguistic Cues to Learn Verbs Amanda Brandone Khara Pence Roberta Golinkoff Kathy Hirsh-Pasek doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01068.x Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 4. (2007), pp. 1322-1342. 2007-07-21T19:18:33-00:00 2007 Child Development 78 4 1322 1342 acquisition development language learning linguistics perception http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1184476 <i>Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 376-396.</i> Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children Schick Brenda De Villiers Peter De Villiers Jill Hoffmeister Robert doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 376-396. 2007-03-24T18:29:46-00:00 2007 Child Development 0009-3920 78 2 376 396 Blackwell Publishing acquisition deaf development language linguistics theoryofmind http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1184472 <i>Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 448-458.</i> Fragile But Real: Children's Capacity to Use Newly Acquired Words to Convey Preverbal Memories Morris Gwynn Baker-Ward Lynne doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01008.x Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 2. (April 2007), pp. 448-458. 2007-03-24T18:29:46-00:00 2007 Child Development 0009-3920 78 2 448 458 Blackwell Publishing acquisition development language linguistics memory http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1135611 <i>Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 1. (February 2007), pp. 190-212.</i> Grammar and the Lexicon: Developmental Ordering in Language Acquisition Dixon A James Marchman A Virginia doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00992.x Child Development, Vol. 78, No. 1. (February 2007), pp. 190-212. 2007-03-02T08:59:00-00:00 2007 Child Development 0009-3920 78 1 190 212 Blackwell Publishing acquisition development language linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1420305 <i>Language and Linguistics Compass, Vol. 1, No. 3. (2007), pp. 155-167.</i><br /><br />Abstract Current work in linguistics is not well represented in the school curriculum in the USA, partly because of a mismatch with traditional foci in the K-12 (kindergarten through twelfth grade) standard course of studies and because there are very few materials for teaching about the nature of language and language variation. This article sketches the process of developing curricular materials to accompany the 3-hour video documentary, Do You Speak American? and suggests some of the decisions that must be made in developing materials for educational settings concerning scientific knowledge about language. Developing Language Awareness Materials for Nonlinguists: Lessons Learned from the Do You Speak American? Curriculum Development Project Jeffrey Reaser Carolyn Adger doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00011.x Language and Linguistics Compass, Vol. 1, No. 3. (2007), pp. 155-167. 2007-06-28T18:43:57-00:00 2007 Language and Linguistics Compass 1 3 155 167 education language linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1420287 <i>Language and Linguistics Compass, Vol. 1, No. 3. (2007), pp. 195-207.</i><br /><br />Abstract Joint attention - parents and children's coordinated attention to each other and to a third object or event - is believed to play a causal and critical role in early word learning. However, joint attention, as conventionally defined and measured, relies only on overt indicators of attention, is studied predominantly in the visual modality, and varies by culture. Moreover, word learning can occur without joint attention in typical development, in autistic development, and in Williams syndrome, and joint attention can occur without commensurate word learning in Down syndrome. Thus, the assumption that joint attention is a necessary and sufficient precursor to vocabulary learning is not universally supported. Joint Attention and Vocabulary Development: A Critical Look Nameera Akhtar Morton Gernsbacher doi:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00014.x Language and Linguistics Compass, Vol. 1, No. 3. (2007), pp. 195-207. 2007-06-28T18:36:25-00:00 2007 Language and Linguistics Compass 1 3 195 207 acquisition attention development lexicon linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1206133 <i>J. Cogn. Neurosci., Vol. 18, No. 10. (1 October 2006), pp. 1696-1711.</i><br /><br />Psycholinguistic theories assume an interaction between prosody and syntax during language processing. Based on studies using mostly off-line methods, it is unclear whether an interaction occurs at later or initial processing stages. Using event-related potentials, the present study provides neurophysiological evidence for a prosody and syntax interaction in initial processing. The sentence material contained mere prosodic and syntactic as well as combined prosodic-syntactic violations. For the syntax violation, the critical word appeared after a preposition. The suffix of the critical word either indicated a noun fulfilling the syntactic requirements of the preceding preposition or a verb causing a word category violation. For the prosodic manipulation, congruent critical words were normally intonated (signaling sentence continuation) while prosodically incongruent critical words signaled sentence end. For the mere prosodic incongruity, a broadly distributed negativity was observed at the critical word-stem (300-500 msec aligned to word onset). In response to a mere syntactic error, a left temporal negativity was elicited in an early time window (200-400 msec aligned to suffix onset), taken to reflect initial phrase structure building processes. In contrast, in response to the combined prosodic-syntactic violation, an early temporal negativity showed up bilaterally at the suffix in the same time window. Our interpretation is that the process of initial structure building as reflected in the early left anterior negativity recruits additional right hemispheric neural resources when the critical word contains both syntactic and prosodic violations. This suggests the immediate influence of phrasal prosody during the initial parsing stage in speech processing. It's Early: Event-related Potential Evidence for Initial Interaction of Syntax and Prosody in Speech Comprehension Korinna Eckstein Angela Friederici J. Cogn. Neurosci., Vol. 18, No. 10. (1 October 2006), pp. 1696-1711. 2007-04-04T14:52:07-00:00 2006 J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18 10 1696 1711 eeg erp linguistics perception prosody speech syntax http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1025492 <i>Nat Neurosci, Vol. 6, No. 7. (July 2003), pp. 674-681.</i><br /><br />The comparative study of music and language is drawing an increasing amount of research interest. Like language, music is a human universal involving perceptually discrete elements organized into hierarchically structured sequences. Music and language can thus serve as foils for each other in the study of brain mechanisms underlying complex sound processing, and comparative research can provide novel insights into the functional and neural architecture of both domains. This review focuses on syntax, using recent neuroimaging data and cognitive theory to propose a specific point of convergence between syntactic processing in language and music. This leads to testable predictions, including the prediction that that syntactic comprehension problems in Broca's aphasia are not selective to language but influence music perception as well. Language, music, syntax and the brain. AD Patel doi:10.1038/nn1082 Nat Neurosci, Vol. 6, No. 7. (July 2003), pp. 674-681. 2007-01-04T21:52:06-00:00 2003 Nat Neurosci 1097-6256 6 7 674 681 language linguistics music neuroscience syntax http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1336282 <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (24 May 2007)</i><br /><br />Throughout history and across cultures, humans have created music using pitch intervals that divide octaves into the 12 tones of the chromatic scale. Why these specific intervals in music are preferred, however, is not known. In the present study, we analyzed a database of individually spoken English vowel phones to examine the hypothesis that musical intervals arise from the relationships of the formants in speech spectra that determine the perceptions of distinct vowels. Expressed as ratios, the frequency relationships of the first two formants in vowel phones represent all 12 intervals of the chromatic scale. Were the formants to fall outside the ranges found in the human voice, their relationships would generate either a less complete or a more dilute representation of these specific intervals. These results imply that human preference for the intervals of the chromatic scale arises from experience with the way speech formants modulate laryngeal harmonics to create different phonemes. Musical intervals in speech. Deborah Ross Jonathan Choi Dale Purves doi:10.1073/pnas.0703140104 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (24 May 2007) 2007-05-27T07:04:23-00:00 2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 0027-8424 audition evolution linguistics music perception speech http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1496988 <i>pp. 179-214.</i><br /><br />This article investigates the rhythmic relationship between gesture and speech. Four subjects were filmed in natural conversations with friends. From the resulting videos, several thousand time-stamped annotations pertaining to rhythm were manually recorded in a digital annotation tool, and exported for statistical analysis. They revealed a rich rhythmic relationship between the hands, head, and voice. Each articulator produced pikes (a general term for short, distinctive expressions, regardless of the modality) in complex synchrony with other articulators. Even eyeblinks were synchronized, with eyelids held closed until reopening on the rhythmic beat, akin to a pre-stroke hold before a gestural stroke. Average tempos similar to previously reported natural human tempos — e.g. Fraisse's (1982) 600 ms figure — were found in hands, head, and speech, although hands tended to move most quickly and speech most slowly. All three also shared a common tempo of around a third of a second, perhaps to synchronize inter-articulator meeting points. These findings lend empirical weight to earlier observations of a rhythmic relationship between gesture and speech, providing support for the theory of a common cognitive origin of the two modalities. Aspects of rhythm in gesture and speech Daniel Loehr pp. 179-214. 2007-07-26T16:30:24-00:00 179 214 communication gesture language linguistics rhythm speech http://www.citeulike.org/user/yEvb0/article/1561924 <i>Memory & Cognition, Vol. 35, No. 4. (June 2007), pp. 762-773.</i> Diminutives facilitate word segmentation in natural speech: Cross-linguistic evidence Kempe Vera Brooks J Patricia Gillis Steven Samson Graham Memory & Cognition, Vol. 35, No. 4. (June 2007), pp. 762-773. 2007-08-15T06:10:57-00:00 2007 Memory & Cognition 0090-502X 35 4 762 773 Psychonomic Society Publications acquisition audition categorization development language learning linguistics morphology perception phonology speech http://www.citeulike.org/user/YenHuaHuang/article/1202350 <i>(1994)</i><br /><br />The higher-order structure of genes and other features of biological sequences can be described by means of formal grammars. These grammars can then be used by general-purpose parsers to detect and assemble such structures by means of syntactic pattern recognition. We describe a grammar and parser for eukaryotic protein-encoding genes, which by some measures is as effective as current connectionist and combinatorial algorithms in predicting gene structures for sequence database entries.... Gene structure prediction by linguistic methods S Dong D Searls (1994) 2007-04-02T02:26:40-00:00 1994 gene linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wujastyk/article/2252724 <i></i> On Some Rules of Pānini Leonard Bloomfield 2008-01-18T17:50:09-00:00 grammar india linguistics panini sanskrit http://www.citeulike.org/user/wujastyk/article/2252708 <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 4. (1989), pp. 653-658.</i><br /><br />Two important recent treatments of the Aṣṭādhyāyī-one a translation, the other a survey of Paṇini's grammatical system itself-provide the occasion for a commentary on the place of Pāṇinian linguistics among modern treatments of language. Something Old and Something New: Two Traditional Approaches to Pāṇini [Pāṇini: His Work and Its Traditions, Vol. 1: Background and Introduction (George Cardona; Pāṇini)] Hartmut Scharfe Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 4. (1989), pp. 653-658. 2008-01-18T17:44:59-00:00 1989 Journal of the American Oriental Society 109 4 653 658 grammar india linguistics panini sanskrit http://www.citeulike.org/user/wujastyk/article/2252704 <i></i> I-ching on the Sanskrit Grammarians John Brough 2008-01-18T17:43:01-00:00 bhartrhari grammar india linguistics panini sanskrit http://www.citeulike.org/user/wujastyk/article/2252686 <i>Language, Vol. 38, No. 1. (1962), pp. 1-10.</i> A Method of Linguistic Description: The Order of Consonants According to Pāṇini JF Staal Language, Vol. 38, No. 1. (1962), pp. 1-10. 2008-01-18T17:38:01-00:00 1962 Language 38 1 1 10 grammar india linguistics panini sanskrit vyakarana http://www.citeulike.org/user/wordium/article/1221529 <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 55, No. 11. (2004), pp. 1020-1023.</i><br /><br />No abstract. Spelling and grammar checking using the Web as a text repository Kai Olsen James Williams doi:10.1002/asi.20053 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 55, No. 11. (2004), pp. 1020-1023. 2007-04-12T05:18:02-00:00 2004 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 55 11 1020 1023 cs linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wordium/article/1179866 <i>International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 22, No. 3. (1956), pp. 196-201.</i> Syllabification in Kutenai Einar Haugen International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 22, No. 3. (1956), pp. 196-201. 2007-03-21T18:28:01-00:00 1956 International Journal of American Linguistics 22 3 196 201 kutenai linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wordium/article/1179858 <i>International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 17, No. 2. (1951), pp. 84-97.</i> Kutenai IV: Word Classes Paul Garvin International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 17, No. 2. (1951), pp. 84-97. 2007-03-21T18:23:04-00:00 1951 International Journal of American Linguistics 17 2 84 97 kutenai linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wordium/article/1179854 <i>International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 14, No. 1. (1948), pp. 37-42.</i> Kutenai I: Phonemics Paul Garvin International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 14, No. 1. (1948), pp. 37-42. 2007-03-21T18:21:06-00:00 1948 International Journal of American Linguistics 14 1 37 42 kutenai linguistics phonetics http://www.citeulike.org/user/wordium/article/1179852 <i>International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 2. (1947), pp. 69-77.</i> Christian Names in Kutenai Paul Garvin International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 13, No. 2. (1947), pp. 69-77. 2007-03-21T18:18:47-00:00 1947 International Journal of American Linguistics 13 2 69 77 kutenai linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/tystl/article/748227 <i>(01 April 1996)</i> Social Linguistics And Literacies (Critical Perspectives on Literacy & Education) James Gee (01 April 1996) 2006-07-09T05:27:32-00:00 1996 Falmer Press discourse-analysis education linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/tystl/article/310780 <i>(01 September 1999)</i><br /><br />Assuming no prior knowledge of linguistics, Gee presents both a theory of language-in-use, as well as a method of research. This method is made up of a set of tools of enquiry and strategies for using them. Perspectives from a variety of approaches and disciplines, including applied linguistics, education, psychology, anthropology, and communication, are incorporated to help students and scholars a range of backgrounds formulate their own views on discourse analysis. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method James Gee (01 September 1999) 2005-09-02T15:06:03-00:00 1999 Routledge discourse-analysis linguistics methods http://www.citeulike.org/user/tystl/article/748113 <i>(01 November 2000)</i><br /><br /><P>In this classic study, the world's leading expert on language and the mind lucidly explains everything you always wanted to know about languages: how it works, how children learn it, how it changes, how the brain computes it, and how it envolved.  With wit, erudition, and deft use it everyday examples of humor and wordplay, Steven Pinker weaves our vast knowledge of language into a compelling story: language is a human instinct, wired into our brains by evolution like web spinning in spiders or sonar bats.  <I>The Language Instinct</I> received the William James Book Prize from the American Psychological Association and the Public Interest Award from the Linguistics Society of America.</P> The Language Instinct : How the Mind Creates Language (Perennial Classics) Steven Pinker (01 November 2000) 2006-07-08T20:39:10-00:00 2000 Harper Perennial Modern Classics 4 linguistics nativism psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/travisbrown/article/1411556 <i>College English, Vol. 20, No. 1. (1958), pp. 12-17.</i> Structural Linguistics and English Prosody Ronald Sutherland College English, Vol. 20, No. 1. (1958), pp. 12-17. 2007-06-25T18:20:00-00:00 1958 College English 20 1 12 17 linguistics literature meter poetics poetry prosody http://www.citeulike.org/user/tonytrifles/article/250485 <i>Language Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1. (January 2002), pp. 1-15.</i><br /><br />This paper analyzes the causal relationship between the establishment of the classifier system and the grammaticalization of the morphosyntactic particle de in the history of Chinese. By doing so, we try to answer a question relevant to grammaticalization theory: why should lexical items which are equally suitable for certain grammatical domain develop into morphological markers for that grammatical domain with different functions? We argue that grammaticalization is subject to the influence of the overall structural change of a language in a particular period of time. A language at different times may possess different optimal structures which serve the model triggering grammaticalization via analogy. An optimal structure shapes the path and degree of grammaticalization. Consequently, the grammatical markers innovated at different times for the same grammatical domain may behave differently. The establishment of the classifier system and the grammaticalization of the morphosyntactic particle de in Chinese Yuzhi Shi Charles Li doi:10.1016/S0388-0001(00)00048-6 Language Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1. (January 2002), pp. 1-15. 2005-07-09T07:13:55-00:00 2002 Language Sciences 24 1 1 15 chinese classifiers linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/tonytrifles/article/250484 <i>Language & Communication, Vol. 21, No. 1. (January 2001), pp. 73-88.</i> The insignificance of learners' errors: a philosophical investigation of the interlanguage hypothesis Richard Hamilton doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(00)00008-2 Language & Communication, Vol. 21, No. 1. (January 2001), pp. 73-88. 2005-07-09T06:21:18-00:00 2001 Language & Communication 21 1 73 88 interlanguage linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/tonytrifles/article/250128 <i>Language & Communication, Vol. 24, No. 2. (April 2004), pp. 97-133.</i><br /><br />This paper examines factors complicating the definition of Standard Chinese, including register and socio-geographical variation, sound change and folk etymology, foreign loans and contact-induced structural change, and inherent imprecisions in the national spelling system. Also examined are reactions to change in the linguistic and language-teaching communities, how lay and academic attitudes towards impurities and linguistic innovation differ, and how differences between Chinese and western notions of 'language' and 'dialect' serve to further widen the gap between the textbook standard and perceived standardness. Predictions are made regarding the future development of Modern Standard Chinese that take into consideration the popular appeal of the language of westernized Chinese societies (e.g., Hong Kong and Taiwan) and the effect of the growth of native speakers of Mandarin in the Chinese-speaking world. Conflicting notions of language purity: the interplay of archaising, ethnographic, reformist, elitist and xenophobic purism in the perception of Standard Chinese Wen-Chao doi:10.1016/j.langcom.2003.09.002 Language & Communication, Vol. 24, No. 2. (April 2004), pp. 97-133. 2005-07-08T19:10:26-00:00 2004 Language & Communication 24 2 97 133 chinese linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/tonytrifles/article/320248 <i>Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Vol. 10, No. 3. (July 2001), pp. 201-224.</i> The (Non-)Existence of Gapping in Chinese and Its Implications for the Theory of Gapping Sze-Wing Tang doi:10.1023/A:1011250802691 Journal of East Asian Linguistics, Vol. 10, No. 3. (July 2001), pp. 201-224. 2005-09-14T22:01:16-00:00 2001 Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10 3 201 224 chinese gapping linguistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/timsenior/article/2983403 <i>Family practice, Vol. 19, No. 5. (October 2002), pp. 484-488.</i><br /><br />BACKGROUND: It is widely accepted that "partnership" with patients is desirable, and that patients should be enabled to participate in decisions, but it is not clear to what extent doctor-patient interactions represent partnership in action. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to measure aspects of doctor-patient interaction through the deployment of the first person pronouns "I", "me", "we" and "us" in general practice consultations. METHODS: The study design was a concordance-based language analysis of spoken data. Concordancing software was used to interrogate a database of 373 consultations with 40 doctors in UK general practice. The frequency and function of first person pronouns used in these consultations were scrutinized. Concordancing enables identification of strings of text with similar lexical properties and uses specialized statistics to assess relationships between words and phrases ("collocates" being words commonly found together) as well as their patterns of use (MI, mutual information, describes the likelihood of two words or phrases being associated). Analysis is therefore quantitative and qualitative. RESULTS: Doctors use the word "we" far more often than patients or companions do (doctors 23.5% and patients 2.9% of all personal pronoun occurrences). Doctors are far less likely to use "I", after which a verb of thinking is usually selected (38 collocates with MI >3). However, after 'we', doctors select verbs of physical activity or auxiliary verbs. Three types of doctor use of "we" were distinguished: to include patients ("you and I"), exclude them ("we doctors" or "we as a practice") or to mean "all of us as human beings". CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a prototypical pattern of interaction in primary care: Patient: I suffer. Doctor: I think. We will act. This, within the current paradigm which values partnership between doctor and patient, might seem encouraging; but there is evidence to suggest that power relationships in the consultation may still be unequal. "I" and "we": a concordancing analysis of how doctors and patients use first person pronouns in primary care consultations. JR Skelton AM Wearn FD Hobbs Family practice, Vol. 19, No. 5. (October 2002), pp. 484-488. 2008-07-10T01:24:41-00:00 2002 Family practice 0263-2136 19 5 484 488 communication consultation gp linguistics