Sun, 27 Jul 2008 06:11:21 BST CiteULike: Tag synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/tag/synthesis CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/zobag/article/1182331 <i>Biochemistry, Vol. 45, No. 15. (18 April 2006), pp. 4720-4726.</i><br /><br />N-Acyl ethanolamines (NAEs) constitute a large and diverse class of signaling lipids that includes the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide. Like other lipid transmitters, NAEs are thought to be biosynthesized and degraded on-demand rather than being stored in vesicles prior to signaling. The identification of enzymes involved in NAE metabolism is therefore imperative to achieve a complete understanding of this lipid signaling system and control it for potential therapeutic gain. Recently, an N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) was identified as a candidate enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of NAEs. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of mice with a targeted disruption in the NAPE-PLD gene [NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice]. Brain tissue from NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice showed more than a 5-fold reduction in the calcium-dependent conversion of NAPEs to NAEs bearing both saturated and polyunsaturated N-acyl chains. However, only the former group of NAEs was decreased in level in NAPE-PLD(-/-) brains, and these reductions were most dramatic for NAEs bearing very long acyl chains (>or=C20). Further studies identified a calcium-independent PLD activity in brains from NAPE-PLD(-/-) mice that accepted multiple NAPEs as substrates, including the anandamide precursor C20:4 NAPE. The illumination of distinct enzymatic pathways for the biosynthesis of long chain saturated and polyunsaturated NAEs suggests a strategy to control the activity of specific subsets of these lipids without globally affecting the function of the NAE family as a whole. Inactivation of N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D reveals multiple mechanisms for the biosynthesis of endocannabinoids. D Leung A Saghatelian GM Simon BF Cravatt doi:10.1021/bi060163l Biochemistry, Vol. 45, No. 15. (18 April 2006), pp. 4720-4726. 2007-03-24T06:10:10-00:00 2006 Biochemistry 0006-2960 45 15 4720 4726 anandamide synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/zobag/article/1182328 <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 103, No. 36. (5 September 2006), pp. 13345-13350.</i><br /><br />The endocannabinoid arachidonoyl ethanolamine (anandamide) is a lipid transmitter synthesized and released "on demand" by neurons in the brain. Anandamide is also generated by macrophages where its endotoxin (LPS)-induced synthesis has been implicated in the hypotension of septic shock and advanced liver cirrhosis. Anandamide can be generated from its membrane precursor, N-arachidonoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) through cleavage by a phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). Here we document a biosynthetic pathway for anandamide in mouse brain and RAW264.7 macrophages that involves the phospholipase C (PLC)-catalyzed cleavage of NAPE to generate a lipid, phosphoanandamide, which is subsequently dephosphorylated by phosphatases, including PTPN22, previously described as a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Bacterial endotoxin (LPS)-induced synthesis of anandamide in macrophages is mediated exclusively by the PLC/phosphatase pathway, which is up-regulated by LPS, whereas NAPE-PLD is down-regulated by LPS and functions as a salvage pathway of anandamide synthesis when the PLC/phosphatase pathway is compromised. Both PTPN22 and endocannabinoids have been implicated in autoimmune diseases, suggesting that the PLC/phosphatase pathway of anandamide synthesis may be a pharmacotherapeutic target. A biosynthetic pathway for anandamide. J Liu L Wang J Harvey-White D Osei-Hyiaman R Razdan Q Gong AC Chan Z Zhou BX Huang HY Kim G Kunos doi:10.1073/pnas.0601832103 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, Vol. 103, No. 36. (5 September 2006), pp. 13345-13350. 2007-03-24T06:09:21-00:00 2006 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 0027-8424 103 36 13345 13350 anandamide synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/zobag/article/1278522 <i>Nature, Vol. 372, No. 6507. (15 December 1994), pp. 686-691.</i><br /><br />Anandamide (N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine) was recently identified as a brain arachidonate derivative that binds to and activates cannabinoid receptors, yet the mechanisms underlying formation, release and inactivation of this putative messenger molecule are still unclear. Here we report that anandamide is produced in and released from cultured brain neurons in a calcium ion-dependent manner when the neurons are stimulated with membrane-depolarizing agents. Anandamide formation occurs through phosphodiesterase-mediated cleavage of a novel phospholipid precursor, N-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. A similar mechanism also governs the formation of a family of anandamide congeners, whose possible roles in neuronal signalling remain unknown. Our results and those of others indicate therefore that multiple biochemical pathways may participate in anandamide formation in brain tissue. The life span of extracellular anandamide is limited by a rapid and selective process of cellular uptake, which is accompanied by hydrolytic degradation to ethanolamine and arachidonate. Our results thus strongly support the proposed role of anandamide as an endogenous neuronal messenger. Formation and inactivation of endogenous cannabinoid anandamide in central neurons. V Di Marzo A Fontana H Cadas S Schinelli G Cimino JC Schwartz D Piomelli doi:10.1038/372686a0 Nature, Vol. 372, No. 6507. (15 December 1994), pp. 686-691. 2007-05-05T03:47:54-00:00 1994 Nature 0028-0836 372 6507 686 691 anandamide synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/zobag/article/1278519 <i>J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 270, No. 40. (6 October 1995), pp. 23823-23827.</i><br /><br />Anandamide (arachidonylethanolamide) is known as an endogenous agonist for cannabinoid receptors. An amidohydrolase, which hydrolyzed anandamide, was solubilized from the microsomal fraction of porcine brain with 1% Triton X-100. The enzyme was partially purified by Phenyl-5PW hydrophobic chromatography to a specific activity of approximately 0.37 micromol/min/mg of protein at 37 degreesC. As assayed with [^14]C-labeled substrates, the apparent K[IMG]_29404_tex2html_wrap50.xbm"> value for anandamide was 60 microM, and anandamide was more active than ethanolamides of linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acids. Ceramidase and protease activities were not detected in our enzyme preparation. The purified enzyme also synthesized anandamide from free arachidonic acid in the presence of a high concentration of ethanolamine with a specific activity of about 0.16 micromol/min/mg of protein at 37 degreesC. On the basis of cochromatographies, pH dependence, heat inactivation, and effects of inhibitors such as arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, it was suggested that the anandamide amidohydrolase and synthase activities were attributable to a single enzyme protein. 10.1074/jbc.270.40.23823 Partial Purification and Characterization of the Porcine Brain Enzyme Hydrolyzing and Synthesizing Anandamide Natsuo Ueda Yuko Kurahashi Shozo Yamamoto Takashi Tokunaga J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 270, No. 40. (6 October 1995), pp. 23823-23827. 2007-05-05T03:46:02-00:00 1995 J. Biol. Chem. 270 40 23823 23827 anandamide synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/zobag/article/1278226 <i>J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, No. 7. (13 February 2004), pp. 5298-5305.</i><br /><br />Anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) is known to be an endogenous ligand of cannabinoid and vanilloid receptors. Its congeners (collectively referred to as N-acylethanolamines) also show a variety of biological activities. These compounds are principally formed from their corresponding N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by a phosphodiesterase of the phospholipase D-type in animal tissues. We purified the enzyme from rat heart, and by the use of the sequences of its internal peptides cloned its complementary DNAs from mouse, rat, and human. The deduced amino acid sequences were composed of 393-396 residues, and showed that the enzyme has no homology with the known phospholipase D enzymes but is classified as a member of the zinc metallohydrolase family of the beta-lactamase fold. As was overexpressed in COS-7 cells, the recombinant enzyme generated anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines from their corresponding N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines at comparable rates. In contrast, the enzyme was inactive with phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Assays of the enzyme activity and the messenger RNA and protein levels revealed its wide distribution in murine organs with higher contents in the brain, kidney, and testis. These results confirm that a specific phospholipase D is responsible for the generation of N-acylethanolamines including anandamide, strongly suggesting the physiological importance of lipid molecules of this class. 10.1074/jbc.M306642200 Molecular Characterization of a Phospholipase D Generating Anandamide and Its Congeners Yasuo Okamoto Jun Morishita Kazuhito Tsuboi Takeharu Tonai Natsuo Ueda doi:10.1074/jbc.M306642200 J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 279, No. 7. (13 February 2004), pp. 5298-5305. 2007-05-05T00:47:07-00:00 2004 J. Biol. Chem. 279 7 5298 5305 anandamide synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/yli/article/689465 <i>Nature, Vol. 441, No. 7094., pp. 731-734.</i> Synthesis and structural analysis of 2-quinuclidonium tetrafluoroborate Kousuke Tani Brian Stoltz doi:10.1038/nature04842 Nature, Vol. 441, No. 7094., pp. 731-734. 2006-06-08T05:22:15-00:00 Nature 0028-0836 441 7094 731 734 Nature Publishing Group synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/yeastyboy/article/951547 <i>Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050. (13 August 1966), pp. 736-737.</i> Chemical synthesis of the tryptophan path intermediate 1-(o-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose 5-phosphate. CH Doy Nature, Vol. 211, No. 5050. (13 August 1966), pp. 736-737. 2006-11-19T10:30:47-00:00 1966 Nature 0028-0836 211 5050 736 737 chemistry synthesis trp1 http://www.citeulike.org/user/yaxu/article/2027829 <i>(1999)</i><br /><br />This paper presents a cross-platform C++ programming environment designed for rapid prototyping of music synthesis and audio processing programs. The Synthesis ToolKit offers an array of unit generators for filtering, input/output, etc., as well as examples of new and classic synthesis and effects algorithms for research, teaching, performance, and composition purposes. The Synthesis ToolKit (STK P Cook G Scavone (1999) 2007-11-30T11:52:25-00:00 1999 synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/yaxu/article/2017441 <i>Computer Music Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (1998), pp. 17-32.</i> Plucked-String Models: From the Karplus-Strong Algorithm to Digital Waveguides and beyond Matti Karjalainen Vesa Välimäki Tero Tolonen Computer Music Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3. (1998), pp. 17-32. 2007-11-29T17:53:11-00:00 1998 Computer Music Journal 22 3 17 32 modeling physical synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/yaxu/article/2017417 <i>(1993)</i><br /><br />The sound quality of real-time synthesis based on physical models has so far been inferior to sampling techniques. In this paper we introduce new principles to make model-based sound synthesis of the guitar and other plucked string instruments more attractive from the viewpoint of sound quality. A major improvement is achieved by estimating the model parameters and the excitation signal from the sound of an acoustic instrument. It is shown that the impulse response of the body is included... Towards high-quality sound synthesis of the guitar and string instruments M Karjalainen V Valimaki Z J'anosy (1993) 2007-11-29T17:50:38-00:00 1993 modeling physical synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/yaxu/article/2017104 <i>Comput. Music J., Vol. 25, No. 3. (2001), pp. 38-49.</i> Methods for Modeling Realistic Playing in Acoustic Guitar Synthesis Mikael Laurson Cumhur Erkut Vesa Välimäki Mika Kuuskankare doi:10.1162/014892601753189529 Comput. Music J., Vol. 25, No. 3. (2001), pp. 38-49. 2007-11-29T17:13:44-00:00 2001 Comput. Music J. 0148-9267 25 3 38 49 MIT Press representation synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/xico/article/1304449 <i>Biochem Biophys Res Commun, Vol. 279, No. 3. (29 December 2000), pp. 832-837.</i><br /><br />Kinases of the CDC2 family play a key role in cell cycle regulation and gene expression. In the present work, we identified sea urchin and human cDNAs encoding homologues of a high molecular mass CDC2-like kinase (designated CDC2L5) sharing respectively a PITAVRE and PITAIRE motif. The human cDNA encodes the full-length amino acid sequence of the cholinesterase-related cell division controller (CHED) kinase, a previously published partial coding sequence. CDC2L5 overexpressed in mammalian cells is an approximately 170-kDa nuclear protein. The mRNA is present during the sea urchin early embryogenesis and is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues. A new subfamily of high molecular mass CDC2-related kinases with PITAI/VRE motifs. F Marquès Et Al doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.4042 Biochem Biophys Res Commun, Vol. 279, No. 3. (29 December 2000), pp. 832-837. 2007-05-18T00:43:27-00:00 2000 Biochem Biophys Res Commun 0006-291X 279 3 832 837 5 cdc2l5 cdc2-like cdc2-related cdk cdk13 cell ctd cycl cycle cyclinl development early kinase motif mrna novel pitaivre rnapolii sea splicing sr subfamily synthesis urchin http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1337783 <i>Advanced Materials, Vol. 16, No. 14. (2004), pp. 1204-1208.</i><br /><br />No abstract. Colloidal Clusters of Silica or Polymer Microspheres G-R Yi VN Manoharan E Michel MT Elsesser S-M Yang DJ Pine doi:10.1002/adma.200306638 Advanced Materials, Vol. 16, No. 14. (2004), pp. 1204-1208. 2007-05-27T21:16:49-00:00 2004 Advanced Materials 16 14 1204 1208 colloids synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1825032 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 29. (17 July 2007), pp. 11901-11904.</i><br /><br />Polymeric micro- and nanoparticles play a central role in varied applications such as drug delivery, medical imaging, and advanced materials, as well as in fundamental studies in fields such as microfluidics and nanotechnology. Functional behavior of polymeric particles in these fields is strongly influenced by their shape. However, the availability of precisely shaped polymeric particles has been a major bottleneck in understanding and capitalizing on the role of shape in particle function. Here we report a method that directly addresses this need. Our method uses routine laboratory chemicals and equipment to make particles with >20 distinct shapes and characteristic features ranging in size from 60 nm to 30 microm. This method offers independent control over important particle properties such as size and shape, which is crucial to the development of nonspherical particles both as tools and products for a variety of fields. 10.1073/pnas.0705326104 From the Cover: Making polymeric micro- and nanoparticles of complex shapes Julie Champion Yogesh Katare Samir Mitragotri doi:10.1073/pnas.0705326104 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 29. (17 July 2007), pp. 11901-11904. 2007-10-26T13:15:53-00:00 2007 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 29 11901 11904 journal-club rods synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1337781 <i>Colloid & Polymer Science, Vol. 282, No. 1. (1 December 2003), pp. 7-13.</i><br /><br />We discuss a dispersion polymerization procedure for preparing monodisperse and micron-sized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles in hexanes with methacryloxypropyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane stabilizers. We investigate the effects of the stabilizer molecular weight, stabilizer concentration, and monomer concentration on the particle size and polydispersity. We find that a minimum molecular weight of 10 000 g/mol is necessary to synthesize colloidally stable PMMA dispersions. The particle polydispersity is minimal (=5%) for stabilizer to monomer weight ratios of 0.02 to 0.1, while PMMA particles prepared under conditions outside this range are polydisperse. The particle diameter can be varied from 0.4 to 1.5 µm by appropriate choices of stabilizer and monomer concentrations. Stable PMMA suspensions can be prepared at up to 26.3% solids. The dispersions are stable in most liquid aliphatics, and are monodisperse enough to form ordered domains at high concentration. This single-stage synthesis, requiring only commercially available materials, may be of interest to those seeking a simple way to prepare highly monodisperse non-aqueous dispersions in the micron size range. Preparation of monodisperse PMMA microspheres in nonpolar solvents by dispersion polymerization with a macromonomeric stabilizer Sascha Klein Vinothan Manoharan David Pine Fred Lange doi:10.1007/s00396-003-0915-0 Colloid & Polymer Science, Vol. 282, No. 1. (1 December 2003), pp. 7-13. 2007-05-27T21:14:34-00:00 2003 Colloid & Polymer Science 282 1 7 13 colloids hard-sphere synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1410022 <i>Langmuir, Vol. 21, No. 12. (7 June 2005), pp. 5298-5306.</i><br /><br />Abstract: The development of model materials and image processing methods to directly visualize and quantify colloidal rod assembly by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is reported. Monodisperse fluorescent colloidal rods are prepared by the uniaxial extensional deformation of sterically stabilized microspheres at elevated temperatures. The particles are stably dispersed in refractive index matching mixed organic solvents for CLSM. An image processing algorithm is developed to detect rod backbones and extract particle centroids and orientation angles from the CLSM image volumes. By means of these methods we quantify the distribution of rod orientation angles in self-assembled structures of rods formed by sedimentation. We find the observations to be consistent with aspect-ratio-dependent jamming and orientational order/disorder transition in the rod sediments. Direct Visualization of Colloidal Rod Assembly by Confocal Microscopy A Mohraz MJ Solomon doi:10.1021/la046908a Langmuir, Vol. 21, No. 12. (7 June 2005), pp. 5298-5306. 2007-06-25T02:35:18-00:00 2005 Langmuir 21 12 5298 5306 confocal rods synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/2783470 <i>Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 318, No. 2. (15 February 2008), pp. 252-263.</i><br /><br />We introduce a model colloid system comprised of particles dispersed in a viscous solvent that can be applied to 3D direct visualization studies of suspension structure, dynamics and rheology. The colloids are poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres sterically stabilized by a copolymer of poly(diphenyl-dimethyl) (DPDM) siloxane that matches the refractive index of PMMA. The monodisperse particles, synthesized with mean diameter varying from 0.7 to 1.1 [mu]m, are stably dispersed in a DPDM siloxane solvent, with viscosity varying from 2.2 to 4.3 Pa[thin space]s at 20[thin space]°C. As opposed to other classes of PMMA colloids dispersed in organic solvents, this system displays minimal charge interactions. At room temperature, pair potential interactions (measured by extrapolation of pair correlation functions to infinite dilution) are well modeled by a generalized Lennard-Jones [alpha]-2[alpha] potential ([alpha]=10) with dimensionless interaction energy, [epsilon]/kBT=0.6. We use the DPDM-PMMA colloidal system in conjunction with confocal microscopy studies to measure: (i) the radial distribution function in 3D at dilute concentrations and (ii) the colloid self-diffusivity in 3D at dilute concentrations. Both measurements, neither previously reported in uncharged systems, are facilitated by the slow, viscous dynamics of the system. We also show that the viscosity and particle size of the system are such that the high-volume fraction shear thickening transition can be accessed at shear rates amenable to direct visualization. Viscous solvent colloidal system for direct visualization of suspension structure, dynamics and rheology Michael Kogan Clare Dibble Reginald Rogers Michael Solomon doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2007.10.064 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 318, No. 2. (15 February 2008), pp. 252-263. 2008-05-10T23:13:50-00:00 2008 Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 318 2 252 263 pmma synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1205550 <i>Science, Vol. 301, No. 5632. (25 July 2003), pp. 483-487.</i><br /><br />When small numbers of colloidal microspheres are attached to the surfaces of liquid emulsion droplets, removing fluid from the droplets leads to packings of spheres that minimize the second moment of the mass distribution. The structures of the packings range from sphere doublets, triangles, and tetrahedra to exotic polyhedra not found in infinite lattice packings, molecules, or minimum-potential energy clusters. The emulsion system presents a route to produce newcolloidal structures and a means to study howdifferent physical constraints affect symmetry in small parcels of matter. 10.1126/science.1086189 Dense Packing and Symmetry in Small Clusters of Microspheres Vinothan Manoharan Mark Elsesser David Pine doi:10.1126/science.1086189 Science, Vol. 301, No. 5632. (25 July 2003), pp. 483-487. 2007-04-04T07:42:56-00:00 2003 Science 301 5632 483 487 emulsion structure synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1304903 <i>Colloids and Surfaces, Vol. 17, No. 1. (January 1986), pp. 67-78.</i><br /><br />A single-stage method is described for preparing monodisperse poly(methyl methacrylate) latices stabilised by poly(12-hydroxy-stearic acid) in hydrocarbon media. By variation of solvency conditions, it was possible to obtain a variation in particle size. At high monomer concentrations, a range of particle diameters between 178 nm and 2.6 [mu]m was obtained with a small coefficient of variation on the number average size. At low monomer concentrations, stable latices were obtained with diameters of ~ 80 nm. Some suggestions are made for the mechanism of particle formation and growth in non-aqueous latices. The preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) latices in non-aqueous media L Antl JW Goodwin RD Hill RH Ottewill SM Owens S Papworth JA Waters doi:10.1016/0166-6622(86)80187-1 Colloids and Surfaces, Vol. 17, No. 1. (January 1986), pp. 67-78. 2007-05-18T07:18:28-00:00 1986 Colloids and Surfaces 17 1 67 78 colloids methods pmma synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/weeks/article/1427736 <i>Langmuir, Vol. 22, No. 4. (14 February 2006), pp. 1822-1827.</i><br /><br />Abstract: We report on the preparation of monodisperse, fluorescent hematite-silica core-shell ellipsoids, with adjustable shapes ranging from spindles to nearly spheres, that are suitable for optical rotational diffusion studies. Hematite cores are grafted with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) which ensures colloidal stability during the silica coating provided by the base-catalyzed hydrolysis and polymerization of tetraethoxysilane. Using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as base instead of the volatile ammonia facilitates continuous seeded growth of silica to colloids with a desired aspect ratio. A convenient feature of the hematite-silica particles is the rapid dissolution of the iron oxide core by acid, producing hollow silica ellipsoids that can be optically matched to near transparency. The control of shape and size of the silica ellipsoids, their optical properties, and the fairly high yield in comparison to other preparation methods for nonspherical model colloids make the ellipsoids very suitable for quantitative studies. As a case in point, we have measured the rotational diffusion coefficient of fluorescent ellipsoids with rotational fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. Dye-labeled ellipsoids can be imaged with confocal microscopy. Fluorescent Monodisperse Silica Ellipsoids for Optical Rotational Diffusion Studies S Sacanna L Rossi BWM Kuipers AP Philipse doi:10.1021/la052484o Langmuir, Vol. 22, No. 4. (14 February 2006), pp. 1822-1827. 2007-07-01T22:35:33-00:00 2006 Langmuir 22 4 1822 1827 confocal rods rotation synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/vviro/article/1177150 <i>(2003), pp. 349-356.</i> Sound-by-numbers: motion-driven sound synthesis M Cardle S Brooks Z Bar-Joseph P Robinson (2003), pp. 349-356. 2007-03-20T10:13:54-00:00 2003 349 356 Eurographics Association motion sound synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/voronov/article/868058 <i>Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 14, No. 10. (October 2006), pp. 1157-1167.</i><br /><br />Due to the state-space explosion, many synthesis and verification problems for discrete event systems cannot be solved using traditional state-space traversal algorithms. This work presents efficient methods for reachability search based on symbolic computations using Binary Decision Diagrams. In addition, simple guidelines and quantities for separating hard and easy reachability problems are presented. Furthermore, the performance of the presented algorithms and heuristics is demonstrated on a set of industrial benchmark examples. It is also shown that such examples are much more challenging than some well-known handmade benchmark models. This is also indicated by the presented hardness quantities. Efficient supervisory synthesis of large systems Arash Vahidi Martin Fabian Bengt Lennartson doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2006.02.013 Control Engineering Practice, Vol. 14, No. 10. (October 2006), pp. 1157-1167. 2006-09-25T16:13:44-00:00 2006 Control Engineering Practice 14 10 1157 1167 bdd chalmers supervisory synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/viditjain/article/520152 <i>IEEE MultiMedia, Vol. 6, No. 1. (-- 1999), pp. 22-35.</i><br /><br />We have developed Name-It, a system that associates faces and names in news videos. The system is given news videos, which include image sequences and transcripts obtained from audio tracks or closed caption texts. The system can then either infer possible name candidates for a given face, or locate a face in news videos by name. To accomplish this task, the system takes a multi-modal video analysis approach: face sequence extraction/identification from videos, name extraction from transcripts, ... Name-It: Naming and Detecting Faces in News Videos Shin'ichi Satoh Yuichi Nakamura Takeo Kanade IEEE MultiMedia, Vol. 6, No. 1. (-- 1999), pp. 22-35. 2006-02-24T23:51:30-00:00 1999 IEEE MultiMedia 6 1 22 35 synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/viditjain/article/520150 <i>(2002)</i><br /><br />We present a new approach for modeling multi-modal data sets, focusing on the specific case of segmented images with associated text. Learning the joint distribution of image regions and words has many applications. We consider in detail predicting words associated with whole images (auto-annotation) and corresponding to particular image regions (region naming). Auto-annotation might help organize and access large collections of images. Region naming is a model of object recognition as a... Matching Words and Pictures K Barnard P Duygulu D Forsyth N de Freitas D Blei M Jordan (2002) 2006-02-24T23:47:02-00:00 2002 synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/venkatrassl/article/3007010 <i></i><br /><br />We describe a framework for robust kinematic design based on tolerance analysis and parametric design via configuration space manipulation. The input is a parametric model of a planar mechanical system comprised of lower and higher kinematic pairs in open or closed loops. The robust synthesis task is to find a nominal design that functions correctly despite small parameter variations. This task has quantitative and qualitative subtasks. We present algorithms for both subtasks and... Robust Kinematic Synthesis of Mechanical Systems with the Configuration Space Method E Sacks L Joskowicz R Schultheiss M Kyung 2008-07-15T21:01:55-00:00 kinematic mechanism synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/tyler/article/1090995 <i>Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, No. 9. (2003), pp. 2070-2088.</i><br /><br />We investigate in this paper the one-point statistical properties of the backscattered power derived by polarization synthesis of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations. In particular, we focus our attention on the normalized second moment of intensity and its dependency on the polarization state. For the analysis of this dependency, a novel graphical representation - an extension of the polarization response - is introduced: the polarimetric texture signature. The second moment of backscattered power characterizes statistically the variation of the radar signal due to speckle and the underlying radar cross section. The classical texture product model with a scalar radar reflectivity implies that the normalized second moment of intensity does not depend on the polarization state. However, such dependency is found in experimental observations, a fact that calls for further investigation of the phenomenon. Considering at first speckle statistics for homogeneous areas having no texture, it is demonstrated that correlation among the single-look speckle patterns, which are added on an intensity basis in a multilook operation, is responsible for a weak polarization dependency of the normalized second moment. Concerning the textural properties, a new model is proposed - the mixture model - where it is assumed that polarimetrically diverse scattering mechanisms contribute to the total return from an ensemble of resolution elements. Numerical simulations are used to reconstruct the texture signatures according to the mixture model, starting from simple assumptions related to scattering processes from natural targets. It is found that the polarimetric texture signature can be an interesting discriminator of weak targets against clutter, when only polarimetric diversity and not radiometric diversity plays a role. The effects predicted by the theory are confirmed by experimental analysis of polarimetric data acquired by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory AIRSAR sensor. Finally a classification scheme based on the polarimetric texture signature is proposed. Texture and speckle statistics in polarimetric SAR synthesized images G De Grandi Jong-Sen Lee D Schuler E Nezry Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, No. 9. (2003), pp. 2070-2088. 2007-02-06T18:45:24-00:00 2003 Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on 41 9 2070 2088 polarimetric sar speckle synthesis texture http://www.citeulike.org/user/truongducthang/article/1568654 <i>(2004), pp. 345-353.</i> Real-time speech motion synthesis from recorded motions Yong Cao Petros Faloutsos Eddie Kohler Frédéric Pighin doi:10.1145/1028523.1028570 (2004), pp. 345-353. 2007-08-16T08:40:47-00:00 2004 345 353 Eurographics Association motion motion_synthesis synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/truongducthang/article/234376 <i>Vol. 21, No. 3. (July 2002), pp. 465-472.</i> Motion texture: a two-level statistical model for character motion synthesis Yan Li Tianshu Wang Heung-Yeung Shum doi:10.1145/566570.566604 Vol. 21, No. 3. (July 2002), pp. 465-472. 2005-06-22T07:38:30-00:00 2002 21 3 465 472 ACM Press motion motion_synthesis motion_texture synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/truongducthang/article/1568643 <i>ACM Trans. Graph., Vol. 25, No. 4. (October 2006), pp. 1327-1359.</i> Video-guided motion synthesis using example motions Min Park Min Choi Yoshihisa Shinagawa Sung Shin doi:10.1145/1183287.1183291 ACM Trans. Graph., Vol. 25, No. 4. (October 2006), pp. 1327-1359. 2007-08-16T08:30:05-00:00 2006 ACM Trans. Graph. 0730-0301 25 4 1327 1359 ACM Press motion motion_synthesis synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/truongducthang/article/234377 <i>ACM Trans. Graph., Vol. 22, No. 3. (July 2003), pp. 417-426.</i> Efficient synthesis of physically valid human motion Anthony Fang Nancy Pollard doi:10.1145/882262.882286 ACM Trans. Graph., Vol. 22, No. 3. (July 2003), pp. 417-426. 2005-06-22T07:40:44-00:00 2003 ACM Trans. Graph. 22 3 417 426 ACM Press human motion physically synthesis valid http://www.citeulike.org/user/tovrstra/article/591257 <i>Zeolites, Vol. 18, No. 2-3. ( 1997), pp. 106-114.</i><br /><br />Pure MFI and MEL zeolites were obtained at 170[deg]C from clear solutions of general composition SiO2: 0.0004 Al2O3: 0.30 Na[in2]O: aTAABr (or TAAOH): 40H2O with a = 0.03 -0.16 and TAA = TEA, TPA or TBA. The physicochemical characteristics (XRD, SEM, d.t.g., d.t.a., FT i.r., and multin.m.r.) allow one to compare the products obtained from the clear solution with those obtained from a hydrogel. Crystallization of MFI and MEL zeolites from clear solutions Flaviano Testa Rosemarie Szostak Rosaria Chiappetta Rosario Aiello Antonio Fonseca Janos Nagy doi:10.1016/S0144-2449(96)00133-9 Zeolites, Vol. 18, No. 2-3. ( 1997), pp. 106-114. 2006-04-19T12:59:00-00:00 1997 Zeolites 18 2-3 106 114 clearsolution synthesis zeolites http://www.citeulike.org/user/tovrstra/article/591256 <i>Microporous Materials, Vol. 12, No. 1-3. (November 1997), pp. 141-148.</i><br /><br />A new synthesis method for a rapid crystallization of metallosilicates called the in situ seeding method was applied to the MFI titanosilicate (TS-1) synthesis. This method, which involves the preheating of the silicate gel and the consequent generation in situ of MFI silicate (silicalite-1) seeds before the addition of Ti source, dramatically accelerated the crystallization of TS-1 in methylamine medium. Ti ions were readily incorporated into 1he zeolite framework as confirmed by IR and the unit cell expansion measured by XRD. In comparison, the classical seeding method achieved under identical conditions yielded Ti-free silicalite-1 crystals. The optimal crystallimty of the preheated silicate gel for the in situ seeding method was evaluated to ca. 5%; a lower amount of silicalite-1 seeds led to a slower crystallization of TS-1, while crystallinity over 5% resulted in the continuation of the seed growth, leading eventually to crystalline silicalite-1. Rapid synthesis of MFI titanosilicates using in situ seeding method Masashi Shibata Julien Gerard Zelimir Gabelica doi:10.1016/S0927-6513(97)00065-5 Microporous Materials, Vol. 12, No. 1-3. (November 1997), pp. 141-148. 2006-04-19T12:57:55-00:00 1997 Microporous Materials 12 1-3 141 148 hydrothermal synthesis zeolites http://www.citeulike.org/user/tovrstra/article/1389227 <i>J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 106, No. 19. (16 May 2002), pp. 4897-4900.</i><br /><br />Abstract: Tetraethyl orthosilicate was hydrolyzed and polymerized in concentrated aqueous tetrapropylammonium (TPA) hydroxide solution at 0 and 10 C and room temperature. The formation of silicate oligomers involved in the TPA-mediated self-assembly process of colloidal Silicalite-1 was investigated using 29Si NMR. A pentacyclic dodecamer with four edge-sharing five-rings on a four-ring was detected as a new intermediate in the formation of Silicalite-1 zeolite. The formation of this pentacyclic dodecamer with a curved inner hydrophobic silicon dioxide surface is a new example of the structure-directing action of TPA. The temperature was found to be a key parameter with respect to the transformation of the intermediates with 11 and 12 Si atoms. At 0 and 10 C, the tetracyclic undecamer having three five-rings on a four-ring was converted into the pentacyclic dodecamer by insertion of one additional silicate unit. At these low temperatures, it slowly underwent an intramolecular condensation and formation of capped double five-ring not leading to Silicalite-1 formation. At room temperature, three pentacyclic dodecamers rapidly condensed into the Silicalite-1 precursor. The involvement of the pentacyclic dodecamer in the self-assembly process offers an explanation for the absence of systematically missing T-sites in colloidal Silicalite-1. New Evidence for Precursor Species in the Formation of MFI Zeolite in the Tetrapropylammonium Hydroxide-Tetraethyl Orthosilicate-Water System CEA Kirschhock SPB Kremer PJ Grobet PA Jacobs JA Martens doi:10.1021/jp015617x J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 106, No. 19. (16 May 2002), pp. 4897-4900. 2007-06-14T05:59:48-00:00 2002 J. Phys. Chem. B 106 19 4897 4900 nanoslabs silica synthesis zeolites http://www.citeulike.org/user/tovrstra/article/1389224 <i>J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 102, No. 15. (9 April 1998), pp. 2633-2639.</i><br /><br />Abstract: A silicalite-1 nanophase material with an elementary particle size of 18-100 nm is synthesized from clear solution and isolated and purified using supercentrifugation. The nanopowder is characterized in detail using scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, attenuated force microscopy, 29Si magic angle spinning NMR, 13C cross polarization magic angle spinning NMR, X-ray diffraction, dinitrogen physisorption, and thermogravimetric analysis and compared with micrometer-sized silicalite-1. The nanosized and micrometer-sized materials have many common properties including the refined structure and the nature and concentrations of tetrapropylammonium species incorporated during the synthesis. Unique properties of the nanophase are a splitting of the characteristic framework vibration at 550 cm-1 into a doublet at 555 and 570 cm-1, a high concentration of defect sites, and a strain in the crystallites along the "a" crystallographic direction. The nanophase exhibits a two-stage dinitrogen physisorption in the low-pressure region, ascribed to adsorptions in micropores created by the stacking of the nanoparticles in addition to adsorptions in the intracrystalline micropores. Physicochemical Characterization of Silicalite-1 Nanophase Material R Ravishankar C Kirschhock BJ Schoeman P Vanoppen PJ Grobet S Storck WF Maier JA Martens FC De Schryver PA Jacobs doi:10.1021/jp973147u J. Phys. Chem. B, Vol. 102, No. 15. (9 April 1998), pp. 2633-2639. 2007-06-14T05:57:14-00:00 1998 J. Phys. Chem. B 102 15 2633 2639 nanoslabs silica synthesis zeolites http://www.citeulike.org/user/tovrstra/article/1769137 <i>Nature, Vol. 382, No. 6592. (1996), pp. 604-606.</i> De novo design of structure-directing agents for the synthesis of microporous solids Dewi Lewis David Willock Catlow John Thomas Graham Hutchings doi:10.1038/382604a0 Nature, Vol. 382, No. 6592. (1996), pp. 604-606. 2007-10-15T06:43:27-00:00 1996 Nature 382 6592 604 606 modeling synthesis templates http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2191333 <i>(26 March 1987)</i><br /><br />For scientists, no event better represents the contest between form and function as the chief organizing principle of life as the debate between Georges Cuvier and Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. This book presents the first comprehensive study of the celebrated French scientific controversy that focused the attention of naturalists in the first decades of the nineteenth century on the conflicting claims of teleology, morphology, and evolution, which ultimately contributed to the making of Darwin's theory. This history describes not only the scientific dimensions of the controversy and its impact on individuals and institutions, but also examines the meaning of the debate for culture and society in the years before Darwin. The Cuvier-Geoffrey Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin (Monographs on the History and Philosophy of Biology) Toby Appel (26 March 1987) 2008-01-03T12:43:42-00:00 1987 Oxford University Press, USA analysis anatomy cuvier geoffroy paris synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2191328 <i>(30 September 1982)</i> The Strategy of Life: Teleology and Mechanics in Nineteenth Century German Biology T Lenoir (30 September 1982) 2008-01-03T12:39:32-00:00 1982 Springer analysis anatomy germany paris synthesis zoology http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2195001 <i>Critical Inquiry, Vol. 19, No. 2. (1993), pp. 256-276.</i> Figures of Arithmetic, Figures of Speech: The Discourse of Statistics in the 1830s Mary Poovey Critical Inquiry, Vol. 19, No. 2. (1993), pp. 256-276. 2008-01-04T16:34:58-00:00 1993 Critical Inquiry 19 2 256 276 analysis mathematics science statistical synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2188471 <i>History of Science, Vol. 32 (June 1994), pp. 111-138.</i><br /><br />Not Available Museological Science? The Place of the Analytical/Comparative in Nineteenth-century Science, Technology and Medicine JV Pickstone History of Science, Vol. 32 (June 1994), pp. 111-138. 2008-01-02T15:24:24-00:00 1994 History of Science 32 111 138 analysis education historiography institution museum pedagogy philosophy synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2191180 <i>(30 September 2007)</i> Styles of Reasoning in the British Life Sciences: Shared Assumptions, 1820-1858 (Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century) James Elwick (30 September 2007) 2008-01-03T11:22:06-00:00 2007 Pickering & Chatto Publishers analysis anatomy biology education london mind museum neurology pedagogy synthesis university zoology http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2188670 <i>History of Science, Vol. 41 (2003), pp. 35-72.</i><br /><br />Not Available Herbert Spencer and the Disunity of the Social Organism J Elwick History of Science, Vol. 41 (2003), pp. 35-72. 2008-01-02T16:38:31-00:00 2003 History of Science 41 35 72 analysis body huxley mind neurology philosophy social spencer synthesis zoology http://www.citeulike.org/user/TomQ/article/2188657 <i>Victorian Studies (2005), pp. 174-187.</i> The Philosophy of Decapitation: Analysis, Biomedical Reform, and Devolution in London's Body Politic, 1830-1850 James Elwick Victorian Studies (2005), pp. 174-187. 2008-01-02T16:34:21-00:00 2005 Victorian Studies 174 187 analysis anatomy government institution mind neurology philosophy synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/tmolinier/article/445974 <i>Image Analysis and Processing, 2003.Proceedings. 12th International Conference on (2003), pp. 146-151.</i><br /><br />This work deals with the view synthesis problem, i.e., how to generate snapshots of a scene taken from a "virtual" viewpoint different from all the viewpoints of the real views. Starting from uncalibrated reference images, the geometry of the scene is recovered by means of the relative affine structure. This information is used to extrapolate novel views using planar warping plus parallax correction. The contributions of this paper are twofold. First we introduce an automatic method for specifying the virtual viewpoint based on the replication of the epipolar geometry linking two reference views. Second, we present a method for generating synthetic views of a soccer ground starting from a single uncalibrated image. Experimental results using real images are shown. View synthesis from uncalibrated images using parallax A Fusiello S Caldrer S Ceglie N Mattern V Murino Image Analysis and Processing, 2003.Proceedings. 12th International Conference on (2003), pp. 146-151. 2005-12-21T09:38:50-00:00 2003 Image Analysis and Processing, 2003.Proceedings. 12th International Conference on 146 151 synthesis uncalibrate http://www.citeulike.org/user/tmolinier/article/439344 <i>(2003), pp. 171-175.</i> Detail synthesis for image-based texturing Ryan Ismert Kavita Bala Donald Greenberg doi:10.1145/641480.641512 (2003), pp. 171-175. 2005-12-16T09:11:41-00:00 2003 171 175 ACM Press synthesis texture http://www.citeulike.org/user/thens/article/336894 <i>(2002), pp. 203-206.</i> Sub-90nm technologies: challenges and opportunities for CAD Tanay Karnik Shekhar Borkar Vivek De doi:10.1145/774572.774602 (2002), pp. 203-206. 2005-09-30T12:51:10-00:00 2002 203 206 ACM Press synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/tauberj/article/1881620 <i>Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 7, No. 6. (December 2003), pp. 734-740.</i><br /><br />Since the discovery of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as DNA mimics in the early 1990s, a tremendous effort has been directed to their application as antisense and antigene probes. With the aim of further enhancing their properties, PNAs have been conjugated to a variety of effector molecules. Among these, small peptide fragments, often derived from functional proteins, are able to convey their specific properties to the conjugate. Synthetic developments towards PNA-peptide conjugates Martijn de Koning Gijs van der Marel Mark Overhand doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2003.10.006 Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, Vol. 7, No. 6. (December 2003), pp. 734-740. 2007-11-07T22:29:07-00:00 2003 Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 7 6 734 740 pna review synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/Sylvain/article/2937450 <i>Journal of the American Voice I/O Society (July 1990)</i><br /><br />Synthesized speech need not be expressionless. By identifying the effects of emotion on speech and choosing an appropriate representation, the generation of affect is possible and can become computational. I describe a program --- the Affect Editor --- which implements an acoustical model of speech and generates synthesizer instructions to produce the desired affect. The authenticity of the affect is limited by synthesizer capabilities and by incomplete descriptions of the acoustical and... The Generation of Affect in Synthesized Speech J Cahn Journal of the American Voice I/O Society (July 1990) 2008-06-27T14:17:23-00:00 1990 Journal of the American Voice I/O Society emotion speech synthesis http://www.citeulike.org/user/stueckle/article/2150813 <i>(1997)</i><br /><br />Our noncausal, nonparametric, multiscale, Markov random field (MRF) model is capable of synthesising and capturing the characteristics of a wide variety of textures, from the highly structured to the stochastic. We use a multiscale synthesis algorithm incorporating local annealing to obtain larger realisations of texture visually indistinguishable from the training texture. 4 Keywords Markov random fields, Nonparametric estimation, Texture synthesis, Multi-resolution, Local annealing. 1 The... Texture synthesis via a noncausal nonparametric multiscale Markov random field R Paget D Longstaff (1997) 2007-12-20T09:38:58-00:00 1997 image mrf prior synthesis texture http://www.citeulike.org/user/stsaft/article/4659 <i>Nature, Vol. 432, No. 7020. (23 December 2004), pp. 1050-1054.</i> Accurate multiplex gene synthesis from programmable DNA microchips Jingdong Tian Hui Gong Nijing Sheng Xiaochuan Zhou Erdogan Gulari Xiaolian Gao George Church doi:10.1038/nature03151 Nature, Vol. 432, No. 7020. (23 December 2004), pp. 1050-1054. 2004-12-23T14:17:35-00:00 2004 Nature 432 7020 1050 1054 biology dna microarrays synthesis synthetic templated http://www.citeulike.org/user/stsaft/article/2875033 <i>Nucleic acids research, Vol. 32, No. 17. (2004), pp. 5011-5018.</i><br /><br />A basic problem in gene synthesis is the acquisition of many short oligonucleotide sequences needed for the assembly of genes. Photolithographic methods for the massively parallel synthesis of high-density oligonucleotide arrays provides a potential source, once appropriate methods have been devised for their elution in forms suitable for enzyme-catalyzed assembly. Here, we describe a method based on the photolithographic synthesis of long (>60mers) single-stranded oligonucleotides, using a modified maskless array synthesizer. Once the covalent bond between the DNA and the glass surface is cleaved, the full-length oligonucleotides are selected and amplified using PCR. After cleavage of flanking primer sites, a population of unique, internal 40mer dsDNA sequences are released and are ready for use in biological applications. Subsequent gene assembly experiments using this DNA pool were performed and were successful in creating longer DNA fragments. This is the first report demonstrating the use of eluted chip oligonucleotides in biological applications such as PCR and assembly PCR. Amplification and assembly of chip-eluted DNA (AACED): a method for high-throughput gene synthesis. KE Richmond MH Li MJ Rodesch M Patel AM Lowe C Kim LL Chu N Venkataramaian SF Flickinger J Kaysen PJ Belshaw MR Sussman F Cerrina Nucleic acids research, Vol. 32, No. 17. (2004), pp. 5011-5018. 2008-06-09T09:09:31-00:00 2004 Nucleic acids research 1362-4962 32 17 5011 5018 microarrays pcr synthesis