Thu, 24 Jul 2008 23:13:16 BST CiteULike: Tag visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/tag/visual-world-paradigm CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/239108 <i>Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 12, No. 2. (April 2005), pp. 276-281.</i> Linguistically Mediated Visual Search: The Critical Role of Speech Rate Bradley Gibson Kathleen Eberhard Ted Bryant Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, Vol. 12, No. 2. (April 2005), pp. 276-281. 2005-06-27T21:17:18-00:00 2005 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1069-9384 12 2 276 281 Psychonomic Society Publications grammatical-number sentence-comprehension spoken-word-recognition visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2667554 <i>Cognition, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof</i><br /><br />Recent studies have shown that listeners use verbs and other predicate terms to anticipate reference to semantic entities during real-time language comprehension. This process involves evaluating the denoted action against relevant properties of potential referents. The current study explored whether action-relevant properties are readily available to comprehension systems as a result of the embodied nature of linguistic and conceptual representations. In three experiments, eye movements were monitored as listeners followed instructions to move depicted objects on a computer screen. Critical instructions contained the verb return (e.g., Now return the block to area 3), which presupposes the previous displacement of its complement object - a property that is not reflected in perceptible or stable characteristics of objects. Experiment 1 demonstrated that predictions for previously displaced objects are generated upon hearing return, ruling out the possibility that anticipatory effects draw directly on static affordances in perceptual symbols. Experiment 2 used a referential communication task to evaluate how communicative relevance constrains the use of perceptually derived information. Results showed that listeners anticipate previously displaced objects as candidates upon hearing return only when their displacement was known to the speaker. Experiment 3 showed that the outcome of the original act of displacement further modulates referential predictions. The results show that the use of perceptually grounded information in language interpretation is subject to communicative constraints, even when language denotes physical actions performed on concrete objects. Perception and presupposition in real-time language comprehension: Insights from anticipatory processing Craig Chambers Valerie Juan doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.009 Cognition, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2008-04-14T12:32:44-00:00 Cognition In Press, Corrected Proof eye-movements sentence-comprehension visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2689192 <i>Cognition (4 April 2008)</i><br /><br />Languages differ in how they encode motion. When describing bounded motion, English speakers typically use verbs that convey information about manner (e.g., slide, skip, walk) rather than path (e.g., approach, ascend), whereas Greek speakers do the opposite. We investigated whether this strong cross-language difference influences how people allocate attention during motion perception. We compared eye movements from Greek and English speakers as they viewed motion events while (a) preparing verbal descriptions or (b) memorizing the events. During the verbal description task, speakers' eyes rapidly focused on the event components typically encoded in their native language, generating significant cross-language differences even during the first second of motion onset. However, when freely inspecting ongoing events, as in the memorization task, people allocated attention similarly regardless of the language they speak. Differences between language groups arose only after the motion stopped, such that participants spontaneously studied those aspects of the scene that their language does not routinely encode in verbs. These findings offer a novel perspective on the relation between language and perceptual/cognitive processes. They indicate that attention allocation during event perception is not affected by the perceiver's native language; effects of language arise only when linguistic forms are recruited to achieve the task, such as when committing facts to memory. Does language guide event perception? Evidence from eye movements. Anna Papafragou Justin Hulbert John Trueswell doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2008.02.007 Cognition (4 April 2008) 2008-04-18T18:44:24-00:00 2008 Cognition 0010-0277 eye-movements linguistic-relativity visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/263741 <i>J Exp Psychol Gen, Vol. 132, No. 2. (June 2003), pp. 202-227.</i><br /><br />The time course of spoken word recognition depends largely on the frequencies of a word and its competitors, or neighbors (similar-sounding words). However, variability in natural lexicons makes systematic analysis of frequency and neighbor similarity difficult. Artificial lexicons were used to achieve precise control over word frequency and phonological similarity. Eye tracking provided time course measures of lexical activation and competition (during spoken instructions to perform visually guided tasks) both during and after word learning, as a function of word frequency, neighbor type, and neighbor frequency. Apparent shifts from holistic to incremental competitor effects were observed in adults and neural network simulations, suggesting such shifts reflect general properties of learning rather than changes in the nature of lexical representations. The time course of spoken word learning and recognition: studies with artificial lexicons. JS Magnuson MK Tanenhaus RN Aslin D Dahan J Exp Psychol Gen, Vol. 132, No. 2. (June 2003), pp. 202-227. 2005-07-24T02:59:29-00:00 2003 J Exp Psychol Gen 0096-3445 132 2 202 227 artificial-grammars eye-movements spoken-word-recognition visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2271020 <i>Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 633-664.</i><br /><br />Two experiments used the head-mounted eye-tracking methodology to examine the time course of lexical activation in the face of a non-phonemic cue, talker variation. We found that lexical competition was attenuated by consistent talker differences between words that would otherwise be lexical competitors. In Experiment 1, some English cohort word-pairs were consistently spoken by a single talker (male couch, male cows), while other word-pairs were spoken by different talkers (male sheep, female sheet). After repeated instances of talker-word pairings, words from different-talker pairs showed smaller proportions of competitor fixations than words from same-talker pairs. In Experiment 2, participants learned to identify black-and-white shapes from novel labels spoken by one of two talkers. All of the 16 novel labels were VCVCV word-forms atypical of, but not phonologically illegal in, English. Again, a word was consistently spoken by one talker, and its cohort or rhyme competitor was consistently spoken either by that same talker (same-talker competitor) or the other talker (different-talker competitor). Targets with different-talker cohorts received greater fixation proportions than targets with same-talker cohorts, while the reverse was true for fixations to cohort competitors; there were fewer erroneous selections of competitor referents for different-talker competitors than same-talker competitors. Overall, these results support a view of the lexicon in which entries contain extra-phonemic information. Extensions of the artificial lexicon paradigm and developmental implications are discussed. Heeding the voice of experience: The role of talker variation in lexical access Sarah Creel Richard Aslin Michael Tanenhaus doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.013 Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 633-664. 2008-01-22T02:03:20-00:00 2008 Cognition 106 2 633 664 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2286583 <i>Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 2. (2008), pp. 1-14.</i><br /><br />Research has shown that the comprehension of definite referring expressions (e.g., <i>the triangle</i>) tends to be faster for <b>given</b> (previously mentioned) referents, compared with new referents. This has been attributed to the presence of given information in the consciousness of discourse participants (e.g., Chafe, 1994) suggesting that given is always more accessible. By contrast, we find a bias toward new referents during the on-line comprehension of the direct object in heavy-NP-shifted word orders, e.g., <i>Put on the star the</i>. … This order tends to be used for new direct objects; canonical unshifted orders are more common with given direct objects. Thus, word order provides probabilistic information about the givenness or newness of the direct object. Results from eyetracking and gating experiments show that the traditional given bias only occurs with unshifted orders; with heavy-NP-shifted orders, comprehenders expect the object to be new, and comprehension for new referents is facilitated. Put in last position something previously unmentioned: Word order effects on referential expectancy and reference comprehension Jennifer Arnold Shin-Yi Lao doi:10.1080/01690960701536805 Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 2. (2008), pp. 1-14. 2008-01-25T01:45:42-00:00 2008 Language and Cognitive Processes 23 2 1 14 Psychology Press eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2295821 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 3. (November 2004), pp. 238-299.</i><br /><br />Two striking contrasts currently exist in the sentence processing literature. First, whereas adult readers rely heavily on lexical information in the generation of syntactic alternatives, adult listeners in world-situated eye-gaze studies appear to allow referential evidence to override strong countervailing lexical biases (Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). Second, in contrast to adults, children in similar listening studies fail to use this referential information and appear to rely exclusively on verb biases or perhaps syntactically based parsing principles ( Trueswell, Sekerina, Hill, & Logrip, 1999). We explore these contrasts by fully crossing verb bias and referential manipulations in a study using the eye-gaze listening technique with adults (Experiment 1) and five-year-olds (Experiment 2). Results indicate that adults combine lexical and referential information to determine syntactic choice. Children rely exclusively on verb bias in their ultimate interpretation. However, their eye movements reveal an emerging sensitivity to referential constraints. The observed changes in information use over ontogenetic time best support a constraint-based lexicalist account of parsing development, which posits that highly reliable cues to structure, like lexical biases, will emerge earlier during development and more robustly than less reliable cues. The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing Jesse Snedeker John Trueswell doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.03.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 3. (November 2004), pp. 238-299. 2008-01-28T02:38:12-00:00 2004 Cognitive Psychology 49 3 238 299 eye-movements grammatical-number visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2242306 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 3. (May 2007), pp. 218-250.</i><br /><br />Many studies have shown evidence for syntactic priming during language production (e.g., Bock, 1986). It is often assumed that comprehension and production share similar mechanisms and that priming also occurs during comprehension (e.g., Pickering & Garrod, 2004). Research investigating priming during comprehension (e.g., Branigan et al., 2005 and Scheepers and Crocker, 2004) has mainly focused on syntactic ambiguities that are very different from the meaning-equivalent structures used in production research. In two experiments, we investigated whether priming during comprehension occurs in ditransitive sentences similar to those used in production research. When the verb was repeated between prime and target, we observed a priming effect similar to that in production. However, we observed no evidence for priming when the verbs were different. Thus, priming during comprehension occurs for very similar structures as priming during production, but in contrast to production, the priming effect is completely lexically dependent. Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension Manabu Arai Roger van Gompel Christoph Scheepers doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.07.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 3. (May 2007), pp. 218-250. 2008-01-17T02:01:42-00:00 2007 Cognitive Psychology 54 3 218 250 eye-movements syntactic-priming syntactic-variation visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2170041 <i>Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof</i><br /><br />This paper reports two experiments designed to investigate whether lexical bias in phonological speech errors is caused by immediate feedback of activation, by self-monitoring of inner speech, or by both. The experiments test a number of predictions derived from a model of self-monitoring of inner speech. This model assumes that, after an error in inner speech, (1) an early interruption of speech may be made when speech was initiated too hastily, (2) the error may be covertly repaired, leading to the correct target, (3) the error may be covertly replaced by another speech error, or (4) an error may go undetected, leading to a completed spoonerism. This model of self-monitoring was supported by the speech errors observed in two SLIP experiments. The pattern of results supports the idea that lexical bias has two sources, immediate feedback of activation and self-monitoring of inner speech. Self-monitoring and feedback: A new attempt to find the main cause of lexical bias in phonological speech errors Sieb Nooteboom Hugo Quene doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.05.003 Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2007-12-26T14:34:13-00:00 Journal of Memory and Language In Press, Corrected Proof lexical-processing methods visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2139239 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 30, No. 2. (March 2004), pp. 498-513.</i><br /><br />The authors used 2 "visual-world" eye-tracking experiments to examine lexical access using Dutch constructions in which the verb did or did not place semantic constraints on its subsequent subject noun phrase. In Experiment 1, fixations to the picture of a cohort competitor (overlapping with the onset of the referent's name, the subject) did not differ from fixations to a distractor in the constraining-verb condition. In Experiment 2, cross-splicing introduced phonetic information that temporarily biased the input toward the cohort competitor. Fixations to the cohort competitor temporarily increased in both the neutral and constraining conditions. These results favor models in which mapping from the input onto meaning is continuous over models in which contextual effects follow access of an initial form-based competitor set. Continuous Mapping From Sound to Meaning in Spoken-Language Comprehension: Immediate Effects of Verb-Based Thematic Constraints Delphine Dahan Michael Tanenhaus Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 30, No. 2. (March 2004), pp. 498-513. 2007-12-18T03:10:57-00:00 2004 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 2 498 513 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/250390 <i>Cognition, Vol. 73, No. 3. (17 December 1999), pp. 247-264.</i><br /><br />Participants' eye movements were recorded as they inspected a semi-realistic visual scene showing a boy, a cake, and various distractor objects. Whilst viewing this scene, they heard sentences such as 'the boy will move the cake' or 'the boy will eat the cake'. The cake was the only edible object portrayed in the scene. In each of two experiments, the onset of saccadic eye movements to the target object (the cake) was significantly later in the move condition than in the eat condition; saccades to the target were launched after the onset of the spoken word cake in the move condition, but before its onset in the eat condition. The results suggest that information at the verb can be used to restrict the domain within the context to which subsequent reference will be made by the (as yet unencountered) post-verbal grammatical object. The data support a hypothesis in which sentence processing is driven by the predictive relationships between verbs, their syntactic arguments, and the real-world contexts in which they occur. Incremental interpretation at verbs: restricting the domain of subsequent reference Gerry Altmann Yuki Kamide doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00059-1 Cognition, Vol. 73, No. 3. (17 December 1999), pp. 247-264. 2005-07-08T23:45:24-00:00 1999 Cognition 73 3 247 264 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2139227 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 1. (January 1974), pp. 84-107.</i> The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language : A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing Roger Cooper doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-X Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 1. (January 1974), pp. 84-107. 2007-12-18T03:03:19-00:00 1974 Cognitive Psychology 6 1 84 107 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2782236 <i>Cognition, Vol. 107, No. 3. (June 2008), pp. 850-903.</i><br /><br />Prior eye-tracking studies of spoken sentence comprehension have found that the presence of two potential referents, e.g., two frogs, can guide listeners toward a Modifier interpretation of Put the frog on the napkin... despite strong lexical biases associated with Put that support a Goal interpretation of the temporary ambiguity (Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M. & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632-1634; Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M. & Logrip, M. L. (1999). The kindergarten-path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition, 73, 89-134). This pattern is not expected under constraint-based parsing theories: cue conflict between the lexical evidence (which supports the Goal analysis) and the visuo-contextual evidence (which supports the Modifier analysis) should result in uncertainty about the intended analysis and partial consideration of the Goal analysis. We reexamined these put studies (Experiment 1) by introducing a response time-constraint and a spatial contrast between competing referents (a frog on a napkin vs. a frog in a bowl). If listeners immediately interpret on the... as the start of a restrictive modifier, then their eye movements should rapidly converge on the intended referent (the frog on something). However, listeners showed this pattern only when the phrase was unambiguously a Modifier (Put the frog that's on the...). Syntactically ambiguous trials resulted in transient consideration of the Competitor animal (the frog in something). A reading study was also run on the same individuals (Experiment 2) and performance was compared between the two experiments. Those individuals who relied heavily on lexical biases to resolve a complement ambiguity in reading (The man heard/realized the story had been...) showed increased sensitivity to both lexical and contextual constraints in the put-task; i.e., increased consideration of the Goal analysis in 1-Referent Scenes, but also adeptness at using spatial constraints of prepositions (in vs. on) to restrict referential alternatives in 2-Referent Scenes. These findings cross-validate visual world and reading methods and support multiple-constraint theories of sentence processing in which individuals differ in their sensitivity to lexical contingencies. Putting lexical constraints in context into the visual-world paradigm Jared Novick Sharon Thompson-Schill John Trueswell doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.011 Cognition, Vol. 107, No. 3. (June 2008), pp. 850-903. 2008-05-10T01:37:03-00:00 2008 Cognition 107 3 850 903 visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/251221 <i>Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. 49, No. 1. (July 2003), pp. 133-156.</i><br /><br />Three eye-tracking experiments using the 'visual-world' paradigm are described that explore the basis by which thematic dependencies can be evaluated in advance of linguistic input that unambiguously signals those dependencies. Following Altmann and Kamide (1999), who found that selectional information conveyed by a verb can be used to anticipate an upcoming Theme, we attempt to draw here a more precise picture of the basis for such anticipatory processing. Our data from two studies in English and one in Japanese suggest that (a) verb-based information is not limited to anticipating the immediately following (grammatical) object, but can also anticipate later occurring objects (e.g., Goals), (b) in combination with information conveyed by the verb, a pre-verbal argument (Agent) can constrain the anticipation of a subsequent Theme, and (c) in a head-final construction such as that typically found in Japanese, both syntactic and semantic constraints extracted from pre-verbal arguments can enable the anticipation, in effect, of a further forthcoming argument in the absence of their head (the verb). We suggest that such processing is the hallmark of an incremental processor that is able to draw on different sources of information (some non-linguistic) at the earliest possible opportunity to establish the fullest possible interpretation of the input at each moment in time. The time-course of prediction in incremental sentence processing: Evidence from anticipatory eye movements Yuki Kamide Gerry Altmann Sarah Haywood doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00023-8 Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. 49, No. 1. (July 2003), pp. 133-156. 2005-07-10T06:31:09-00:00 2003 Journal of Memory and Language 49 1 133 156 eye-movements semantic-organization visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/406701 <i>Cognition, Vol. 71, No. 2. (22 June 1999), pp. 109-147.</i><br /><br />While much work has been done investigating the role of context in the incremental processing of syntactic indeterminacies, relatively little is known about online semantic interpretation. The experiments in this article made use of the eye-tracking paradigm with spoken language and visual contexts in order to examine how, and when listeners make use of contextually-defined contrast in interpreting simple prenominal adjectives. Experiment 1 focused on intersective adjectives. Experiment 1A provided further evidence that intersective adjectives are processed incrementally. Experiment 1B compared response times to follow instructions such as ‘Pick up the blue comb' under conditions where there were two blue objects (e.g. a blue pen and a blue comb), but only one of these objects had a contrasting member in the display. Responses were faster to objects with a contrasting member, establishing that the listeners initially assume a contrastive interpretation for intersective adjectives. Experiments 2 and 3 focused on vague scalar adjectives examining the time course with which listeners establish contrast for scalar adjectives such as tall using information provided by the head noun (e.g. glass) and information provided by the visual context. Use of head-based information was examined by manipulating the typicality of the target object (e.g. whether it was a good or poor example of a tall glass. Use of context-dependent contrast was examined by either having only a single glass in the display (the no contrast condition) or a contrasting object (e.g. a smaller glass). The pattern of results indicated that listeners interpreted the scalar adjective incrementally taking into account context-specific contrast prior to encountering the head. Moreover, the presence of a contrasting object, sharply reduced, and in some conditions completely eliminated, typicality effects. The results suggest a language processing system in which semantic interpretation, as well as syntactic processing, is conducted incrementally, with early integration of contextual information. Achieving incremental semantic interpretation through contextual representation Julie Sedivy Tanenhaus Craig Chambers Gregory Carlson doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00025-6 Cognition, Vol. 71, No. 2. (22 June 1999), pp. 109-147. 2005-11-23T21:19:03-00:00 1999 Cognition 71 2 109 147 eye-movements sentence-comprehension visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2235259 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1. (February 2008), pp. 1-29.</i><br /><br />Metonymic verbs like start or enjoy often occur with artifact-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started the picture) although semantically they require event-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started painting the picture). In case of artifact-denoting objects, the complement is assumed to be type shifted (or coerced) into an event to conform to the verb's semantic restrictions. Psycholinguistic research has provided evidence for this kind of enriched composition: readers experience processing difficulty when faced with metonymic constructions compared to non-metonymic controls. However, slower reading times for metonymic constructions could also be due to competition between multiple interpretations that are being entertained in parallel whenever a metonymic verb is encountered. Using the visual-world paradigm, we devised an experiment which enabled us to determine the time course of metonymic interpretation in relation to non-metonymic controls. The experiment provided evidence in favor of a non-competitive, serial coercion process. Evidence for serial coercion: A time course analysis using the visual-world paradigm Christoph Scheepers Frank Keller Mirella Lapata doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.10.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1. (February 2008), pp. 1-29. 2008-01-15T15:19:12-00:00 2008 Cognitive Psychology 56 1 1 29 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2834982 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. (2006), pp. 481-529.</i><br /><br />Two studies investigated the interaction between utterance and scene processing by monitoring eye movements in agentactionpatient events, while participants listened to related utterances. The aim of Experiment 1 was to determine if and when depicted events are used for thematic role assignment and structural disambiguation of temporarily ambiguous English sentences. Shortly after the verb identified relevant depicted actions, eye movements in the event scenes revealed disambiguation. Experiment 2 investigated the relative importance of linguistic/world knowledge and scene information. When the verb identified either only the stereotypical agent of a (nondepicted) action, or the (nonstereotypical) agent of a depicted action as relevant, verb-based thematic knowledge and depicted action each rapidly influenced comprehension. In contrast, when the verb identified both of these agents as relevant, the gaze pattern suggested a preferred reliance of comprehension on depicted events over stereotypical thematic knowledge for thematic interpretation. We relate our findings to language comprehension and acquisition theories. The Coordinated Interplay of Scene, Utterance, and World Knowledge: Evidence From Eye Tracking Pia Knoeferle Matthew Crocker doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_65 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. (2006), pp. 481-529. 2008-05-26T16:00:00-00:00 2006 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 30 3 481 529 Psychology Press eye-movements models sentence-comprehension visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2827900 <i>Cognition, Vol. 95, No. 3. (April 2005), pp. 237-274.</i><br /><br />Three experiments investigated the use of verb argument structure by tracking participants' eye movements across a set of related pictures as they listened to sentences. The assumption was that listeners would naturally look at relevant pictures as they were mentioned or implied. The primary hypothesis was that a verb would implicitly introduce relevant entities (linguistic arguments) that had not yet been mentioned, and thus a picture corresponding to such an entity would draw anticipatory looks. For example, upon hearing ...mother suggested..., participants would look at a potential recipient of the suggestion. The only explicit task was responding to comprehension questions. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated both the argument structure of the verb and the typicality/co-occurrence frequency of the target argument/adjunct, in order to distinguish between anticipatory looks to arguments specifically and anticipatory looks to pictures that were strongly associated with the verb, but did not have the linguistic status of argument. Experiment 3 manipulated argument status alone. In Experiments 1 and 3, there were more anticipatory looks to potential arguments than to potential adjuncts, beginning about 500 ms after the acoustic onset of the verb. Experiment 2 revealed a main effect of typicality. These findings indicate that both real world knowledge and argument structure guide visual attention within this paradigm, but that argument structure has a privileged status in focusing listener attention on relevant aspects of a visual scene. Visual arguments Julie Boland doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.01.008 Cognition, Vol. 95, No. 3. (April 2005), pp. 237-274. 2008-05-24T15:20:40-00:00 2005 Cognition 95 3 237 274 eye-movements sentence-comprehension visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2784104 <i>Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. F9-F16.</i> Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood Marchman A Virginia Fernald Anne doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. F9-F16. 2008-05-11T10:12:09-00:00 2008 Developmental Science 1363-755X 11 3 F9 F16 Blackwell Publishing grammatical-number visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2844656 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 24. (26 November 2002), pp. 15250-15251.</i><br /><br />10.1073/pnas.262659399 Statistical learning in infants Gerry Altmann doi:10.1073/pnas.262659399 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 24. (26 November 2002), pp. 15250-15251. 2008-05-29T14:38:38-00:00 2002 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99 24 15250 15251 artificial-grammars cross-situational multimodal-processing statistical-learning visual-world-paradigm