CiteULike: acslab's library [51 articles]

What goes around comes around: an analysis of del.icio.us as social space

Kathy Lee — 2006-11-28T15:11:46-00:00

(2006), pp. 191-194.

Encouraging participation in virtual communities

Joon Koh — 2007-02-11T23:29:12-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 50, No. 2. (February 2007), pp. 68-73.

Why we tag: motivations for annotation in mobile and online media

Morgan Ames — 2007-05-05T19:33:04-00:00

(2007), pp. 971-980.

Looking and Weighting in Judgment and Choice,

Douglas Wedell — 2008-05-09T20:25:05-00:00

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 70, No. 1. (April 1997), pp. 41-64.

A sampling model was proposed in which the weight given to a piece of information corresponds to the amount of sampling of that information in either a continuous, discrete or strategic manner. These three sampling processes were related to process tracing measures of initial and additional time per acquisition and frequency of acquisition. The applicability of the sampling model was tested in three experiments in which students uncovered information corresponding to verbal and math aptitude scores of hypothetical applicants and either judged the likelihood of success in a designated major or chose which of a pair of applicants was more likely to succeed in the major. Task focus was manipulated by altering the designated major. In Experiment 1, analysis of judgment data demonstrated large effects of task focus on the weighting of verbal and math scores and corresponding increases in number of acquisitions and time per acquisition on the information receiving more weight. In Experiments 2 and 3, analyses of choice proportions revealed effects of task focus on weight and bias parameters. Looking data in choice provided strong support for two of the stages of processing described by Russo and Leclerc (1994). Initial looks reflected orientation and screening functions and additional looks reflected more evaluative processes. Experiment 3 also explored similarities and differences among groups of participants who were classified as following different identifiable choice strategies.

Adaptationism and Optimality (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Biology)

2008-05-06T16:48:08-00:00

(11 June 2001)

The theory of adaptationism argues that natural selection contains sufficient explanatory power in itself to account for all evolution. However, there are differing views about the efficiency, or optimality, of the adaptation model of explanation. If the adaptationism theory is applied, are energy and resources being used as optimally as possible? Adaptationism and Optimality combines contributions from biologists and philosophers, and offers a systematic treatment of foundational, conceptual, and methodological issues surrounding the theory of adaptationism.

Diagrams in the Mind and in the World: Relations between Internal and External Visualizations

Mary Hegarty — 2007-02-05T03:58:55-00:00

: Diagrammatic Representation and Inference (2004), pp. 1-13.

Connecting Internal and External Representations: Spatial Transformations of Scientific Visualizations

J Trafton — 2008-05-06T16:34:48-00:00

Foundations of Science, Vol. 10, No. 1. (26 March 2005), pp. 89-106.

Many scientific discoveries have depended on external diagrams or visualizations. Many scientists also report to use an internal mental representation or mental imagery to help them solve problems and reason. How do scientists connect these internal and external representations? We examined working scientists as they worked on external scientific visualizations. We coded the number and type of spatial transformations (mental operations that scientists used on internal or external representations or images) and found that there were a very large number of comparisons, either between different visualizations or between a visualization and the scientists’ internal mental representation. We found that when scientists compared visualization to visualization, the comparisons were based primarily on features. However, when scientists compared a visualization to their mental representation, they were attempting to align the two representations. We suggest that this alignment process is how scientists connect internal and external representations.

In-car gps navigation: engagement with and disengagement from the environment

Gilly Leshed — 2008-04-25T22:41:02-00:00

(2008), pp. 1675-1684.

Do visualizations improve synchronous remote collaboration?

Aruna Balakrishnan — 2008-04-25T22:35:52-00:00

(2008), pp. 1227-1236.

Large scale analysis of web revisitation patterns

Eytan Adar — 2008-04-25T22:33:40-00:00

(2008), pp. 1197-1206.

What drives content tagging: the case of photos on Flickr

Oded Nov — 2008-04-18T05:46:10-00:00

(2008), pp. 1097-1100.

What to do when search fails: finding information by association

Duen Chau — 2008-04-25T22:27:41-00:00

(2008), pp. 999-1008.

CiteSense: supporting sensemaking of research literature

Xiaolong Zhang — 2008-04-25T22:22:58-00:00

(2008), pp. 677-680.

Knowledge in the head and on the web: using topic expertise to aid search

Geoffrey Duggan — 2008-04-24T21:49:56-00:00

(2008), pp. 39-48.

The Effects of Averaging Subjective Probability Estimates Between and Within Judges

Dan Ariely — 2008-04-24T21:40:37-00:00

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 6, No. 2. (1 June 2000), pp. 130-147.

The average probability estimate of J > 1 judges is generally better than its components. Two studies test 3 predictions regarding averaging that follow from theorems based on a cognitive model of the judges and idealizations of the judgment situation. Prediction 1 is that the average of conditionally pairwise independent estimates will be highly diagnostic, and Prediction 2 is that the average of dependent estimates (differing only by independent error terms) may be well calibrated. Prediction 3 contrasts between- and within-subject averaging. Results demonstrate the predictions' robustness by showing the extent to which they hold as the information conditions depart from the ideal and as J increases. Practical consequences are that (a) substantial improvement can be obtained with as few as 2–6 judges and (b) the decision maker can estimate the nature of the expected improvement by considering the information conditions.

Confidence in aggregation of expert opinions

David Budescu — 2008-04-24T21:35:56-00:00

Acta Psychologica, Vol. 104, No. 3. (June 2000), pp. 371-398.

We investigate the case of a single decision maker (DM) who obtains probabilistic forecasts regarding the occurrence of a unique target event from J distinct, symmetric, and equally diagnostic expert advisors (judges). The paper begins with a mathematical model of DM's aggregation process of expert opinions, in which confidence in the final aggregate is shown to be inversely related to its perceived variance. As such, confidence is expected to vary as a function of factors such as the number of experts, the total number of cues, the fraction of cues available to each expert, the level of inter-expert overlap in information, and the range of experts' opinions. In the second part of the paper, we present results from two experiments that support the main (ordinal) predictions of the model.

The effects of asymmetry among advisors on the aggregation of their opinions

David Budescu — 2008-04-24T21:31:01-00:00

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 90, No. 1. (January 2003), pp. 178-194.

We investigate the case of a Decision Maker (DM) who obtains probabilistic forecasts regarding the occurrence of a target event from J distinct, asymmetric advisors. In this context, asymmetry is induced by manipulating: (1) amount of information (number of diagnostic cues) available to each advisor and (2) quality (accuracy) of advisors' previous forecasts. Empirical results from two experiments indicate that the DM's final estimate can be described as a weighted average of advisor forecasts, where the weights are sensitive to both sources of asymmetry. This work extends the model derived by Budescu and Rantilla (2000) for the DMs confidence in the aggregate to accommodate advisor asymmetry. As in the symmetric case, the DM's confidence in the weighted average of the forecasts is a function of the number of judges, the total number of cues, the (inferred) inter-judge correlation, and the level of inter-judge overlap in information. The extended model predicts that confidence increases as a function of asymmetry among judges. Empirical results support the main (ordinal) predictions of the model, including the predicted effect of inter-judge asymmetry.

Sequence effects in categorization of simple perceptual stimuli.

N Stewart — 2008-04-22T21:35:39-00:00

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition, Vol. 28, No. 1. (January 2002), pp. 3-11.

Categorization research typically assumes that the cognitive system has access to a (more or less noisy) representation of the absolute magnitudes of the properties of stimuli and that this information is used in reaching a categorization decision. However, research on identification of simple perceptual stimuli suggests that people have very poor representations of absolute magnitude information and that judgments about absolute magnitude are strongly influenced by preceding material. The experiments presented here investigate such sequence effects in categorization tasks. Strong sequence effects were found. Classification of a borderline stimulus was more accurate when preceded by a distant member of the opposite category than by a distant member of the same category. It is argued that this category contrast effect cannot be accounted for by extant exemplar or decision-bound models of categorization. The effect suggests the use of relative magnitude information in categorization. A memory and contrast model illustrates how relative magnitude information may be used in categorization.

Perceptual Separability, Decisional Separability, and the Identification-Speeded Classification Relationship

Todd Maddox — 2008-04-22T21:26:21-00:00

This article is based on a doctoral dissertation submitted to the University of California, Santa Barbara, by W. Todd Maddox. Partial support was provided by National Science Foundation Grants BNS88-19403, DBS92-09411, and SBR-9514331 and by an Arizona State University Faculty-Grant-in-Aid

Learning and Attention in Multidimensional Identification, and Categorization: Separating Low-Level Perceptual Processes and High Level Decisional Processes

Todd Maddox — 2008-04-22T21:23:42-00:00

this article should be addressed to W. Todd Maddox, Department of Psychology, Mezes Hall 330 Mail Code B3800, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 78712. E-mail: maddox@psy.utexas.edu

Information Foraging

Peter Pirolli — 2008-04-18T16:23:09-00:00

Psychological Review, Vol. 106, No. 4. (1 October 1999), pp. 643-675.

Information foraging theory is an approach to understanding how strategies and technologies for information seeking, gathering, and consumption are adapted to the flux of information in the environment. The theory assumes that people, when possible, will modify their strategies or the structure of the environment to maximize their rate of gaining valuable information. The theory is developed by (a) adaptation (rational) analysis of information foraging problems and (b) a detailed process model (adaptive control of thought in information foraging [ACT-IF]). The adaptation analysis develops (a) information patch models, which deal with time allocation and information filtering and enrichment activities in environments in which information is encountered in clusters; (b) information scent models, which address the identification of information value from proximal cues; and (c) information diet models, which address decisions about the selection and pursuit of information items. ACT-IF is instantiated as a production system model of people interacting with complex information technology.

A Computational Theory of Executive Cognitive Processes and Multiple-Task Performance

David Meyer — 2008-04-18T16:15:26-00:00

Psychological Review, Vol. 104, No. 1. (1 January 1997), pp. 3-65.

A new theoretical framework, executive-process interactive control (EPIC), is introduced for characterizing human performance of concurrent perceptual-motor and cognitive tasks. On the basis of EPIC, computational models may be formulated to simulate multiple-task performance under a variety of circumstances. These models account well for reaction-time data from representative situations such as the psychological refractory-period procedure. EPIC's goodness of fit supports several key conclusions: (a) At a cognitive level, people can apply distinct sets of production rules simultaneously for executing the procedures of multiple tasks; (b) people's capacity to process information at “peripheral” perceptual-motor levels is limited; (c) to cope with such limits and to satisfy task priorities, flexible scheduling strategies are used; and (d) these strategies are mediated by executive cognitive processes that coordinate concurrent tasks adaptively.

The Tree of Life: Universal and Cultural Features of Folkbiological Taxonomies and Inductions

Alejandro López — 2008-04-18T16:08:49-00:00

Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 32, No. 3. (April 1997), pp. 251-295.

Two parallel studies were performed with members of very different cultures--industrialized American and traditional Itzaj-Mayan--to investigate potential universal and cultural features of folkbiological taxonomies and inductions. Specifically, we examined how individuals organize natural categories into taxonomies, and whether they readily use these taxonomies to make inductions about those categories. The results of the first study indicate that there is a cultural consensus both among Americans and the Itzaj in their taxonomies of local mammal species, and that these taxonomies resemble and depart from a corresponding scientific taxonomy in similar ways. However, cultural differences are also shown, such as a greater differentiation and more ecological considerations in Itzaj taxonomies. In a second study, Americans and the Itzaj used their taxonomies to guide similarity- and typicality-based inductions. These inductions converge and diverge crossculturally and regarding scientific inductions where their respective taxonomies do. These findings reveal some universal features of folkbiological inductions, but they also reveal some cultural features such as diversity-based inductions among Americans, and ecologically based inductions among the Itzaj. Overall, these studies suggest that while building folkbiological taxonomies and using them for folkbiological inductions is a universal competence of human cognition there are also important cultural constraints on that competence.

Feature centrality and conceptual coherence

Steven Sloman — 2007-08-14T15:21:45-00:00

Cognitive Science, Vol. 22, No. 2. ( 1998), pp. 189-228.

Conceptual features differ in how mentally tranformable they are. A robin that does not eat is harder to imagine than a robin that does not chirp. We argue that features are immutable to the extent that they are central in a network of dependency relations. The immutability of a feature reflects how much the internal structure of a concept depends on that feature; i.e., how much the feature contributes to the concept's coherence. Complementarily, mutability reflects the aspects in which a concept is flexible. We show that features can be reliably ordered according to their mutability using tasks that require people to conceive of objects missing a feature, and that mutability (conceptual centrality) can be distinguished from category centrality and from diagnosticity and salience. We test a model of mutability based on asymmetric, unlabeled, pairwise dependency relations. With no free parameters, the model provides reasonable fits to data. Qualitative tests of the model show that mutability judgments are unaffected by the type of dependency relation and that dependency structure influences judgments of variability.

Resolving the paradox of the active user: stable suboptimal performance in interactive tasks

Wai-Tat Fu — 2008-04-18T16:02:29-00:00

Cognitive Science, Vol. 28, No. 6. ( 2004), pp. 901-935.

This paper brings the intellectual tools of cognitive science to bear on resolving the "paradox of the active user" [Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction, Cambridge, MIT Press, MA, USA]--the persistent use of inefficient procedures in interactive tasks by experienced or even expert users when demonstrably more efficient procedures exist. The goal of this paper is to understand the roots of this paradox by finding regularities in these inefficient procedures. We examine three very different data sets. For each data set, we first satisfy ourselves that the preferred procedures used by some subjects are indeed less efficient than the recommended procedures. We then amass evidence, for each set, and conclude that when a preferred procedure is used instead of a more efficient, recommended procedure, the preferred procedure tends to have two major characteristics: (1) the preferred procedure is a well-practiced, generic procedure that is applicable either within the same task environment in different contexts or across different task environments, and (2) the preferred procedure is composed of interactive components that bring fast, incremental feedback on the external problem states. The support amassed for these characteristics leads to a new understanding of the paradox. In interactive tasks, people are biased towards the use of general procedures that start with interactive actions. These actions require much less cognitive effort as each action results in an immediate change to the external display that, in turn, cues the next action. Unfortunately for the users, the bias to use interactive unit tasks leads to a path that requires more effort in the long run. Our data suggest that interactive behavior is composed of a series of distributed choices; that is, people seldom make a once-and-for-all decision on procedures. This series of biased selection of interactive unit tasks often leads to a stable suboptimal level of performance.

Beneath the Metadata: Some Philosophical Problems with Folksonomy

Elaine Peterson — 2006-11-17T18:08:57-00:00

Dlib Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 11. (November 2006)

Maps of Bounded Rationality: Psychology for Behavioral Economics

Daniel Kahneman — 2006-11-22T18:27:58-00:00

The American Economic Review, Vol. 93, No. 5. (2003), pp. 1449-1475.

Computational models of collective behavior

Robert Goldstone — 2005-08-29T10:04:06-00:00

Trends in Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 9. (September 2005), pp. 424-430.

Computational models of human collective behavior offer promise in providing quantitative and empirically verifiable accounts of how individual decisions lead to the emergence of group-level organizations. Agent-based models (ABMs) describe interactions among individual agents and their environment, and provide a process-oriented alternative to descriptive mathematical models. Recent ABMs provide compelling accounts of group pattern formation, contagion and cooperation, and can be used to predict, manipulate and improve upon collective behavior. ABMs overcome an assumption that underlies much of cognitive science - that the individual is the crucial unit of cognition. The alternative advocated here is that individuals participate in collective organizations that they might not understand or even perceive, and that these organizations affect and are affected by individual behavior.

Folksonomy as a Complex Network

Kaikai Shen — 2005-10-22T10:31:18-00:00

(23 Sep 2005)

Folksonomy is an emerging technology that works to classify the information over WWW through tagging the bookmarks, photos or other web-based contents. It is understood to be organized by every user while not limited to the authors of the contents and the professional editors. This study surveyed the folksonomy as a complex network. The result indicates that the network, which is composed of the tags from the folksonomy, displays both properties of small world and scale-free. However, the statistics only shows a local and static slice of the vast body of folksonomy which is still evolving.

Tagging, communities, vocabulary, evolution

Shilad Sen — 2006-11-28T14:55:38-00:00

Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2006, CSCW '06. 20th anniversary Conference on (2006), pp. 181-190.

A tagging community's vocabulary of tags forms the basis for social navigation and shared expression.We present a user-centric model of vocabulary evolution in tagging communities based on community influence and personal tendency. We evaluate our model in an emergent tagging system by introducing tagging features into the MovieLens recommender system.We explore four tag selection algorithms for displaying tags applied by other community members. We analyze the algorithms 'effect on vocabulary evolution, tag utility, tag adoption, and user satisfaction.

Semiotic dynamics in online social communities

Ciro Cattuto — 2008-04-01T19:22:15-00:00

Eur. Phys. J. C, Vol. 46, No. s02. (2006), pp. 33-37.

A distributed classification paradigm known as collaborative tagging has been successfully deployed in large-scale web applications designed to manage and share diverse online resources. Users of these applications organize resources by associating with them freely chosen text labels, or tags. Here we regard tags as basic dynamical entities and study the semiotic dynamics underlying collaborative tagging. We collect data from a popular system and focus on tags associated with a given resource. We find that the frequencies of tags obey to a generalized Zipf's law and show that a Yule-Simon process with memory can be used to explain the observed frequency distributions in terms of a simple model of user behavior

The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems

Scott Golder — 2005-08-27T17:06:09-00:00

(18 Aug 2005)

Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content. Recently, collaborative tagging has grown in popularity on the web, on sites that allow users to tag bookmarks, photographs and other content. In this paper we analyze the structure of collaborative tagging systems as well as their dynamical aspects. Specifically, we discovered regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given url. We also present a dynamical model of collaborative tagging that predicts these stable patterns and relates them to imitation and shared knowledge.

Sources of structure in sensemaking

Yan Qu — 2008-04-05T20:40:03-00:00

(2005), pp. 1989-1992.

The Relationship Between Memory and Judgment Depends on Whether the Judgment Task is Memory-Based or On-Line

Reid Hastie — 2008-04-04T21:11:47-00:00

Psychological Review, Vol. 93, No. 3. (1 July 1986), pp. 258-268.

Five alternative information processing models that relate memory for evidence to judgments based on the evidence are identified in the current social cognition literature: independent processing, availability, biased retrieval, biased encoding, and incongruity-biased encoding. A distinction between two types of judgment tasks, memory-based versus on-line, is introduced and is related to the five process models. In memory-based tasks where the availability model describes subjects' thinking, direct correlations between memory and judgment measures are obtained. In on-line tasks where any of the remaining four process models may apply, prediction of the memory-judgment relationship is equivocal but usually follows the independence model prediction of zero correlation.

Solving the credit assignment problem: explicit and implicit learning of action sequences with probabilistic outcomes

Wai-Tat Fu — 2008-04-04T18:15:22-00:00

Psychological Research, Vol. 72, No. 3. (19 May 2008), pp. 321-330.

Abstract In most problem-solving activities, feedback is received at the end of an action sequence. This creates a credit-assignment problem where the learner must associate the feedback with earlier actions, and the interdependencies of actions require the learner to remember past choices of actions. In two studies, we investigated the nature of explicit and implicit learning processes in the credit-assignment problem using a probabilistic sequential choice task with and without a secondary memory task. We found that when explicit learning was dominant, learning was faster to select the better option in their first choices than in the last choices. When implicit reinforcement learning was dominant, learning was faster to select the better option in their last choices than in their first choices. Consistent with the probability-learning and sequence-learning literature, the results show that credit assignment involves two processes: an explicit memory encoding process that requires memory rehearsals and an implicit reinforcement-learning process that propagates credits backwards to previous choices.

Model-driven formative evaluation of exploratory search: A study under a sensemaking framework

Yan Qu — 2008-03-20T18:04:59-00:00

Inf. Process. Manage., Vol. 44, No. 2. (March 2008), pp. 534-555.

Supporting insight-based information exploration in intelligence analysis

John Gersh — 2006-10-26T14:54:15-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 63-68.

Clustering versus faceted categories for information exploration

Marti Hearst — 2006-04-05T17:31:32-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 59-61.

Exploring personal information

Edward Cutrell — 2006-10-23T13:23:33-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 50-51.

mSpace: improving information access to multimedia domains with multimodal exploratory search

Schraefel — 2006-07-28T02:23:01-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 47-49.

Exploratory search: from finding to understanding

Gary Marchionini — 2006-05-19T17:34:01-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 41-46.

Introduction

Ryen White — 2006-05-01T00:08:36-00:00

Commun. ACM, Vol. 49, No. 4. (April 2006), pp. 36-39.

Team Cognition in Experienced Command-and-Control Teams

Nancy Cooke — 2008-04-02T20:58:26-00:00

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol. 13, No. 3. (2007), pp. 146-157.

Team cognition in experienced command-and-control teams is examined in an UAV (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle) simulation. Five 3-person teams with experience working together in a command-and-control setting were compared to 10 inexperienced teams. Each team participated in five 40-min missions of a simulation in which interdependent team members control a UAV to take reconnaissance photos. Experienced teams exceeded performance of inexperienced teams, suggesting transfer of previous command-and-control experience. Compared to inexperienced teams, experienced teams had fewer errors on process-related training knowledge, superior team process ratings, and communications containing fewer coordination-related utterances. These findings support the view that team cognition emerges through the interactions of team members, that interactions distinguish high-performing teams from average teams, and that these interactions transfer across different tasks.

Retrieving information from a hierarchical plan.

DW Schneider — 2007-11-21T16:40:00-00:00

J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn, Vol. 33, No. 6. (November 2007), pp. 1076-1091.

Plans give structure to behavior by specifying whether and when different tasks must be performed. However, the structure of behavior need not mirror the structure of the plan. To investigate this idea, the authors studied how plan information is retrieved in the context of a novel sequence-position cuing procedure, wherein subjects memorize two task sequences, then perform trials on which they are randomly cued to perform a task at one of the serial positions in a sequence. Several empirical effects were consistent with retrieval from a hierarchically structured representation (but not a non-hierarchical representation), including large sequence-repetition benefits, position-repetition benefits only for sequence repetitions, and a lack of robust task-repetition benefits. The data were successfully modeled by assuming that retrieval was time-consuming, susceptible to priming, cue-dependent, structurally constrained, and token-specific. In tandem, the empirical data and modeling work provide deeper insight into the representation of and access to information in memory that comprises a plan for guiding behavior.

Limitations of Exemplar Models of Multi-Attribute Probabilistic Inference

Robert Nosofsky — 2008-04-02T20:47:05-00:00

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, Vol. 33, No. 6. (1 November 2007), pp. 999-1019.

Observers were presented with pairs of objects varying along binary-valued attributes and learned to predict which member of each pair had a greater value on a continuously varying criterion variable. The predictions from exemplar models of categorization were contrasted with classic alternative models, including generalized versions of a “take-the-best” model and a weighted-additive model, by testing structures in which interactions between attributes predicted the magnitude of the criterion variable. Under typical training conditions, observers showed little sensitivity to the attribute interactions, thereby challenging the predictions from the exemplar models. In a condition involving highly extended training, observers eventually learned the relations between the attribute interactions and the criterion variable. However, an analysis of the observers' response times for making their paired-comparison decisions also challenged the exemplar model predictions. Instead, it appeared that most observers recoded the interacting attributes into emergent configural cues. They then applied a set of hierarchically organized rules based on the priority of the cues to make their decisions.

Information Presentation Constraints and the Adaptive Decision Maker Hypothesis

Stuart Senter — 2008-04-02T20:44:15-00:00

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, Vol. 25, No. 2. (1 March 1999), pp. 428-446.

Participants examined sets of apartments described along 4 dimensions. Attribute values were manipulated to provide a way to infer strategy from response patterns. Experiment 1 established baseline behavior in unconstrained search, whereas Experiments 2–4 constrained participants to search either by alternative or by dimension. Dimensionwise presentation resulted in higher accuracy and reduced looking times. In 3-alternative choice, there was no evidence that strategy use depended on constraint condition. Evidence for possible strategy differences across constraint conditions was found when either multiple judgments rather than a single choice had to be made or the number of alternatives was increased to 5. These results supported features of the adaptive decision maker hypothesis (J. W. Payne, J. R. Bettman, & E. J. Johnson, 1988) but suggested that strategy use is not always strongly linked to acquisition pattern.

Routine evolution as the microgenetic basis of skill acquisition

P Agre — 2008-04-02T15:13:47-00:00

Proceedings Cognitive Science Conference (1990), pp. 694-701.

Social bookmarking and exploratory search

David Millen — 2007-10-30T17:03:06-00:00

ECSCW 2007 (2007), pp. 21-40.

In this paper, we explore various search tasks that are supported by a social bookmarking service. These bookmarking services hold great potential to powerfully combine personal tagging of information sources with interactive browsing, resulting in better social navigation. While there has been considerable interest in social tagging systems in recent years, little is known about their actual usage. In this paper, we present the results of a field study of a social bookmarking service that has been deployed in a large enterprise. We present new qualitative and quantitative data on how a corporate social tagging system was used, through both event logs (click level analysis) and interviews. We observed three types of search activities: community browsing, personal search, and explicit search. Community browsing was the most frequently used, and confirms the value of the social aspects of the system. We conclude that social bookmarking services support various kinds of exploratory search, and provide better personal bookmark management and enhance social navigation.

Distributed cognition: toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research

James Hollan — 2005-03-23T20:47:54-00:00

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 7, No. 2. (June 2000), pp. 174-196.

A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice

Herbert Simon — 2006-12-15T09:58:58-00:00

The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 69, No. 1. (1955), pp. 99-118.

Introduction, 99.--I. Some general features of rational choice, 100.--II. The essential simplifications, 103.--III. Existence and uniqueness of solutions, 111.--IV. Further comments on dynamics, 113.--V. Conclusion, 114.--Appendix, 115.