Thu, 07 Aug 2008 21:48:31 BST CiteULike: brembs's bodies http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/tag/bodies CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3063116 <i>Bioessays, Vol. 27, No. 3. (2005), 321-330.</i><br /><br />A mechanistic study of consciousness need not be confined to human complexity. Other animals also display key behaviors and responses that have long been intimately tied to the measure of consciousness in humans. Among them are some very well-defined and measurable endpoints: selective attention, sleep and general anesthesia. That these three variables associated with changes in consciousness might exist even in a fruit-fly does not necessarily imply that a fly is "conscious", but it does suggest that some of the problems central to the field of consciousness studies could be investigated in a model organism such as Drosophila melanogaster. Demonstrating suppression of unattended stimuli, which is central to attention studies in humans, is now possible in Drosophila by measuring neural correlates of visual selection. By combining such studies with an eventual understanding of suppression in other arousal states in the fly, such as sleep and general anesthesia, we might be unraveling mechanisms relevant to consciousness as well. (C) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The remote roots of consciousness in fruit-fly selective attention? B van Swinderen Bioessays, Vol. 27, No. 3. (2005), 321-330. 2008-07-30T12:57:58-00:00 2005 Bioessays 27 3 321-330 activity behavior bodies brain drosophila-melanogaster file-import-08-07-30 flight memory mushroom mutants orientation perception sleep visual-attention http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3062450 <i>J. Neurogenet., Vol. 15, No. 3-4. (2001), 205-219.</i><br /><br />The temporal properties of a variety of behavioral traits obey power law distributions, a property often referred to as fractal. We recently showed that the temporal pattern of locomotor activity of the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster follows this distribution. Although an increasing number of such fractal patterns are being discovered, the brain areas and neuronal networks responsible remain unknown. In this study, we show that specifically blocking synapses established by neurons of the Drosophila ellipsoid-body, a substructure of the central complex in the brain, leads to a loss of the fractal properties in the temporal pattern. We conclude that the temporal fractal pattern of locomotor activity is regulated in the ellipsoid-body. The power law distribution for walking-time intervals correlates with the ellipsoid-body in Drosophila JR Martin P Faure R Ernst J. Neurogenet., Vol. 15, No. 3-4. (2001), 205-219. 2008-07-30T12:56:19-00:00 2001 J. Neurogenet. 15 3-4 205-219 animal ants behavior bodies brain central complex expression file-import-08-07-30 fractal insect locomotor locomotor-activity melanogaster model mushroom pattern patterns structure temporal http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3062254 <i>Gene Expr. Patterns, Vol. 3, No. 2. (2003), 237-245.</i><br /><br />The diverse physiological effects of dopamine are mediated by multiple receptor systems. The dDA1 represents one of the Drosophila dopamine receptors that activate the cAMP cascade. To gain insight into the role of dDA1, we generated a polyclonal antibody against the unique sequence in dDA1and investigated dDA1 distribution in the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila melanogaster. In both larval and adult CNS pronounced dDA1 immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil of the mushroom bodies, a brain structure crucial for learning and memory in insects, and four unpaired neurons in each thoracic segment. In addition, the larval abdominal ganglion contained two dDA1 cells in each segment. This expression pattern appeared to be maintained in the condensed adult abdominal ganglion although the precise number and the intensity of staining were somewhat variable. The adult CNS also exhibited intense dDA1 immunoreactivity in the central complex, a structure controlling higher-order motor function, moderate expression in several neurosecretory cells, and weak staining in two unpaired neurons in the mesothoracic neuromere. The dDA1 expression in these areas was only detected in adult, but not in third instar larval CNS. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Expression of a D1 dopamine receptor dDA1/DmDOP1 in the central nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster YC Kim HG Lee CS Seong KA Han Gene Expr. Patterns, Vol. 3, No. 2. (2003), 237-245. 2008-07-30T12:55:41-00:00 2003 Gene Expr. Patterns 3 2 237-245 addiction architecture behavior bodies body brain camp cell central complex control d1 d5 damb dopamine drosophila drug ellipsoid fan-shaped file-import-08-07-30 functional-characterization ganglion immunohistochemistry immunoreactivity learning localization locomotor memory motor mushroom mutants nervous neurosecretory noduli receptor representation short-term-memory system ventral http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3062033 <i>Nature, Vol. 366, No. 6450. (1993), 59-63.</i><br /><br />DURING classical conditioning, animals learn to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful, or unconditioned, stimulus. The unconditioned stimulus is essential for forming associations, and modifications in the processing of the unconditioned stimulus are thought to underlie more complex learning forms1-4. Information on the neuronal representation of the unconditioned stimulus is therefore required for understanding both basic and higher-order features of conditioning. In honeybees, conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex occurs after a single pairing of an odour (conditioned stimulus) with food (unconditioned stimulus)5,6 and shows several higher-order features of conditioning6-8. I report here the identification of an interneuron that mediates the unconditioned stimulus in this associative learning. Its physiology is also compatible with a function in complex forms of associative learning. This neuron provides the first direct access to the cellular mechanisms underlying the reinforcing properties of the unconditioned stimulus pathway. An Identified Neuron Mediates the Unconditioned Stimulus in Associative Olfactory Learning in Honeybees M Hammer Nature, Vol. 366, No. 6450. (1993), 59-63. 2008-07-30T12:55:09-00:00 1993 Nature 366 6450 59-63 apis-mellifera bee bodies brain file-import-08-07-30 gene mushroom mutants term-memory http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3061834 <i>J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., Vol. 186, No. 6. (2000), 557-565.</i><br /><br />Antennal movements of the honey bee can be conditioned operantly under laboratory conditions. Using this behavioural paradigm we have developed a preparation in which the activity of a single antennal muscle has been operantly conditioned. This muscle, the fast flagellum flexor muscle, is innervated by an identified motoneuron whose action potentials correlate 1:1 with the muscle potentials. The activity of the fast flagellum flexor muscle was recorded extracellularly from the scapus of the antenna. The animal was rewarded with a drop of sucrose solution whenever the muscle activity exceeded a defined reward threshold. The reward threshold was one standard deviation above the mean spontaneous frequency prior to conditioning. After ten conditioning trials, the frequency of the muscle potentials had increased significantly compared to the spontaneous frequency. The conditioned changes of frequency were observed for 30 min after conditioning. No significant changes of the frequency were found in the yoke control group. The firing pattern of the muscle potentials did not change significantly after conditioning or feeding. Fixing the antennal joints reduces or abolishes associative operant conditioning. The conditioned changes of the frequency of muscle potentials in the freely moving antenna are directly comparable to the behavioural changes during operant conditioning. Operant conditioning of antennal muscle activity in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) J Erber B Pribbenow J Kisch D Faensen J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol., Vol. 186, No. 6. (2000), 557-565. 2008-07-30T12:54:22-00:00 2000 J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. 186 6 557-565 analog antennal aplysia bee behavior bodies brain correlate dynamics file-import-08-07-30 functional honey identified insects in-vitro learning memory mushroom neural neuron octopamine of operant system http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/3061568 <i>Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Vol. 13, No. 6. (2003), 710-717.</i><br /><br />Learning to anticipate future events on the basis of past experience with the consequences of one's own behavior (operant conditioning) is a simple form of learning that humans share with most other animals, including invertebrates. Three model organisms have recently made significant contributions towards a mechanistic model of operant conditioning, because of their special technical advantages. Research using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster implicated the ignorant gene in operant conditioning in the heat-box, research on the sea slug Aplysia californica contributed a cellular mechanism of behavior selection at a convergence point of operant behavior and reward, and research on the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis elucidated the role of a behavior-initiating neuron in operant conditioning. These insights demonstrate the usefulness of a variety of invertebrate model systems to complement and stimulate research in vertebrates. Operant conditioning in invertebrates B Brembs Current Opinion in Neurobiology, Vol. 13, No. 6. (2003), 710-717. 2008-07-30T12:53:40-00:00 2003 Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13 6 710-717 aerial analog behavior bodies central cyclic-amp drosophila-melanogaster dynamics expression file-import-08-07-30 functional generator in-vitro long-term-memory lymnaea-stagnalis mushroom pattern phosphodiesterase preferential respiratory http://www.citeulike.org/user/brembs/article/1421811 <i>Science, Vol. 316, No. 5833. (29 June 2007), pp. 1901-1904.</i><br /><br />Drosophila melanogaster can make appropriate choices among alternative flight options on the basis of the relative salience of competing visual cues. We show that this choice behavior consists of early and late phases; the former requires activation of the dopaminergic system and mushroom bodies, whereas the latter is independent of these activities. Immunohistological analysis showed that mushroom bodies are densely innervated by dopaminergic axons. Thus, the circuit from the dopamine system to mushroom bodies is crucial for choice behavior in Drosophila. 10.1126/science.1137357 Dopamine-Mushroom Body Circuit Regulates Saliency-Based Decision-Making in Drosophila Ke Zhang Jian Guo Yueqing Peng Wang Xi Aike Guo doi:10.1126/science.1137357 Science, Vol. 316, No. 5833. (29 June 2007), pp. 1901-1904. 2007-06-29T08:23:23-00:00 2007 Science 316 5833 1901 1904 bodies decision-making drosophila learning memory mushroom visual