Sun, 27 Jul 2008 06:19:37 BST CiteULike: briordan's models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/tag/models CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/3006526 <i>Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 39, No. 3. (2008), pp. 379-440.</i> A Maximum Entropy Model of Phonotactics and Phonotactic Learning Bruce Hayes Colin Wilson Linguistic Inquiry, Vol. 39, No. 3. (2008), pp. 379-440. 2008-07-15T17:01:35-00:00 2008 Linguistic Inquiry 39 3 379 440 models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2970193 <i>Science (New York, N.Y.), Vol. 321, No. 5885. (4 July 2008), pp. 48-50.</i> NEUROSCIENCE: Transient Dynamics for Neural Processing. Misha Rabinovich Ramon Huerta Gilles Laurent doi:10.1126/science.1155564 Science (New York, N.Y.), Vol. 321, No. 5885. (4 July 2008), pp. 48-50. 2008-07-07T14:25:03-00:00 2008 Science (New York, N.Y.) 1095-9203 321 5885 48 50 models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2962811 <i>Journal of Computational Neuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 1. (2008), pp. 169-187.</i><br /><br />Abstract  This paper deals with the analytical study of coding a discrete set of categories by a large assembly of neurons. We consider population coding schemes, which can also be seen as instances of exemplar models proposed in the literature to account for phenomena in the psychophysics of categorization. We quantify the coding efficiency by the mutual information between the set of categories and the neural code, and we characterize the properties of the most efficient codes, considering different regimes corresponding essentially to different signal-to-noise ratio. One main outcome is to find that, in a high signal-to-noise ratio limit, the Fisher information at the population level should be the greatest between categories, which is achieved by having many cells with the stimulus-discriminating parts (steepest slope) of their tuning curves placed in the transition regions between categories in stimulus space. We show that these properties are in good agreement with both psychophysical data and with the neurophysiology of the inferotemporal cortex in the monkey, a cortex area known to be specifically involved in classification tasks. Neural coding of categories: information efficiency and optimal population codes Laurent Bonnasse-Gahot Jean-Pierre Nadal doi:10.1007/s10827-007-0071-5 Journal of Computational Neuroscience, Vol. 25, No. 1. (2008), pp. 169-187. 2008-07-04T07:25:17-00:00 2008 Journal of Computational Neuroscience 25 1 169 187 category-learning models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2940436 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3. (1999), pp. 371-414.</i><br /><br />An attractor network was trained to compute from word form to semantic representations that were based on subject-generated features. The model was driven largely by higher-order semantic structure. The network simulated two recent experiments that employed items included in its training set (McRae and Boisvert, 1998). In Simulation 1, short stimulus onset asynchrony priming was demonstrated for semantically similar items. Simulation 2 reproduced subtle effects obtained by varying degree of similarity. Two predictions from the model were then tested on human subjects. In Simulation 3 and Experiment 1, the items from Simulation 1 were reversed, and both the network and subjects showed minimally different priming effects in the two directions. In Experiment 2, consistent with attractor networks but contrary to a key aspect of hierarchical spreading activation accounts priming was determined by featural similarity rather than shared superordinate category. It is concluded that semantic-similarity priming is due to featural overlap that is a natural consequence of distributed representations of word meaning. An attractor model of lexical conceptual processing: simulating semantic priming George Cree Ken Mcrae Chris Mcnorgan doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2303_4 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3. (1999), pp. 371-414. 2008-06-29T00:21:50-00:00 1999 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 23 3 371 414 Psychology Press models semantic-features semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2939092 <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 03. (2008), pp. 321-331.</i><br /><br /><em>Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition</em> proposes a unifying framework for the study of cognitive development that brings together (1) constructivism (which views development as the progressive elaboration of increasingly complex structures), (2) cognitive neuroscience (which aims to understand the neural mechanisms underlying behavior), and (3) computational modeling (which proposes formal and explicit specifications of information processing). The guiding principle of our approach is <em>context dependence</em>, within and (in contrast to Marr [1982]) between levels of organization. We propose that three mechanisms guide the emergence of representations: competition, cooperation, and chronotopy; which themselves allow for two central processes: proactivity and progressive specialization. We suggest that the main outcome of development is partial representations, distributed across distinct functional circuits. This framework is derived by examining development at the level of single neurons, brain systems, and whole organisms. We use the terms <em>encellment</em>, <em>embrainment</em>, and <em>embodiment</em> to describe the higher-level contextual influences that act at each of these levels of organization. To illustrate these mechanisms in operation we provide case studies in early visual perception, infant habituation, phonological development, and object representations in infancy. Three further case studies are concerned with interactions between levels of explanation: social development, atypical development and within that, developmental dyslexia. We conclude that cognitive development arises from a dynamic, contextual change in embodied neural structures leading to partial representations across multiple brain regions and timescales, in response to proactively specified physical and social environment. Pr?cis of Neuroconstructivism: How the Brain Constructs Cognition Sylvain Sirois Michael Spratling Michael Thomas Gert Westermann Denis Mareschal Mark Johnson doi:10.1017/S0140525X0800407X Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 31, No. 03. (2008), pp. 321-331. 2008-06-28T11:41:25-00:00 2008 Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31 03 321 331 models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2915543 <i>(2007), pp. 427-448.</i> Probabilistic topic models Mark Steyvers Tom Griffiths (2007), pp. 427-448. 2008-06-22T21:17:19-00:00 2007 427 448 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models topics-model word-association http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2912046 <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 9, No. 7., pp. 497-479.</i> Neuroimaging: I see what you mean Leonie Welberg doi:10.1038/nrn2448 Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 9, No. 7., pp. 497-479. 2008-06-21T04:49:56-00:00 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 1471-003X 9 7 497 479 Nature Publishing Group distributional-similarity fmri models semantic-organization http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2906345 <i>(in press)</i> Language comprehension is both embodied and symbolic Max Louwerse Patrick Jeuniaux (in press) 2008-06-18T23:11:28-00:00 distributional-similarity lsa models situated-simulation http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2906177 <i>Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (in press)</i> Embodied relations are encoded by language Max Louwerse Psychonomic Bulletin and Review (in press) 2008-06-18T20:43:24-00:00 Psychonomic Bulletin and Review corpus-linguistics distributional-similarity models situated-simulation http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2906123 <i>(1997), 979.</i> Latent Semantic Analysis approaches to categorization Darrell Laham (1997), 979. 2008-06-18T20:10:58-00:00 1997 979 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models semantic-organization http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2899743 <i>International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, Vol. 15, No. 6. (2006), pp. 1021-1039.</i> Cognitively inspired NLP-based knowledge representations: Further explorations of Latent Semantic Analysis Max Louwerse Zhiqiang Cai Xiangen Hu Matthew Ventura Patrick Jeuniaux International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools, Vol. 15, No. 6. (2006), pp. 1021-1039. 2008-06-16T20:15:58-00:00 2006 International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 15 6 1021 1039 distributional-similarity lsa models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2899732 <i>Vol. 41 (2002), pp. 43-84.</i> On the computational basis of learning and cognition: Arguments from LSA Thomas Landauer Vol. 41 (2002), pp. 43-84. 2008-06-16T20:10:07-00:00 2002 41 43 84 Academic Press distributional-similarity lsa models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2899719 <i>(2007), pp. 35-55.</i> Mathematical foundations behind Latent Semantic Analysis Dian Martin Michael Berry (2007), pp. 35-55. 2008-06-16T20:06:37-00:00 2007 35 55 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa machine-learning models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2899710 <i>(2007), pp. 107-120.</i> Symbolic or embodied representations: A case for symbol interdependency Max Louwerse (2007), pp. 107-120. 2008-06-16T20:04:02-00:00 2007 107 120 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models semantic-organization http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2897275 <i>(2003), pp. 1-6.</i> LSA: The first dimension and dimensional weighting Xiangen Hu Zhiqiang Cai D Franceschetti P Penumatsa Arthur Graesser (2003), pp. 1-6. 2008-06-16T00:14:12-00:00 2003 1 6 Cognitive Science Society distributional-similarity lsa models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2897274 <i>(2004), pp. 180-185.</i> NLS: A non-latent similarity algorithm Zhiqiang Cai Danielle Mcnamara Max Louwerse Xiangen Hu MP Rowe Arthur Graesser (2004), pp. 180-185. 2008-06-16T00:11:17-00:00 2004 180 185 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2897271 <i>(2007), pp. 401-425.</i> Strengths, limitations, and extensions of LSA Xiangen Hu Zhiqiang Cai Peter Weimer-Hastings Art Graesser Danielle Mcnamara (2007), pp. 401-425. 2008-06-16T00:04:47-00:00 2007 401 425 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2859915 <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (3 June 2008), 0802485105.</i><br /><br />Categories provide a coarse-grained description of the world. A fundamental question is whether categories simply mirror an underlying structure of nature or instead come from the complex interactions of human beings among themselves and with the environment. Here, we address this question by modeling a population of individuals who co-evolve their own system of symbols and meanings by playing elementary language games. The central result is the emergence of a hierarchical category structure made of two distinct levels: a basic layer, responsible for fine discrimination of the environment, and a shared linguistic layer that groups together perceptions to guarantee communicative success. Remarkably, the number of linguistic categories turns out to be finite and small, as observed in natural languages. 10.1073/pnas.0802485105 Cultural route to the emergence of linguistic categories Andrea Puglisi Andrea Baronchelli Vittorio Loreto doi:10.1073/pnas.0802485105 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (3 June 2008), 0802485105. 2008-06-03T20:48:15-00:00 2008 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 0802485105 language-evolution models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2878318 <i>The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 57, No. 7. (2004), pp. 1153-1171.</i><br /><br />Many models of the processing of printed or spoken words or objects or faces propose that systems of local representations of the forms of such stimulilexiconsexist. This is denied by partisans of the distributed-representation connectionist approach to cognitive modelling. An experimental paradigm of key theoretical importance here is lexical decision and its analogue in the domain of objects, object decision. How does each theoretical camp account for our ability to perform these two tasks? The localists say that the tasks are done by matching or failing to match a stimulus to a local representation in a lexicon. Advocates of distributed representations often do not seek to explain these two tasks; however, when they do, they propose that patterns of activation evoked in a semantic system can be used to discriminate between words and nonwords, or between real objects and false objects. Therefore the distributed-representation account of lexical and object decision tasks predicts that performance on these tasks can never be normal in patients with an impaired semantic system, nor in patients who cannot access semantics normally from the stimulus domain being tested. However, numerous such patients have been reported in the literature, indicating that semantic access is not needed for normal performance on these tasks. Such results support the localist form of modelling rather than the distributed-representation approach. Are there lexicons? Max Coltheart doi:10.1080/02724980443000007 The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, Vol. 57, No. 7. (2004), pp. 1153-1171. 2008-06-09T23:03:04-00:00 2004 The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 57 7 1153 1171 Psychology Press models semantic-degradation semantic-features semantic-organization word-meaning http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2878309 <i>(1999)</i> Knowledge Representation Arthur Markman (1999) 2008-06-09T22:55:03-00:00 1999 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. models semantic-features word-meaning http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2873816 <i>Machine Learning, Vol. 34, No. 1. (1 February 1999), pp. 71-105.</i><br /><br />This paper presents a model-based, unsupervised algorithm for recovering word boundaries in a natural-language text from which they have been deleted. The algorithm is derived from a probability model of the source that generated the text. The fundamental structure of the model is specified abstractly so that the detailed component models of phonology, word-order, and word frequency can be replaced in a modular fashion. The model yields a language-independent, prior probability distribution on all possible sequences of all possible words over a given alphabet, based on the assumption that the input was generated by concatenating words from a fixed but unknown lexicon. The model is unusual in that it treats the generation of a complete corpus, regardless of length, as a single event in the probability space. Accordingly, the algorithm does not estimate a probability distribution on words; instead, it attempts to calculate the prior probabilities of various word sequences that could underlie the observed text. Experiments on phonemic transcripts of spontaneous speech by parents to young children suggest that our algorithm is more effective than other proposed algorithms, at least when utterance boundaries are given and the text includes a substantial number of short utterances. An Efficient, Probabilistically Sound Algorithm for Segmentation and Word Discovery Michael Brent doi:10.1023/A:1007541817488 Machine Learning, Vol. 34, No. 1. (1 February 1999), pp. 71-105. 2008-06-08T18:10:36-00:00 1999 Machine Learning 34 1 71 105 bayesian cross-situational machine-learning models statistical-learning word-meaning http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2873461 <i>Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 287-313.</i><br /><br />Many cognitive psychological studies assume that error probabilities reflect the structure of cognitive representations (e.g., if the representations of two lexical items overlap, they are more likely to interact in a word exchange error than are two lexical items with nonoverlapping representations). However, since errors directly reflect the properties of neurobiological structures and processes, this assumption rests on the correspondence between cognitive and neurobiological elements. Analytical and simulation studies of connectionist networks are used to examine the consequences of different cognitive-neurobiological relationships (e.g., localist vs. distributed representations) for effects of representational structure on error probabilities. The results reveal that such effects are influenced by the nature of the relationship between network and cognitive representations. While errors on localist network representations always reflect the degree to which cognitive representations overlap, distributed representations only do so under specific conditions. Furthermore, the effects of cognitive representational structure on error probabilities are shown to be stronger under localist than under distributed representations. Does like attract like? Exploring the relationship between errors and representational structure in connectionist networks Matthew Goldrick doi:10.1080/02643290701417939 Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 287-313. 2008-06-08T13:08:48-00:00 2008 Cognitive Neuropsychology 25 2 287 313 Psychology Press models semantic-organization http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2873459 <i>Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 136-164.</i><br /><br />In semantic dementia (SD), there is a correlation between performance on semantic tasks such as picture naming and lexical tasks such as reading aloud. However, there have been a few case reports of patients with spared reading despite profound semantic impairment. These reports have sparked an ongoing debate about how the brain processes conceptual versus lexical knowledge. One possibility is that there are two functionally distinct systems in the brainone for semantic and one for lexical processing. Alternatively, there may be a single system involved in both. We present a computational investigation of the role of individual differences in explaining the relationship between naming and reading performance in five SD patients, among whom there are cases of both association and dissociation of deficits. We used a connectionist model where information from different modalities feeds into a single integrative layer. Our simulations successfully produced the overall relationship between reading and naming seen in SD and provided multiple fits for both association and dissociation data, suggesting that a single, cross-modal, integrative system is sufficient for both semantic and lexical tasks and that individual differences among patients are essential in accounting for variability in performance. A single-system account of semantic and lexical deficits in five semantic dementia patients Katia Dilkina James Mcclelland David Plaut doi:10.1080/02643290701723948 Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 136-164. 2008-06-08T13:07:54-00:00 2008 Cognitive Neuropsychology 25 2 136 164 Psychology Press models semantic-organization semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2873456 <i>Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 131-135.</i> Introduction to special issue on computational modelling in cognitive neuropsychology Gary Dell Alfonso Caramazza doi:10.1080/02643290802000683 Cognitive Neuropsychology, Vol. 25, No. 2. (2008), pp. 131-135. 2008-06-08T13:06:24-00:00 2008 Cognitive Neuropsychology 25 2 131 135 Psychology Press models semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2872708 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4. (2008), pp. 771-787.</i><br /><br />Recent challenges to Chomsky's <i>poverty of the stimulus</i> thesis for language acquisition suggest that children's primary data may carry indirect evidence about linguistic constructions despite containing no instances of them. Indirect evidence is claimed to suffice for grammar acquisition, without need for innate knowledge. This article reports experiments based on those of Reali and Christiansen (2005), who demonstrated that a simple bigram language model can induce the correct form of auxiliary inversion in certain complex questions. This article investigates the nature of the indirect evidence that supports this learning, and assesses how reliably it is available. Results confirm the original finding for one specific sentence type but show that the model's success is highly circumscribed. It performs poorly on inversion in related constructions in English and Dutch. Because other, more powerful statistical models have so far been shown to succeed only on the same limited subset of cases as the bigram model, it remains to be seen whether stimulus richness can be substantiated more generally. Bigrams and the Richness of the Stimulus Xuân-Nga Kam Iglika Stoyneshka Lidiya Tornyova Janet Fodor William Sakas doi:10.1080/03640210802067053 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4. (2008), pp. 771-787. 2008-06-07T20:14:50-00:00 2008 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 32 4 771 787 Psychology Press models syntactic-acquisition http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2872697 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4. (2008), pp. 741-754.</i><br /><br />The forms of words as they appear in text and speech are central to theories and models of lexical processing. Nonetheless, current methods for simulating their learning and representation fail to approach the scale and heterogeneity of real wordform lexicons. A connectionist architecture termed the <i>sequence encoder</i> is used to learn nearly 75,000 wordform representations through exposure to strings of stress-marked phonemes or letters. First, the mechanisms and efficacy of the sequence encoder are demonstrated and shown to overcome problems with traditional slot-based codes. Then, two large-scale simulations are reported that learned to represent lexicons of either phonological or orthographic wordforms. In doing so, the models learned the statistics of their lexicons as shown by better processing of well-formed pseudowords as opposed to ill-formed (scrambled) pseudowords, and by accounting for variance in well-formedness ratings. It is discussed how the sequence encoder may be integrated into broader models of lexical processing. Large-Scale Modeling of Wordform Learning and Representation Daragh Sibley Christopher Kello David Plaut Jeffrey Elman doi:10.1080/03640210802066964 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 4. (2008), pp. 741-754. 2008-06-07T20:06:03-00:00 2008 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 32 4 741 754 Psychology Press lexical-processing models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2871221 <i>(2006)</i> Statistical cross-situational learning to build word-to-world mappings Chen Yu Linda Smith (2006) 2008-06-07T12:58:41-00:00 2006 cross-situational models word-learning http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2870242 <i>(2008)</i> How features create knowledge of kinds Shohei Hidaka Linda Smith (2008) 2008-06-06T18:28:40-00:00 2008 models semantic-development semantic-features http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/1084503 <i>Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 2. (April 2006), pp. 101-122.</i><br /><br />We introduce a Bayesian framework for modeling individual differences, in which subjects are assumed to belong to one of a potentially infinite number of groups. In this model, the groups observed in any particular data set are not viewed as a fixed set that fully explains the variation between individuals, but rather as representatives of a latent, arbitrarily rich structure. As more people are seen, and more details about the individual differences are revealed, the number of inferred groups is allowed to grow. We use the Dirichlet process--a distribution widely used in nonparametric Bayesian statistics--to define a prior for the model, allowing us to learn flexible parameter distributions without overfitting the data, or requiring the complex computations typically required for determining the dimensionality of a model. As an initial demonstration of the approach, we present three applications that analyze the individual differences in category learning, choice of publication outlets, and web-browsing behavior. Modeling individual differences using Dirichlet processes Daniel Navarro Thomas Griffiths Mark Steyvers Michael Lee doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2005.11.006 Journal of Mathematical Psychology, Vol. 50, No. 2. (April 2006), pp. 101-122. 2007-02-02T16:03:41-00:00 2006 Journal of Mathematical Psychology 50 2 101 122 bayesian models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2858048 <i>(2006)</i> Nonparametric Bayesian Models of Lexical Acquisition Sharon Goldwater (2006) 2008-06-03T01:35:18-00:00 2006 bayesian models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2853824 <i>(2008)</i> Principles of generalization for learning sequential structure in language Michael Frank D Ichinco Joshua Tenenbaum (2008) 2008-06-01T02:47:26-00:00 2008 artificial-grammars bayesian models syntactic-acquisition http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2834982 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. (2006), pp. 481-529.</i><br /><br />Two studies investigated the interaction between utterance and scene processing by monitoring eye movements in agentactionpatient events, while participants listened to related utterances. The aim of Experiment 1 was to determine if and when depicted events are used for thematic role assignment and structural disambiguation of temporarily ambiguous English sentences. Shortly after the verb identified relevant depicted actions, eye movements in the event scenes revealed disambiguation. Experiment 2 investigated the relative importance of linguistic/world knowledge and scene information. When the verb identified either only the stereotypical agent of a (nondepicted) action, or the (nonstereotypical) agent of a depicted action as relevant, verb-based thematic knowledge and depicted action each rapidly influenced comprehension. In contrast, when the verb identified both of these agents as relevant, the gaze pattern suggested a preferred reliance of comprehension on depicted events over stereotypical thematic knowledge for thematic interpretation. We relate our findings to language comprehension and acquisition theories. The Coordinated Interplay of Scene, Utterance, and World Knowledge: Evidence From Eye Tracking Pia Knoeferle Matthew Crocker doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_65 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 30, No. 3. (2006), pp. 481-529. 2008-05-26T16:00:00-00:00 2006 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 30 3 481 529 Psychology Press eye-movements models sentence-comprehension visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2834681 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4. (2004), pp. 559-588.</i><br /><br />A central issue in bilingual research concerns the extent to which linguistic representations in the two languages are processed independently of each other. This paper reports the results of an empirical study and a model stimulation, which provide evidence for the interactive view, which holds that processing is not independent. Specifically, a reading experiment examined whether morpho-syntactic features associated with lexical representations in a bilinguals' native language, in this case the masculine gender feature associated with the er ending of agentive nouns in German, are automatically activated by the processing of morphologically related representations in their second language, in this case English agentive nouns that end in er. Experimental findings suggest that the GermanEnglish bilinguals have a bias to interpret the referents of such nouns as male relative to English monolinguals. Subsequent computational simulation studies with an interactive activation network confirmed that this effect is due to the influence of the morphosyntactic er representation in the bilingual models that is absent in the monolingual models. The results provide evidence for an interactive view of bilingual memory and processing for language learners of age 8 and above. © 2004 Cognitive Science Society, Inc. All rights reserved. Effects of morphosyntactic gender features in bilingual language processing Matthias Scheutz Kathleen Eberhard doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2804_3 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 28, No. 4. (2004), pp. 559-588. 2008-05-26T14:32:32-00:00 2004 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 28 4 559 588 Psychology Press bilingualism grammatical-gender models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2821824 <i>(2008), pp. 1-20.</i> How many grammars am I holding up? Discovering phonological differences between word classes Adam Albright (2008), pp. 1-20. 2008-05-22T02:56:37-00:00 2008 1 20 Cascadilla Press bayesian mental-lexicon models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2808435 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 137, No. 2. (May 2008), pp. 370-389.</i> A hierarchical process-dissociation model Jeffrey Rouder Jun Lu Richard Morey Dongchu Sun Paul Speckman Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 137, No. 2. (May 2008), pp. 370-389. 2008-05-18T01:17:09-00:00 2008 Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 137 2 370 389 bayesian models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2802158 <i>(submitted)</i> Prior knowledge and exemplar frequency Harlan Harris Gregory Murphy Bob Rehder (submitted) 2008-05-15T17:19:55-00:00 bayesian category-learning models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2792193 <i>Journal of Neurolinguistics, Vol. 21, No. 4. (July 2008), pp. 305-332.</i><br /><br />This study is focused on the development of a model for analyzing electrophysiological data (EEG) utilizing the evoked potentials (ERP) method used in cognitive research. The aim of the model is to overcome several limitations arising from traditional methods of ERP analysis. The model was tested for its ability to distinguish between dyslexic and regular readers. ERP data collected during a typical experiment contain a large amount of information that is not utilized during data analysis. For instance, it is acceptable to define a component such as the P300 according to the peak of a wave based on a few electrodes. Furthermore, this is often accomplished based on the researcher's subjective impression. Information such as the pattern of the wave, its width, rate of ascent, rate of descent, and the impact of the stimulus that evoked it over the entire scalp, is left out. In contrast, the modeling method proposed here considers all available information, utilizing a precise algorithm that allows fully automated analysis. The method produces a typical profile for a given type of subject and can determine for each new subject his/her similarity to that type. The basic idea behind the model is that two subjects exposed to the same task would share certain similarities in their electrophysiological data. However, the latency of this shared similarity might differ from person to person. It is thus possible to take the data from one subject and systematically seek the point of maximal similarity across all electrodes. Consequently, the data matrix of subject A in the area of P300 (e.g., all information on all electrodes between 250 and 350 ms) will be correlated with the data of subject B of the same width, i.e., 100 ms running from 200 ms throughout 400 ms. The correlation between the two matrices is expected to rise as the area of similarity gets closer, and descend once past that point. The size of the maximal correlation indicates the similarity between the two subjects, and its location in time indicates differential latencies. The averaging of data across subjects should be carried out at the points of maximal similarity. In order to demonstrate the power of the method, this study constructed two separate models for a dyslexic and regular reader, respectively. The models were based on ERP data recorded during a lexical decision task. The similarity of each subject to both models was calculated. This method correctly classified 68% of subjects. In addition, the model was able to detect sub-groups within each diagnostic category with distinct behavioral patterns. The correlation-based model: An alternative system for analyzing ERP data in cognitive research Itamar Sela Shlomo Breznitz Zvia Breznitz doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2007.07.003 Journal of Neurolinguistics, Vol. 21, No. 4. (July 2008), pp. 305-332. 2008-05-13T01:30:59-00:00 2008 Journal of Neurolinguistics 21 4 305 332 erps methods models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2784099 <i>Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. 371-389.</i> Critical periods and catastrophic interference effects in the development of self-organizing feature maps Richardson M Fiona Thomas SC Michael doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00682.x Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. 371-389. 2008-05-11T10:12:08-00:00 2008 Developmental Science 1363-755X 11 3 371 389 Blackwell Publishing models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2783277 <i>Journal of Psycholinguistic Research</i><br /><br />Abstract  Skousen’s (1989, Analogical modeling of language, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht) Analogical Model (AM) predicts behavior such as spelling pronunciation by comparing the characteristics of a test item (a given input word) to those of individual exemplars in a data set of previously encountered items. While AM and other exemplar-based models enjoy continuing success in their ability to predict what a participant’s response to a given task will be, it does not yet include a widely tested mechanism for extending its predictions to other measures of interest in psycholinguistics such as response time (RT). This article reports the results of applying a formula derived in Estes (1959, in: Koch, Psychology: A study of a science, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.) for approximating “mean predicted latency” in decision tasks to the alternative responses and their associated probabilities predicted by AM. The model is tested against six sets of data from previously published naming studies. Predicting Naming Latencies with an Analogical Model Steve Chandler doi:10.1007/s10936-008-9070-6 Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2008-05-10T20:40:39-00:00 Journal of Psycholinguistic Research mental-lexicon models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2747304 <i>Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 4. (2008), pp. 583-608.</i><br /><br />Retrieving a word in a sentence requires speakers to overcome syntagmatic, as well as paradigmatic interference. When accessing <i>cat</i> in The cat chased the string, not only are similar competitors such as <i>dog</i> and <i>cap</i> activated, but also other words in the planned sentence, such as <i>chase</i> and <i>string</i>. We hypothesise that both types of interference impact the same stage of lexical access, and review connectionist models of production that use an error-driven learning algorithm to overcome that interference. This learning algorithm creates a mechanism that limits syntagmatic interference, the syntactic traffic cop, a configuration of excitatory and inhibitory connections from syntactic-sequential states to lexical units. We relate the models to word and sentence production data, from both normal and aphasic speakers. Saying the right word at the right time: Syntagmatic and paradigmatic interference in sentence production Gary Dell Gary Oppenheim Audrey Kittredge doi:10.1080/01690960801920735 Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 4. (2008), pp. 583-608. 2008-05-03T00:32:52-00:00 2008 Language and Cognitive Processes 23 4 583 608 Psychology Press models word-association http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2738692 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1. (2008), pp. 184-221.</i><br /><br />Language acquisition may be one of the most difficult tasks that children face during development. They have to segment words from fluent speech, figure out the meanings of these words, and discover the syntactic constraints for joining them together into meaningful sentences. Over the past couple of decades, computational modeling has emerged as a new paradigm for gaining insights into the mechanisms by which children may accomplish these feats. Unfortunately, many of these models assume a computational complexity and linguistic knowledge likely to be beyond the abilities of developing young children. This article shows that, using simple statistical procedures, significant correlations exist between the beginnings and endings of a word and its lexical category in English, Dutch, French, and Japanese. Therefore, phonetic information can contribute to individuating higher level structural properties of these languages. This article also presents a simple 2-layer connectionist model that, once trained with an initial small sample of words labeled for lexical category, can infer the lexical category of a large proportion of novel words using only word-edge phonological information, namely the first and last phoneme of a word. The results suggest that simple procedures combined with phonetic information perceptually available to children provide solid scaffolding for emerging lexical categories in language development. Lexical Categories at the Edge of the Word Luca Onnis Morten Christiansen doi:10.1080/03640210701703691 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1. (2008), pp. 184-221. 2008-04-30T13:50:01-00:00 2008 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 32 1 184 221 Psychology Press models semantic-development http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2738691 <i>Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1. (2008), pp. 155-161.</i><br /><br />Griffiths, Christian, and Kalish (this issue) present an iterative-learning paradigm applying a Bayesian model to understand inductive biases in categorization. The authors argue that the paradigm is useful as an exploratory tool to understand inductive biases in situations where little is known about the task. It is argued that a theory developed <i>only</i> at the computational level is much like a single-bladed knife that is only useful in highly idealized situations. To be useful as a general tool that cuts through the complex fabric of cognition, we need at least two-bladed scissors that combine both computational and psychological constraints to characterize human behavior. To temper its sometimes expansive claims, it is time to show what a Bayesian model <i>cannot</i> explain. Insight as to how human reality may differ from the Bayesian predictions may shed more light on human cognition than the simpler focus on what the Bayesian approach <i>can</i> explain. There remains much to be done in terms of integrating Bayesian approaches and other approaches in modeling human cognition. Is a Single-Bladed Knife Enough to Dissect Human Cognition? Commentary on Griffiths et al. Wai-Tat Fu doi:10.1080/03640210701802113 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal, Vol. 32, No. 1. (2008), pp. 155-161. 2008-04-30T13:48:53-00:00 2008 Cognitive Science: A Multidisciplinary Journal 32 1 155 161 Psychology Press bayesian models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2738651 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 127, No. 2. (June 1998), pp. 107-140.</i> Rules and exemplars in category learning Michael Erickson John Kruschke Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Vol. 127, No. 2. (June 1998), pp. 107-140. 2008-04-30T13:44:42-00:00 1998 Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 127 2 107 140 distributional-similarity models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2710176 <i>(2000), pp. 806-811.</i> The direct route: mediated priming in semantic space Will Lowe Scott Mcdonald (2000), pp. 806-811. 2008-04-23T20:41:29-00:00 2000 806 811 distributional-similarity models semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2691492 <i>Italian Journal of Linguistics (to appear)</i> Concepts and properties in word spaces Marco Baroni Alessandro Lenci Italian Journal of Linguistics (to appear) 2008-04-20T01:24:07-00:00 Italian Journal of Linguistics computational-linguistics distributional-similarity models semantic-measures http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2691041 <i>Computational Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 2. (June 2007), pp. 161-199.</i> Dependency-based construction of semantic space models Sebastian Padó Mirella Lapata doi:10.1162/coli.2007.33.2.161 Computational Linguistics, Vol. 33, No. 2. (June 2007), pp. 161-199. 2008-04-19T18:04:25-00:00 2007 Computational Linguistics 0891-2017 33 2 161 199 MIT Press computational-linguistics distributional-similarity models semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2691039 <i></i> Contextual distinctiveness: A new lexical property computed from large corpora Scott Mcdonald Richard Shillcock 2008-04-19T18:01:50-00:00 contextual-diversity distributional-similarity models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2688421 <i>Psychological Review, Vol. 114, No. 1. (January 2007), pp. 1-37.</i> Representing word meaning and order information in a composite holographic lexicon Michael Jones Douglas Mewhort Psychological Review, Vol. 114, No. 1. (January 2007), pp. 1-37. 2008-04-18T17:18:29-00:00 2007 Psychological Review 114 1 1 37 distributional-similarity models semantic-priming http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2688390 <i></i> Similarity between semantic spaces X Hu Z Cai AC Graesser M Ventura 2008-04-18T17:11:24-00:00 distributional-similarity lsa methods models http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2688379 <i>(2004), pp. 297-302.</i> A computational model of children's semantic memory Guy Denhière Benoît Lemaire (2004), pp. 297-302. 2008-04-18T17:07:38-00:00 2004 297 302 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates distributional-similarity lsa models semantic-development