CiteULike: briordan's visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/tag/visual-world-paradigm CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2784104 <i>Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. F9-F16.</i> Speed of word recognition and vocabulary knowledge in infancy predict cognitive and language outcomes in later childhood Marchman A Virginia Fernald Anne doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00671.x Developmental Science, Vol. 11, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. F9-F16. 2008-05-11T10:12:09-00:00 Developmental Science 1363-755X 11 3 F9 F16 Blackwell Publishing grammatical-number visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2786064 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 34, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. 587-601.</i> Conceptual coherence affects phonological activation of context objects during object naming. Frank Oppermann Jörg Herbert Schriefers Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 34, No. 3. (May 2008), pp. 587-601. 2008-05-12T00:36:28-00:00 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34 3 587 601 semantic-priming visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2782236 <i>Cognition, Vol. 107, No. 3. (June 2008), pp. 850-903.</i><br /><br />Prior eye-tracking studies of spoken sentence comprehension have found that the presence of two potential referents, e.g., two frogs, can guide listeners toward a Modifier interpretation of Put the frog on the napkin... despite strong lexical biases associated with Put that support a Goal interpretation of the temporary ambiguity (Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M. & Sedivy, J. C. (1995). Integration of visual and linguistic information in spoken language comprehension. Science, 268, 1632-1634; Trueswell, J. C., Sekerina, I., Hill, N. M. & Logrip, M. L. (1999). The kindergarten-path effect: Studying on-line sentence processing in young children. Cognition, 73, 89-134). This pattern is not expected under constraint-based parsing theories: cue conflict between the lexical evidence (which supports the Goal analysis) and the visuo-contextual evidence (which supports the Modifier analysis) should result in uncertainty about the intended analysis and partial consideration of the Goal analysis. We reexamined these put studies (Experiment 1) by introducing a response time-constraint and a spatial contrast between competing referents (a frog on a napkin vs. a frog in a bowl). If listeners immediately interpret on the... as the start of a restrictive modifier, then their eye movements should rapidly converge on the intended referent (the frog on something). However, listeners showed this pattern only when the phrase was unambiguously a Modifier (Put the frog that's on the...). Syntactically ambiguous trials resulted in transient consideration of the Competitor animal (the frog in something). A reading study was also run on the same individuals (Experiment 2) and performance was compared between the two experiments. Those individuals who relied heavily on lexical biases to resolve a complement ambiguity in reading (The man heard/realized the story had been...) showed increased sensitivity to both lexical and contextual constraints in the put-task; i.e., increased consideration of the Goal analysis in 1-Referent Scenes, but also adeptness at using spatial constraints of prepositions (in vs. on) to restrict referential alternatives in 2-Referent Scenes. These findings cross-validate visual world and reading methods and support multiple-constraint theories of sentence processing in which individuals differ in their sensitivity to lexical contingencies. Putting lexical constraints in context into the visual-world paradigm Jared Novick Sharon Thompson-Schill John Trueswell doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.011 Cognition, Vol. 107, No. 3. (June 2008), pp. 850-903. 2008-05-10T01:37:03-00:00 Cognition 107 3 850 903 visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2641647 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 2006), pp. 1-14.</i> Eye Movements to Pictures Reveal Transient Semantic Activation During Spoken Word Recognition Eiling Yee Julie Sedivy Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 32, No. 1. (January 2006), pp. 1-14. 2008-04-08T13:54:18-00:00 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32 1 1 14 eye-movements semantic-organization spoken-word-recognition visual-world-paradigm word-association http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2575207 <i></i> The effects of contextual constraints on spoken word recognition in an artificial lexicon Kathleen Pirog Richard Aslin Michael Tanenhaus 2008-03-23T17:37:02-00:00 artificial-grammars cross-situational spoken-word-recognition statistical-learning visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2396494 <i>(2004), pp. 347-386.</i> Now you see it, now you don't: Mediating the mapping between language and the visual world Gerry Altmann Yuki Kamide (2004), pp. 347-386. 2008-02-18T22:05:56-00:00 347 386 Psychology Press eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2295821 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 3. (November 2004), pp. 238-299.</i><br /><br />Two striking contrasts currently exist in the sentence processing literature. First, whereas adult readers rely heavily on lexical information in the generation of syntactic alternatives, adult listeners in world-situated eye-gaze studies appear to allow referential evidence to override strong countervailing lexical biases (Tanenhaus, Spivey-Knowlton, Eberhard, & Sedivy, 1995). Second, in contrast to adults, children in similar listening studies fail to use this referential information and appear to rely exclusively on verb biases or perhaps syntactically based parsing principles ( Trueswell, Sekerina, Hill, & Logrip, 1999). We explore these contrasts by fully crossing verb bias and referential manipulations in a study using the eye-gaze listening technique with adults (Experiment 1) and five-year-olds (Experiment 2). Results indicate that adults combine lexical and referential information to determine syntactic choice. Children rely exclusively on verb bias in their ultimate interpretation. However, their eye movements reveal an emerging sensitivity to referential constraints. The observed changes in information use over ontogenetic time best support a constraint-based lexicalist account of parsing development, which posits that highly reliable cues to structure, like lexical biases, will emerge earlier during development and more robustly than less reliable cues. The developing constraints on parsing decisions: The role of lexical-biases and referential scenes in child and adult sentence processing Jesse Snedeker John Trueswell doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2004.03.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 3. (November 2004), pp. 238-299. 2008-01-28T02:38:12-00:00 Cognitive Psychology 49 3 238 299 eye-movements grammatical-number visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2286583 <i>Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 2. (2008), pp. 1-14.</i><br /><br />Research has shown that the comprehension of definite referring expressions (e.g., <i>the triangle</i>) tends to be faster for <b>given</b> (previously mentioned) referents, compared with new referents. This has been attributed to the presence of given information in the consciousness of discourse participants (e.g., Chafe, 1994) suggesting that given is always more accessible. By contrast, we find a bias toward new referents during the on-line comprehension of the direct object in heavy-NP-shifted word orders, e.g., <i>Put on the star the</i>. … This order tends to be used for new direct objects; canonical unshifted orders are more common with given direct objects. Thus, word order provides probabilistic information about the givenness or newness of the direct object. Results from eyetracking and gating experiments show that the traditional given bias only occurs with unshifted orders; with heavy-NP-shifted orders, comprehenders expect the object to be new, and comprehension for new referents is facilitated. Put in last position something previously unmentioned: Word order effects on referential expectancy and reference comprehension Jennifer Arnold Shin-Yi Lao doi:10.1080/01690960701536805 Language and Cognitive Processes, Vol. 23, No. 2. (2008), pp. 1-14. 2008-01-25T01:45:42-00:00 Language and Cognitive Processes 23 2 1 14 Psychology Press eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2271020 <i>Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 633-664.</i><br /><br />Two experiments used the head-mounted eye-tracking methodology to examine the time course of lexical activation in the face of a non-phonemic cue, talker variation. We found that lexical competition was attenuated by consistent talker differences between words that would otherwise be lexical competitors. In Experiment 1, some English cohort word-pairs were consistently spoken by a single talker (male couch, male cows), while other word-pairs were spoken by different talkers (male sheep, female sheet). After repeated instances of talker-word pairings, words from different-talker pairs showed smaller proportions of competitor fixations than words from same-talker pairs. In Experiment 2, participants learned to identify black-and-white shapes from novel labels spoken by one of two talkers. All of the 16 novel labels were VCVCV word-forms atypical of, but not phonologically illegal in, English. Again, a word was consistently spoken by one talker, and its cohort or rhyme competitor was consistently spoken either by that same talker (same-talker competitor) or the other talker (different-talker competitor). Targets with different-talker cohorts received greater fixation proportions than targets with same-talker cohorts, while the reverse was true for fixations to cohort competitors; there were fewer erroneous selections of competitor referents for different-talker competitors than same-talker competitors. Overall, these results support a view of the lexicon in which entries contain extra-phonemic information. Extensions of the artificial lexicon paradigm and developmental implications are discussed. Heeding the voice of experience: The role of talker variation in lexical access Sarah Creel Richard Aslin Michael Tanenhaus doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.03.013 Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 633-664. 2008-01-22T02:03:20-00:00 Cognition 106 2 633 664 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2242306 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 3. (May 2007), pp. 218-250.</i><br /><br />Many studies have shown evidence for syntactic priming during language production (e.g., Bock, 1986). It is often assumed that comprehension and production share similar mechanisms and that priming also occurs during comprehension (e.g., Pickering & Garrod, 2004). Research investigating priming during comprehension (e.g., Branigan et al., 2005 and Scheepers and Crocker, 2004) has mainly focused on syntactic ambiguities that are very different from the meaning-equivalent structures used in production research. In two experiments, we investigated whether priming during comprehension occurs in ditransitive sentences similar to those used in production research. When the verb was repeated between prime and target, we observed a priming effect similar to that in production. However, we observed no evidence for priming when the verbs were different. Thus, priming during comprehension occurs for very similar structures as priming during production, but in contrast to production, the priming effect is completely lexically dependent. Priming ditransitive structures in comprehension Manabu Arai Roger van Gompel Christoph Scheepers doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.07.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 54, No. 3. (May 2007), pp. 218-250. 2008-01-17T02:01:42-00:00 Cognitive Psychology 54 3 218 250 eye-movements syntactic-priming syntactic-variation visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2235259 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1. (February 2008), pp. 1-29.</i><br /><br />Metonymic verbs like start or enjoy often occur with artifact-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started the picture) although semantically they require event-denoting complements (e.g., The artist started painting the picture). In case of artifact-denoting objects, the complement is assumed to be type shifted (or coerced) into an event to conform to the verb's semantic restrictions. Psycholinguistic research has provided evidence for this kind of enriched composition: readers experience processing difficulty when faced with metonymic constructions compared to non-metonymic controls. However, slower reading times for metonymic constructions could also be due to competition between multiple interpretations that are being entertained in parallel whenever a metonymic verb is encountered. Using the visual-world paradigm, we devised an experiment which enabled us to determine the time course of metonymic interpretation in relation to non-metonymic controls. The experiment provided evidence in favor of a non-competitive, serial coercion process. Evidence for serial coercion: A time course analysis using the visual-world paradigm Christoph Scheepers Frank Keller Mirella Lapata doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2006.10.001 Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 56, No. 1. (February 2008), pp. 1-29. 2008-01-15T15:19:12-00:00 Cognitive Psychology 56 1 1 29 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/251221 <i>Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. 49, No. 1. (July 2003), pp. 133-156.</i><br /><br />Three eye-tracking experiments using the 'visual-world' paradigm are described that explore the basis by which thematic dependencies can be evaluated in advance of linguistic input that unambiguously signals those dependencies. Following Altmann and Kamide (1999), who found that selectional information conveyed by a verb can be used to anticipate an upcoming Theme, we attempt to draw here a more precise picture of the basis for such anticipatory processing. Our data from two studies in English and one in Japanese suggest that (a) verb-based information is not limited to anticipating the immediately following (grammatical) object, but can also anticipate later occurring objects (e.g., Goals), (b) in combination with information conveyed by the verb, a pre-verbal argument (Agent) can constrain the anticipation of a subsequent Theme, and (c) in a head-final construction such as that typically found in Japanese, both syntactic and semantic constraints extracted from pre-verbal arguments can enable the anticipation, in effect, of a further forthcoming argument in the absence of their head (the verb). We suggest that such processing is the hallmark of an incremental processor that is able to draw on different sources of information (some non-linguistic) at the earliest possible opportunity to establish the fullest possible interpretation of the input at each moment in time. The time-course of prediction in incremental sentence processing: Evidence from anticipatory eye movements Yuki Kamide Gerry Altmann Sarah Haywood doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(03)00023-8 Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. 49, No. 1. (July 2003), pp. 133-156. 2005-07-10T06:31:09-00:00 Journal of Memory and Language 49 1 133 156 eye-movements semantic-organization visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2170041 <i>Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof</i><br /><br />This paper reports two experiments designed to investigate whether lexical bias in phonological speech errors is caused by immediate feedback of activation, by self-monitoring of inner speech, or by both. The experiments test a number of predictions derived from a model of self-monitoring of inner speech. This model assumes that, after an error in inner speech, (1) an early interruption of speech may be made when speech was initiated too hastily, (2) the error may be covertly repaired, leading to the correct target, (3) the error may be covertly replaced by another speech error, or (4) an error may go undetected, leading to a completed spoonerism. This model of self-monitoring was supported by the speech errors observed in two SLIP experiments. The pattern of results supports the idea that lexical bias has two sources, immediate feedback of activation and self-monitoring of inner speech. Self-monitoring and feedback: A new attempt to find the main cause of lexical bias in phonological speech errors Sieb Nooteboom Hugo Quene doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.05.003 Journal of Memory and Language, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2007-12-26T14:34:13-00:00 Journal of Memory and Language In Press, Corrected Proof lexical-processing methods visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2139239 <i>Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 30, No. 2. (March 2004), pp. 498-513.</i><br /><br />The authors used 2 "visual-world" eye-tracking experiments to examine lexical access using Dutch constructions in which the verb did or did not place semantic constraints on its subsequent subject noun phrase. In Experiment 1, fixations to the picture of a cohort competitor (overlapping with the onset of the referent's name, the subject) did not differ from fixations to a distractor in the constraining-verb condition. In Experiment 2, cross-splicing introduced phonetic information that temporarily biased the input toward the cohort competitor. Fixations to the cohort competitor temporarily increased in both the neutral and constraining conditions. These results favor models in which mapping from the input onto meaning is continuous over models in which contextual effects follow access of an initial form-based competitor set. Continuous Mapping From Sound to Meaning in Spoken-Language Comprehension: Immediate Effects of Verb-Based Thematic Constraints Delphine Dahan Michael Tanenhaus Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol. 30, No. 2. (March 2004), pp. 498-513. 2007-12-18T03:10:57-00:00 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 2 498 513 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/250390 <i>Cognition, Vol. 73, No. 3. (17 December 1999), pp. 247-264.</i><br /><br />Participants' eye movements were recorded as they inspected a semi-realistic visual scene showing a boy, a cake, and various distractor objects. Whilst viewing this scene, they heard sentences such as 'the boy will move the cake' or 'the boy will eat the cake'. The cake was the only edible object portrayed in the scene. In each of two experiments, the onset of saccadic eye movements to the target object (the cake) was significantly later in the move condition than in the eat condition; saccades to the target were launched after the onset of the spoken word cake in the move condition, but before its onset in the eat condition. The results suggest that information at the verb can be used to restrict the domain within the context to which subsequent reference will be made by the (as yet unencountered) post-verbal grammatical object. The data support a hypothesis in which sentence processing is driven by the predictive relationships between verbs, their syntactic arguments, and the real-world contexts in which they occur. Incremental interpretation at verbs: restricting the domain of subsequent reference Gerry Altmann Yuki Kamide doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(99)00059-1 Cognition, Vol. 73, No. 3. (17 December 1999), pp. 247-264. 2005-07-08T23:45:24-00:00 Cognition 73 3 247 264 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm http://www.citeulike.org/user/briordan/article/2139227 <i>Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 1. (January 1974), pp. 84-107.</i> The control of eye fixation by the meaning of spoken language : A new methodology for the real-time investigation of speech perception, memory, and language processing Roger Cooper doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90005-X Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 6, No. 1. (January 1974), pp. 84-107. 2007-12-18T03:03:19-00:00 Cognitive Psychology 6 1 84 107 eye-movements visual-world-paradigm