Sat, 05 Jul 2008 06:15:28 BST CiteULike: chandrashekar's library [35 articles] http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/621071 <i>Microarchitecture, 1997. Proceedings. Thirtieth Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (1997), pp. 330-335.</i><br /><br />Significant advances have been made in compilation technology for capitalizing on instruction-level parallelism (ILP). The vast majority of ILP compilation research has been conducted in the context of general-purpose computing, and more specifically the SPEC benchmark suite. At the same time, a number of microprocessor architectures have emerged which have VLIW and SIMD structures that are well matched to the needs of the ILP compilers. Most of these processors are targeted at embedded applications such as multimedia and communications, rather than general-purpose systems. Conventional wisdom, and a history of hand optimization of inner-loops, suggests that ILP compilation techniques are well suited to these applications. Unfortunately, there currently exists a gap between the compiler community and embedded applications developers. This paper presents MediaBench, a benchmark suite that has been designed to fill this gap. This suite has been constructed through a three-step process: intuition and market driven initial selection, experimental measurement to establish uniqueness, and integration with system synthesis algorithms to establish usefulness MediaBench: a tool for evaluating and synthesizing multimedia and communications systems Chunho Lee M Potkonjak WH Mangione-Smith Microarchitecture, 1997. Proceedings. Thirtieth Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on (1997), pp. 330-335. 2006-05-10T10:54:33-00:00 1997 Microarchitecture, 1997. Proceedings. Thirtieth Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on 330 335 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/620382 <i>(2002), pp. 73-78.</i> Scratchpad memory: design alternative for cache on-chip memory in embedded systems Rajeshwari Banakar Stefan Steinke Bo-Sik Lee M Balakrishnan Peter Marwedel doi:10.1145/774789.774805 (2002), pp. 73-78. 2006-05-09T11:02:23-00:00 2002 73 78 ACM Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/620380 <i>Trans. on Embedded Computing Sys., Vol. 1, No. 1. (November 2002), pp. 6-26.</i> An optimal memory allocation scheme for scratch-pad-based embedded systems Oren Avissar Rajeev Barua Dave Stewart doi:10.1145/581888.581891 Trans. on Embedded Computing Sys., Vol. 1, No. 1. (November 2002), pp. 6-26. 2006-05-09T10:51:49-00:00 2002 Trans. on Embedded Computing Sys. 1539-9087 1 1 6 26 ACM Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/620310 <i>4th IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characteristics (December 2001), pp. 3-14.</i> MiBench: A free, commercially representative embedded benchmark suite M Guthaus J Ringenberg D Ernst T Austin T Mudge T Brown 4th IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characteristics (December 2001), pp. 3-14. 2006-05-09T09:26:17-00:00 2001 4th IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characteristics 3 14 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/607811 <i>(Jan. 2003)</i> Task graph extraction for embedded system synthesis K Vallerio NK Jha (Jan. 2003) 2006-04-30T12:45:37-00:00 2003 bibtex-import http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/607740 <i>IEEE Des. Test, Vol. 17, No. 2. (April 2000), pp. 74-85.</i> Increasing Energy Efficiency of Embedded Systems by Application-Specific Memory Hierarchy Generation Luca Benini Alberto Macii Enrico Macii Massimo Poncino doi:10.1109/54.844336 IEEE Des. Test, Vol. 17, No. 2. (April 2000), pp. 74-85. 2006-04-30T12:10:48-00:00 2000 IEEE Des. Test 0740-7475 17 2 74 85 IEEE Computer Society Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/607530 <i>(2002), pp. 219-224.</i> Exploiting shared scratch pad memory space in embedded multiprocessor systems Mahmut Kandemir J Ramanujam A Choudhary doi:10.1145/513918.513974 (2002), pp. 219-224. 2006-04-30T10:22:36-00:00 2002 219 224 ACM Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/157516 <i>(2003)</i> Using Formal Techniques to Debug the AMBA System-on-Chip Bus Protocol Abhik Roychoudhury Tulika Mitra SR Karri (2003) 2005-04-10T08:31:10-00:00 2003 IEEE Computer Society no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/149646 <i>Human Neurobiology, Vol. 4 (January 1985), pp. 219-227.</i> Shifts in Selective Visual Attention: Towards the Underlying Neural Circuitry C Koch S Ullman Human Neurobiology, Vol. 4 (January 1985), pp. 219-227. 2005-04-05T12:18:02-00:00 1985 Human Neurobiology 4 219 227 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/149456 <i>IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, Vol. 50, No. 3. (September 2004), pp. 312-322.</i> A new standardized method for objectively measuring video quality MH Pinson S Wolf IEEE Transactions on broadcasting, Vol. 50, No. 3. (September 2004), pp. 312-322. 2005-04-05T06:43:11-00:00 2004 IEEE Transactions on broadcasting 50 3 312 322 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/148880 <i>Vol. 5292 (2004), pp. 272-283.</i><br /><br />We apply a biologically-motivated algorithm that selects visually-salient regions of interest in video streams to multiply-foveated video compression. Regions of high encoding priority are selected based on nonlinear integration of low-level visual cues, mimicking processing in primate occipital and posterior parietal cortex. A dynamic foveation filter then blurs (foveates) every frame, increasingly with distance from high-priority regions. Sixty-three variants of the algorithm with different parameter settings are evaluated against an outdoor video scene, using MPEG-1 and MPEG-4, yielding compression radios of 1.1 to 8.5. Two variants (one with continuously-variable blur proportional to saliency at every pixel, and the other with blur proportional to distance from three independent foveation centers) are validated against eye fixations from 4-6 human observers on 50 video clips (synthetic stimuli, video games, outdoors day and night home video, television newscast, sports, talk-shows, etc). Significant overlap is found between human and algorithmic foveations on every clip with one variant, and on 48 out of 50 clips with the other. Substantial compressed file size reductions by a factor 0.5 on average are obtained for foveated compared to unfoveated clips. These results suggest a general-purpose usefulness of the algorithm in improving compression ratios of unconstrained video. Automatic Attention-Based Prioritization of Unconstrained Video for Compression L Itti Vol. 5292 (2004), pp. 272-283. 2005-04-03T18:47:02-00:00 2004 5292 272 283 bibtex-import http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/148879 <i>(2001), pp. 210-214.</i> A Novel Content-Based Video Streaming Algorithm for Fine Granular Scalable Coding Li Zhao Qi Wang Yuwen He Shiqiang Yang Yuzhuo Zhong (2001), pp. 210-214. 2005-04-03T18:41:29-00:00 2001 210 214 Springer-Verlag no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/148856 <i>The Neuromorphic Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2004)</i><br /><br />Because of its truly interdisciplinary nature benefiting from the latest advances in experimental and computational neuroscience, electrical engineering, control theory, and signal and image processing neuromorphic engineering is a very complex field. This has been one of the leading motivations for the development of a Neuromorphic Vision Toolkit at the iLab of the University of Southern California to provide a set of basic tools that can assist newcomers in the field with the development of new models and systems. More generally, the iLab Neuromorphic Vision C++ Toolkit project aims at developing the next generation of vision algorithms, the architecture of which will closely mimic the neurobiology of the primate brain rather than being specifically developed for a given set of environmental conditions or tasks. To this end, it provides a software foundation that is specifically geared towards the development of neuromorphic models and systems. The iLab Neuromorphic Vision C++ Toolkit: Free tools for the next generation of vision algorithms L Itti The Neuromorphic Engineer, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2004) 2005-04-03T17:31:32-00:00 2004 The Neuromorphic Engineer 1 1 bibtex-import http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/147950 <i>Vision Res, Vol. 45, No. 2. (January 2005), pp. 205-231.</i><br /><br />We propose a computational model for the task-specific guidance of visual attention in real-world scenes. Our model emphasizes four aspects that are important in biological vision: determining task-relevance of an entity, biasing attention for the low-level visual features of desired targets, recognizing these targets using the same low-level features, and incrementally building a visual map of task-relevance at every scene location. Given a task definition in the form of keywords, the model first determines and stores the task-relevant entities in working memory, using prior knowledge stored in long-term memory. It attempts to detect the most relevant entity by biasing its visual attention system with the entity's learned low-level features. It attends to the most salient location in the scene, and attempts to recognize the attended object through hierarchical matching against object representations stored in long-term memory. It updates its working memory with the task-relevance of the recognized entity and updates a topographic task-relevance map with the location and relevance of the recognized entity. The model is tested on three types of tasks: single-target detection in 343 natural and synthetic images, where biasing for the target accelerates target detection over twofold on average; sequential multiple-target detection in 28 natural images, where biasing, recognition, working memory and long term memory contribute to rapidly finding all targets; and learning a map of likely locations of cars from a video clip filmed while driving on a highway. The model's performance on search for single features and feature conjunctions is consistent with existing psychophysical data. These results of our biologically-motivated architecture suggest that the model may provide a reasonable approximation to many brain processes involved in complex task-driven visual behaviors. Modeling the influence of task on attention. V Navalpakkam L Itti doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.07.042 Vision Res, Vol. 45, No. 2. (January 2005), pp. 205-231. 2005-04-03T08:09:54-00:00 2005 Vision Res 0042-6989 45 2 205 231 attention down driven saliency task top visual http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/144304 <i>RFC2733, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2733.html</i> An RTP payload format for generic forward error correction JS Rosenberg RFC2733, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2733.html 2005-04-01T14:37:01-00:00 RFC2733, http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2733.html no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/96710 <i>SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., Vol. 27, No. 2. (April 1997), pp. 24-36.</i> Effective erasure codes for reliable computer communication protocols Luigi Rizzo doi:10.1145/263876.263881 SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., Vol. 27, No. 2. (April 1997), pp. 24-36. 2005-02-16T23:56:07-00:00 1997 SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. 0146-4833 27 2 24 36 ACM Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/144037 <i>(1994), pp. 604-612.</i><br /><br />We introduce a novel approach for sending messages over lossy packet-based networks. The new method, called Priority Encoding Transmission, allows a user to specify a different priority on each segment of the message. Based on the priorities, the sender uses the system to encode the segments into packets for transmission. The system ensures recovery of the segments in order of their priority. The priority of a segment determines the minimum number of packets sufficient to recover the segment. Priority Encoding Transmission Andres Albanese Johannes Blomer Jeff Edmonds Michael Luby Madhu Sudan (1994), pp. 604-612. 2005-04-01T11:03:34-00:00 1994 604 612 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/143633 <i>(December 2004)</i> Live.com liveMedia Library http://www.live.com/liveMedia/ Ross Finlayson (December 2004) 2005-03-31T16:13:58-00:00 2004 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/141980 <i>Proc. 3rd IFIP Workshop on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of ATM Networks (July 1995)</i> Statistical Multiplexing MPEG Video Traffic with FEC MJ Riley BU Kohler IEG Richardson AJ Miller Proc. 3rd IFIP Workshop on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of ATM Networks (July 1995) 2005-03-28T15:46:59-00:00 1995 Proc. 3rd IFIP Workshop on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of ATM Networks error-correction fec mpeg networks http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/141969 <i>(01 February 1997)</i><br /><br />This is a comprehensive introduction to the techniques of digital video for commercial applications. The book includes a discussion of the new and emerging applications of digital video communications, introduces the key systems required to support the technology, and presents new and soon-to-be-realized digital video compression and decoding techniques. The many useful references to important international standards help to make this a valuable reference book. Digital Video Communications (Artech House Telecommunications Library) Martyn Riley Iain Richardson (01 February 1997) 2005-03-28T14:47:21-00:00 1997 Artech House Publishers no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/141751 <i>Artif. Intell., Vol. 78, No. 1-2. (1995), pp. 507-545.</i> Modeling visual attention via selective tuning John Tsotsos Sean Culhane WYK Winky Yuzhong Lai Neal Davis Fernando Nuflo doi:10.1016/0004-3702(95)00025-9 Artif. Intell., Vol. 78, No. 1-2. (1995), pp. 507-545. 2005-03-27T18:06:44-00:00 1995 Artif. Intell. 0004-3702 78 1-2 507 545 Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd. attention saliency visual http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/141654 <i>Cognit Psychol, Vol. 12, No. 1. (January 1980), pp. 97-136.</i> A feature-integration theory of attention. AM Treisman G Gelade Cognit Psychol, Vol. 12, No. 1. (January 1980), pp. 97-136. 2005-03-27T06:52:28-00:00 1980 Cognit Psychol 0010-0285 12 1 97 136 feature-integration http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137157 <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 3. (2001), pp. 194-203.</i><br /><br />Five important trends have emerged from recent work on computational models of focal visual attention that emphasize the bottom-up, image-based control of attentional deployment. First, the perceptual saliency of stimuli critically depends on the surrounding context. Second, a unique saliency map that topographically encodes for stimulus conspicuity over the visual scene has proved to be an efficient and plausible bottom-up control strategy. Third, inhibition of return, the process by which the currently attended location is prevented from being attended again, is a crucial element of attentional deployment. Fourth, attention and eye movements tightly interplay, posing computational challenges with respect to the coordinate system used to control attention. And last, scene understanding and object recognition strongly constrain the selection of attended locations. Insights from these five key areas provide a framework for a computational and neurobiological understanding of visual attention. Computational Modeling of Visual Attention C Koch L Itti Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 3. (2001), pp. 194-203. 2005-03-23T10:07:49-00:00 2001 Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2 3 194 203 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137156 <i>(2000)</i><br /><br />When we observe our visual environment, we do not perceive all its components as being equally interesting. Some objects automatically and effortlessly “pop-out” from their surroundings, that is, they draw our visual attention, in a `bottom-up” manner, towards them. In a first approximation, focal visual attention acts as a rapidly shiftable “spotlight,” which allows only the selected information to reach higher levels of processing and representation. Most models of the bottom-up control of attention are based on the concept of a saliency map, that is, an explicit two-dimensional map that encodes the conspicuity of objects in the visual environment. Competition among neurons in this map gives rise to a single winning location that corresponds to the next attended target. Inhibiting this location automatically allows the system to attend to the next most salient location. A first body of work in this thesis describes a detailed computer implementation of such a scheme, focusing on the problem of combining information across modalities, here orientation, intensity and color information, in a purely stimulus-driven manner. The model is applied to common psychophysical stimuli as well as to very demanding visual search tasks. Its successful performance is used to address the extent to which the primate visual system carries out visual search via one or more such saliency maps and how this can be tested. We next address the question of what happens once our attention is focused onto a restricted part of our visual field. There is mounting experimental evidence that attention is far more sophisticated than a simple feed-forward spatially-selective filtering process. Indeed, visual processing appears to be significantly different inside the attentional spotlight than outside. That is, in addition to its properties as a feed-forward information processing and transmission bottleneck, focal visual attention feeds back and locally modulates, in a “top-down” manner, the visual processing and representation of selected objects. The second body of work presented in this thesis is concerned with a detailed computational model of basic pattern vision in humans and its modulation by top-down attention. We start by acquiring a complete dataset of five different simple psychophysical experiments, including discriminations of contrast, orientation and spatial frequency of simple pattern stimuli by human observers. This experimental dataset places strict constraints on our model of early pattern vision. The model, however, is eventually able to reproduce the entire dataset while assuming plausible neurobiological components. The model is further applied to existing psychophysical data which demonstrates how top-down attention alters performance in these simple psychophysical discrimination experiments. Our model is able to quantitatively account for all observations by assuming that attention strengthens the non-linear cortical interactions among visual neurons. Together, the two aspects of attention studied in this thesis lead us to consider the essential role of non-linear computations in visual processing. We suggest that visual processing, even at its earliest levels, is best characterized not by linear response functions and spatial convolutions, but rather by non-linearly interacting computational devices. Models of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Visual Attention L Itti (2000) 2005-03-23T10:06:36-00:00 2000 atr attention automatic bottom-up eye human modeling movements networks neural psychophysics recognition search spatial target top-down vision visual http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137155 <i>Vision Research, Vol. 40, No. 10-12. (2000), pp. 1489-1506.</i><br /><br />Most models of visual search, whether involving overt eye movements or covert shifts of attention, are based on the concept of a saliency map, that is, an explicit two-dimensional map that encodes the saliency or conspicuity of objects in the visual environment. Competition among neurons in this map gives rise to a single winning location that corresponds to the next attended target. Inhibiting this location automatically allows the system to attend to the next most salient location. We describe a detailed computer implementation of such a scheme, focusing on the problem of combining information across modalities, here orientation, intensity and color information, in a purely stimulus-driven manner. The model is applied to common psychophysical stimuli as well as to a very demanding visual search task. Its successful performance is used to address the extent to which the primate visual system carries out visual search via one or more such saliency maps and how this can be tested. A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention C Koch L Itti Vision Research, Vol. 40, No. 10-12. (2000), pp. 1489-1506. 2005-03-23T10:05:18-00:00 2000 Vision Research 40 10-12 1489 1506 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137154 <i>IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Vol. 20, No. 11. (November 1998), pp. 1254-1259.</i> A Model of Saliency-Based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis Laurent Itti Christof Koch Ernst Niebur doi:10.1109/34.730558 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., Vol. 20, No. 11. (November 1998), pp. 1254-1259. 2005-03-23T10:01:04-00:00 1998 IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 0162-8828 20 11 1254 1259 IEEE Computer Society saliency http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137153 <i>(15 January 1999)</i><br /><br />Compression techniques for digital video are a vital component of all multimedia systems. This book introduces the fundamentals of compression algorithms, including entropy and source encoding, run-length encoding, vector quantization, Huffman codes and DCT. It proceeds with state-of-the-art still image compression with an emphasis on the algorithms used in multimedia systems today, such as JPEG and fractal image compression. A real challenge in terms of runtime performance is digital video, and video compression algorithms including MPEG, Wavelets and H.261 are the topic of an in-depth discussion. The effect of compression algorithms and their parameters on image quality and runtime performance is analyzed, and a number of examples are presented on CD-ROM. Software developers and hardware designers who are interested in digital video integration will greatly benefit from this book which expects from its reader some familiarity with basic mathematical and computing concepts.The book presents the fundamentals of video compression for readers with an engineering or computing background. Video Compression Techniques Wofgang Effelsberg Ralf Steinmetz (15 January 1999) 2005-03-23T09:55:37-00:00 1999 Morgan Kaufmann mpeg99 http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/137151 <i>(11 June 2003)</i> RTP: Audio and Video for the Internet Colin Perkins (11 June 2003) 2005-03-23T09:52:17-00:00 2003 Addison-Wesley Professional rtp03 http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/129564 <i>ITU-R Recommendation 500-5 (1992)</i> Method for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures ITU-R Recommendation 500-5 (1992) 2005-03-16T08:34:45-00:00 1992 ITU-R Recommendation 500-5 itu recommendation http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/80546 <i>Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Image Processing Conference (July 1995), pp. 336-339.</i> Recency effect in the subjective evaluation of digitally-coded television pictures J Aldridge Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Image Processing Conference (July 1995), pp. 336-339. 2005-01-20T00:29:54-00:00 1995 Proceedings of Fifth IEEE International Image Processing Conference 336 339 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/117527 <i></i> A Model of Saliency-Based Visual Attention for Rapid Scene Analysis 2005-03-08T17:56:50-00:00 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/117524 <i>IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 13, No. 10. (Oct 2004), pp. 1304-1318.</i><br /><br />We evaluate the applicability of a biologically-motivated algorithm to select visually-salient regions of interest in video streams for multiply-foveated video compression. Regions are selected based on a nonlinear integration of low-level visual cues, mimicking processing in primate occipital and posterior parietal cortex. A dynamic foveation filter then blurs every frame, increasingly with distance from salient locations. Sixty-three variants of the algorithm (varying number and shape of virtual foveas, maximum blur, and saliency competition) are evaluated against an outdoor video scene, using MPEG-1 and constant-quality MPEG-4 (DivX) encoding. Additional compression radios of 1.1 to 8.5 are achieved by foveation. Two variants of the algorithm are validated against eye fixations recorded from 4-6 human observers on a heterogeneous collection of 50 video clips (over 45,000 frames in total). Significantly higher overlap than expected by chance is found between human and algorithmic foveations. With both variants, foveated clips are on average approximately half the size of unfoveated clips, for both MPEG-1 and MPEG-4. These results suggest a general-purpose usefulness of the algorithm in improving compression ratios of unconstrained video. Automatic Foveation for Video Compression Using a Neurobiological Model of Visual Attention L Itti IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol. 13, No. 10. (Oct 2004), pp. 1304-1318. 2005-03-08T17:46:43-00:00 2004 IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13 10 1304 1318 attention bibtex-import bottom-up compression eye foveated movements saliency video visual http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/115203 <i>Vol. 28, No. 4. (October 1998), pp. 290-301.</i> Error control techniques for interactive low-bit rate video transmission over the Internet Injong Rhee doi:10.1145/285237.285290 Vol. 28, No. 4. (October 1998), pp. 290-301. 2005-03-06T07:17:14-00:00 1998 0146-4833 28 4 290 301 ACM Press no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/115202 <i>(1995), pp. 547-548.</i> PET - priority encoding transmission (video): a new, robust and efficient video broadcast technology Bernd Lamparter Andres Albanese Malik Kalfane Michael Luby doi:10.1145/217279.215322 (1995), pp. 547-548. 2005-03-06T06:52:20-00:00 1995 547 548 ACM Press pet94 http://www.citeulike.org/user/chandrashekar/article/115197 <i>(1994)</i> Video Quality in a Packet Loss Environment Naohisa Ohta (1994) 2005-03-06T06:39:19-00:00 1994 Artech House Publishers no-tag