Sat, 26 Jul 2008 06:07:57 BST CiteULike: dartar's library [298 articles] http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2139935 <i>J. Cell Biol., Vol. 179, No. 6. (17 December 2007), pp. 1091-1092.</i><br /><br />10.1083/jcb.200711140 Show me the data Mike Rossner Heather Van Epps Emma Hill doi:10.1083/jcb.200711140 J. Cell Biol., Vol. 179, No. 6. (17 December 2007), pp. 1091-1092. 2007-12-18T08:22:14-00:00 2007 J. Cell Biol. 179 6 1091 1092 authority citations impact_factor peer_review http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/3034757 <i>Interacting with Computers, Vol. 16, No. 3. (June 2004), pp. 579-610.</i><br /><br />Social interactions in online communities are varied and often complex, as are the communities themselves. The characteristics of the people, the range of purposes they pursue, the type of governance policies they develop, and the design of the software supporting a community, vary from community to community. These characteristics determine a community's sociability. Thus, the availability of powerful analytic tools to help designers understand existing technology-supported social activity online can broaden the spectrum of design knowledge and promote new insights for designing computer applications of this sort. In this paper, we present one such analytic tool--a theoretically-based online community framework (OCF). In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the framework we elaborate on its communication constituent using semiotic theory to help us. This constituent is particularly important in the OCF because it addresses computer-mediated communication between community members, and also communication from interactive software designers to users via the software they design. This latter kind of communication can shape the community's experience to a considerable extent, as our analysis shows. The paper ends with an agenda for future research. A framework for analyzing and understanding online communities Clarisse de Souza Jenny Preece doi:10.1016/j.intcom.2003.12.006 Interacting with Computers, Vol. 16, No. 3. (June 2004), pp. 579-610. 2008-07-22T21:21:03-00:00 2004 Interacting with Computers 16 3 579 610 online_communities http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/472244 <i>Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof</i><br /><br />Online communities are becoming an accepted part of the lives of Internet users, although participation in these communities is dependent on the types of people that form them. Some of the online community's members do not participate, people referred to as lurkers, whereas others who have been in the community for a long time, referred to as elders, participate regularly and support others. Understanding what drives these individuals and how they chose whether or not to participate will lead to online communities that thrive. This paper proposes a conceptual framework to describe what drives such individuals to carry out actions such as posting messages and adding content (level 1), the cognitions they use to determine whether or not to take such actions (level 2) and the means by which they go about carrying out the action in the environment (level 3). Finally, the framework is applied to the problem of encouraging members to participate by discussing the methods by which people can be persuaded to participate by changing the way they interpret their desires and their environment. Increasing participation in online communities: A framework for human-computer interaction Jonathan Bishop doi:10.1016/j.chb.2005.11.004 Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. In Press, Corrected Proof 2006-01-20T11:14:36-00:00 Computers in Human Behavior In Press, Corrected Proof online_communities http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/315625 <i>(2000)</i> Online Communities: Designing Usability and Supporting Socialbilty Jenny Preece (2000) 2005-09-11T05:53:38-00:00 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. online_communities http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/950344 <i>Manage. Sci., Vol. 50, No. 3. (March 2004), pp. 299-308.</i><br /><br />This paper examines search across competing e-commerce sites. By analyzing panel data from over 10,000 Internet households and three commodity-like products (books, compact discs (CDs), and air travel services), we show that the amount of online search is actually quite limited. On average, households visit only 1.2 book sites, 1.3 CD sites, and 1.8 travel sites during a typical active month in each category. Using probabilistic models, we characterize search behavior at the individual level in terms of (1) depth of search, (2) dynamics of search, and (3) activity of search. We model an individual's tendency to search as a logarithmic process, finding that shoppers search across very few sites in a given shopping month. We extend the logarithmic model of search to allow for time-varying dynamics that may cause the consumer to evolve and, perhaps, learn to search over time. We find that for two of the three product categories studied, search propensity does not change from month to month. However, in the third product category we find mild evidence of time-varying dynamics, where search decreases over time from already low levels. Finally, we model the level of a household's shopping activity and integrate it into our model of search. The results suggest that more-active online shoppers tend also to search across more sites. This consumer characteristic largely drives the dynamics of search that can easily be mistaken as increases from experience at the individual level. On the Depth and Dynamics of Online Search Behavior Eric Johnson Wendy Moe Peter Fader Steven Bellman Gerald Lohse doi:10.1287/mnsc.1040.0194 Manage. Sci., Vol. 50, No. 3. (March 2004), pp. 299-308. 2006-11-17T16:36:32-00:00 2004 Manage. Sci. 0025-1909 50 3 299 308 INFORMS search_engines http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/347188 <i>(06 April 2000)</i><br /><br />There's been a marked shift in the philosophy of developing successful Web sites. The technologies (HTML, JavaScript, JavaServer Pages) no longer occupy center stage. Rather, functional objectives and the communities that grow up around them seem to be the main ingredient in Web site success. In her carefully reasoned and well-written <I>Community Building on the Web</I>, Amy Jo Kim explains why communities form and grow. More importantly, she shows (with references to many examples) how you can make your site a catalyst for community growth--and profit in the process. From marketing schemes like Amazon.com's Associates program to The Motley Fool's system of rating members' bulletin-board postings, this book covers all the popular strategies for bringing people in and retaining them.<p> Nine core strategies form the foundation of Kim's recommendations for site builders, serving as the organizational backbone of this book. The strategies generally make sense, and they seem to apply to all kinds of communities, cyber and otherwise. (One advocates the establishment of regular events around which community life can organize itself.) Some parts of Kim's message may seem like common sense, but such a coherent discussion of what defines a community and how it can be made to thrive is still helpful. <p> Read this book to help crystallize your thinking about community building, and to review strategies that work for real sites already. <I>--David Wall</I><p> <B>Topics covered</B>: Strategies for designing Web sites around the needs of particular groups of people, attracting those people to your site, and motivating them to return frequently. Community identification, member profiling, community leadership, and organization (of information, time, and relationships) all receive ample coverage. Community Building on the Web : Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities Amy Kim (06 April 2000) 2005-10-10T20:33:36-00:00 2000 Peachpit Press online_communities http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2359241 <i>Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2007. VAST 2007. IEEE Symposium on (2007), pp. 179-186.</i><br /><br />Wikipedia is a large and rapidly growing Web-based collaborative authoring environment, where anyone on the Internet can create, modify, and delete pages about encyclopedic topics. A remarkable property of some Wikipedia pages is that they are written by up to thousands of authors who may have contradicting opinions. In this paper we show that a visual analysis of the "who revises whom"-network gives deep insight into controversies. We propose a set of analysis and visualization techniques that reveal the dominant authors of a page, the roles they play, and the alters they confront. Thereby we provide tools to understand how Wikipedia authors collaborate in the presence of controversy. Visual Analysis of Controversy in User-generated Encyclopedias Ulrik Brandes Jurgen Lerner doi:10.1109/VAST.2007.4389012 Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2007. VAST 2007. IEEE Symposium on (2007), pp. 179-186. 2008-02-10T09:06:48-00:00 2007 Visual Analytics Science and Technology, 2007. VAST 2007. IEEE Symposium on 179 186 wikipedia http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2733029 <i>(2008), pp. 1037-1040.</i> Lifting the veil: improving accountability and social transparency in Wikipedia with wikidashboard Bongwon Suh Ed Chi Aniket Kittur Bryan Pendleton doi:10.1145/1357054.1357214 (2008), pp. 1037-1040. 2008-04-29T09:12:17-00:00 2008 1037 1040 ACM wikipedia wikis http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/76588 <i>(2004), pp. 575-582.</i> Studying cooperation and conflict between authors with history flow visualizations Fernanda Viégas Martin Wattenberg Kushal Dave doi:10.1145/985692.985765 (2004), pp. 575-582. 2005-01-13T06:46:06-00:00 2004 575 582 ACM Press wikipedia wikis http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1339053 <i>Software Process Change (2006), pp. 286-293.</i><br /><br />We present an agent-based simulation model of open source software (OSS). To our knowledge, this is the first model of OSS evolution that includes four significant factors: productivity limited by the complexity of software modules, the software’s fitness for purpose, the motivation of developers, and the role of users in defining requirements. The model was evaluated by comparing the simulated results against four measures of software evolution (system size, proportion of highly complex modules, level of complexity control work, and distribution of changes) for four large OSS systems. The simulated results resembled all the observed data, including alternating periods of growth and stagnation. The fidelity of the model suggests that the factors included here have significant effects on the evolution of OSS systems. Keywords: simulation models, software process, open source software, software evolution. Users and Developers: An Agent-Based Simulation of Open Source Software Evolution Neil Smith Andrea Capiluppi Juan Fernández-Ramil doi:10.1007/11754305_31 Software Process Change (2006), pp. 286-293. 2007-05-28T18:01:15-00:00 2006 Software Process Change 286 293 opensource simfloss http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2964436 <i>Software Process: Improvement and Practice, Vol. 11, No. 4. (2006), pp. 423-434.</i><br /><br />We present an agent-based simulation model developed to study how size, complexity and effort relate to each other in the development of open source software (OSS). In the model, many developer agents generate, extend, and re-factor code modules independently and in parallel. This accords with empirical observations of OSS development. To our knowledge, this is the first model of OSS evolution that includes the complexity of software modules as a limiting factor in productivity, the fitness of the software to its requirements, and the motivation of developers.Validation of the model was done by comparing the simulated results against four measures of software evolution (system size, proportion of highly complex modules, level of complexity control work, and distribution of changes) for four large OSS systems. The simulated results resembled the observed data, except for system size: three of the OSS systems showed alternating patterns of super-linear and sub-linear growth, while the simulations produced only super-linear growth. However, the fidelity of the model for the other measures suggests that developer motivation and the limiting effect of complexity on productivity have a significant effect on the development of OSS systems and should be considered in any model of OSS development. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Agent-based simulation of open source evolution Neil Smith Andrea Capiluppi Juan Fernández-Ramil doi:10.1002/spip.280 Software Process: Improvement and Practice, Vol. 11, No. 4. (2006), pp. 423-434. 2008-07-04T13:51:16-00:00 2006 Software Process: Improvement and Practice 11 4 423 434 opensource simfloss http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2937691 <i>Open Source Systems (2006), pp. 21-32.</i><br /><br />The goal of this paper is to document the evolution of a portfolio of related open source communities over time. As a case study, we explore the subprojects of the Apache project, one of the largest and most visible open source projects. We extract the community structure from the mailing list data, and study how the subcommunities evolve, and are interrelated over time. Our analysis leads us to propose the following hypotheses about the growth of open source communities: (1) communities add new developers by a process of preferential attachment; (2) links between existing communities are also subject to preferential attachment; (3) developers will migrate between communities together with other collaborators; and (4) information flow follows project dependencies. In particular, we are concerned with the underlying factors that motivate the migration between communities, such as information flow, co-worker ties, and project dependencies. Evolution of Open Source Communities Michael Weiss Gabriella Moroiu Ping Zhao doi:10.1007/0-387-34226-5_3 Open Source Systems (2006), pp. 21-32. 2008-06-27T16:16:01-00:00 2006 Open Source Systems 21 32 opensource simfloss http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2902403 <i>Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2. (25 June 2006), pp. 125-154.</i><br /><br />Abstract  Recent findings in cognitive science suggest that the epistemic subject is more complex and epistemically porous than is generally pictured. Human knowers are open to the world via multiple channels, each operating for particular purposes and according to its own logic. These findings need to be understood and addressed by the philosophical community. The current essay argues that one consequence of the new findings is to invalidate certain arguments for epistemic anti-realism. Cognitive science and epistemic openness Michael Anderson doi:10.1007/s11097-005-9008-5 Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 2. (25 June 2006), pp. 125-154. 2008-06-17T12:45:22-00:00 2006 Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5 2 125 154 cognitive_architecture folk_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2902402 <i>Philosophical Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2. (2007), pp. 143-174.</i><br /><br />This essay introduces the massive redeployment hypothesis, an account of the functional organization of the brain that centrally features the fact that brain areas are typically employed to support numerous functions. The central contribution of the essay is to outline a middle course between strict localization on the one hand, and holism on the other, in such a way as to account for the supporting data on both sides of the argument. The massive redeployment hypothesis is supported by case studies of redeployment, and compared and contrasted with other theories of the localization of function. The Massive Redeployment Hypothesis and the Functional Topography of the Brain Michael Anderson doi:10.1080/09515080701197163 Philosophical Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2. (2007), pp. 143-174. 2008-06-17T12:45:04-00:00 2007 Philosophical Psychology 20 2 143 174 Routledge cognitive_architecture http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2846999 <i>Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 1. (July 2008), pp. 222-231.</i><br /><br />Observations and experiments show that human adults preferentially share resources with close relations, with people who have shared with them (reciprocity), and with people who have shared with others (indirect reciprocity). These tendencies are consistent with evolutionary theory but could also reflect the shaping effects of experience or instruction in complex, cooperative, and competitive societies. Here, we report evidence for these three tendencies in 3.5-year-old children, despite their limited experience with complex cooperative networks. Three pillars of mature cooperative behavior therefore appear to have roots extending deep into human development. Foundations of cooperation in young children Kristina Olson Elizabeth Spelke doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.003 Cognition, Vol. 108, No. 1. (July 2008), pp. 222-231. 2008-05-30T10:23:03-00:00 2008 Cognition 108 1 222 231 cooperation dev_psy folk_epistemology social_cognition http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1841053 <i>Pragmatics & Cognition, Vol. 14, No. 2. (2006), pp. 387-409.</i><br /><br />I analyse the impact of search engines on our cognitive and epistemic practices. For that purpose, I describe the processes of assessment of documents on the Web as relying on distributed cognition. Search engines together with Web users, are distributed assessment systems whose task is to enable efficient allocation of cognitive resources of those who use search engines. Specifying the cognitive function of search engines within these distributed assessment systems allows interpreting anew the changes that have been caused by search engine technologies. I describe search engines as implementing reputation systems and point out the similarities with other reputation systems. I thus call attention to the continuity in the distributed cognitive processes that determine the allocation of cognitive resources for information gathering from others. Web search engines and distributed assessment systems Christophe Heintz doi:10.1075/pc.14.2.15hei Pragmatics & Cognition, Vol. 14, No. 2. (2006), pp. 387-409. 2007-10-30T14:44:24-00:00 2006 Pragmatics & Cognition 14 2 387 409 authority reputation search_engines web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2841882 <i>Logic and Philosophy of Science: An Electronic Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2003)</i> Verso una nuova frenologia? Considerazioni sull'uso dei metodi di brain imaging e di strategie sottrattive per lo studio della cognizione e delle sue basi neurali Dario Taraborelli Logic and Philosophy of Science: An Electronic Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2003) 2008-05-28T15:32:42-00:00 2003 Logic and Philosophy of Science: An Electronic Journal 1 1 brain_imaging cognitive_architecture modularity http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2823097 <i>(2007), pp. 341-350.</i> Does a programmer's activity indicate knowledge of code? Thomas Fritz Gail Murphy Emily Hill doi:10.1145/1287624.1287673 (2007), pp. 341-350. 2008-05-22T14:01:48-00:00 2007 341 350 ACM development productivity programming http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2072473 <i>(10 December 2007)</i><br /><br /><UL> <LI>This book provides practical, proven advice for encouraging adoption of your wiki project and growing it into a useful collaboration tool or vibrant online community</LI> <LI>Gives wiki users a toolbox of thriving wiki patterns, which enable newcomers to avoid making common mistakes or fumbling around for the solutions to the same problems as their predecessors</LI> <LI>Explains the major stages of wiki adoption and explores patterns that apply to each stage</LI> <LI>Presents concrete, proven examples of techniques that have helped people grow vibrant collaborative communities and change the way they work for the better</LI> <LI>Reviews the overall process, including setting up initial content, encouraging people to contribute, dealing with disruptive elements, fixing typos and broken links, making sure pages are in their correct categories, and more</LI></UL> WikiPatterns Stewart Mader (10 December 2007) 2007-12-07T10:43:15-00:00 2007 Wiley wikis http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/816066 <i>(2006), pp. 31-40.</i> HT06, tagging paper, taxonomy, Flickr, academic article, to read Cameron Marlow Mor Naaman Danah Boyd Marc Davis doi:10.1145/1149941.1149949 (2006), pp. 31-40. 2006-08-24T20:16:54-00:00 2006 31 40 ACM Press flickr folksonomy tagging web20 http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2399970 <i>(16 Feb 2008)</i><br /><br />Web 2.0 works with the principle of weak cooperation, where a huge amount of individual contributions build solid and structured sources of data. In this paper, we detail the main properties of this weak cooperation by illustrating them on the photo publication website Flickr, showing the variety of uses producing a rich content and the various procedures devised by Flickr users themselves to select quality. We underlined the interaction between small and heavy users as a specific form of collective production in large social networks communities. We also give the main statistics on the (5M-users, 150M-photos) data basis we worked on for this study, collected from Flickr website using the public API. The Stength of Weak cooperation: A Case Study on Flickr Christophe Prieur Dominique Cardon Jean-Samuel Beuscart Nicolas Pissard Pascal Pons (16 Feb 2008) 2008-02-19T19:53:30-00:00 2008 flickr social_networks web20 http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2805560 <i>(April 2004)</i> Wikipedia as participatory journalism: Reliable sources? Metrics for evaluating collaborative media as a news resource Andrew Lih (April 2004) 2008-05-16T16:40:26-00:00 2004 metrics wikipedia wikis http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2805148 <i>(2007), pp. 119-124.</i> Viable wikis: struggle for life in the wikisphere Camille Roth doi:10.1145/1296951.1296964 (2007), pp. 119-124. 2008-05-16T11:56:46-00:00 2007 119 124 ACM online_communities wikipedia wikis http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1842593 <i>Autonomic and Trusted Computing (2006), pp. 362-373.</i><br /><br />The problem of identifying trustworthy information on the World Wide Web is becoming increasingly acute as new tools such as wikis and blogs simplify and democratize publications. Wikipedia is the most extraordinary example of this phenomenon and, although a few mechanisms have been put in place to improve contributions quality, trust in Wikipedia content quality has been seriously questioned. We thought that a deeper understanding of what in general defines high-standard and expertise in domains related to Wikipedia – i.e. content quality in a collaborative environment – mapped onto Wikipedia elements would lead to a complete set of mechanisms to sustain trust in Wikipedia context. Our evaluation, conducted on about 8,000 articles representing 65% of the overall Wikipedia editing activity, shows that the new trust evidence that we extracted from Wikipedia allows us to transparently and automatically compute trust values to isolate articles of great or low quality. Extracting Trust from Domain Analysis: A Case Study on the Wikipedia Project Pierpaolo Dondio Stephen Barrett Stefan Weber Jean Seigneur doi:10.1007/11839569_35 Autonomic and Trusted Computing (2006), pp. 362-373. 2007-10-30T15:52:34-00:00 2006 Autonomic and Trusted Computing 362 373 authority trust web_epi web_epistemology wikipedia http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2269250 <i>Nat Rev Neurosci, Vol. 9, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 123-135.</i> Interpreting fMRI data: maps, modules and dimensions Op Johannes Haushofer Nancy Kanwisher doi:10.1038/nrn2314 Nat Rev Neurosci, Vol. 9, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 123-135. 2008-01-21T16:12:08-00:00 2008 Nat Rev Neurosci 9 2 123 135 Nature Publishing Group brain_imaging modularity perception http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2349494 <i>Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series (29 January 2008)</i><br /><br />The growth and increasing complexity of global science poses a grand challenge to scientists: How to organise the worldwide evaluation of research programmes and peers? For the 21st century we need not just information on science, but also meta-level scientific information that is delivered to the digital workbench of every researcher. Access, usage and citation metrics will be one major information service that researchers will need on an everyday basis to handle the complexity of science.Scientometrics has been built on centralised commercial databases of high functionality but restricted scope, mainly providing information that may be used for research assessment. Enter digital libraries and repositories: Can they collect reliable metadata at source, ensure universal metric coverage and defray costs? This systematic appraisal of the future role of digital libraries and repositories for metric research evaluation proceeds by investigating the practical inadequacies of current metric evaluation before defining the scope for libraries and repositories as new players. Subsequently the notion of metrics as research information services is developed. Finally, the future relationship between a) libraries and repositories and b) metrics databases, commercial or non-commercial, is addressed.Service reviewed include: Leiden Ranking, Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, COUNTER, MESUR, Harzing POP, CiteSeer, Citebase, RePEc LogEc and CitEc, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar. Access, Usage and Citation Metrics: What Function for Digital Libraries and Repositories in Research Evaluation? Chris Armbruster Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series (29 January 2008) 2008-02-07T15:31:24-00:00 2008 Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series bibliometrics citations metrics scientometrics http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2551577 <i>(31 March 2002)</i><br /><br /><STRONG>Social Networks and Trust</STRONG> discusses two possible explanations for the emergence of trust via social networks. If network members can sanction untrustworthiness of actors, these actors may refrain from acting in an untrustworthy manner. Moreover, if actors are informed regularly about trustworthy behavior of others, trust will grow among these actors.<BR>A unique combination of formal model building and empirical methodology is used to derive and test hypotheses about the effects of networks on trust. The models combine elements from game theory, which is mainly used in economics, and social network analysis, which is mainly used in sociology.<BR>The hypotheses are tested (1) by analyzing contracts in information technology transactions from a survey on small and medium-sized enterprises and (2) by studying judgments of subjects in a vignette experiment related to hypothetical transactions with a used-car dealer. Social Networks and Trust (Theory and Decision Library C) Vincent Buskens (31 March 2002) 2008-03-18T14:56:17-00:00 2002 Springer reputation social_networks social_software trust web20 web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2385591 <i>(31 October 2002)</i><br /><br /><STRONG>Reputation In Artificial Societies</STRONG> discusses the role of reputation in the achievement of social order. The book proposes that reputation is an agent property that results from transmission of beliefs about how the agents are evaluated with regard to a socially desirable conduct. This desirable conduct represents one or another of the solutions to the problem of social order and may consist of cooperation or altruism, reciprocity, or norm obedience. <BR><STRONG>Reputation In Artificial Societies</STRONG> distinguishes between image (direct evaluation of others) and reputation (propagating meta­belief, indirectly acquired) and investigates their effects with regard to both natural and electronic societies. The interplay between image and reputation, the processes leading to them and the set of decisions that agents make on their basis are demonstrated with supporting data from agent­based simulations. Reputation in Artificial Societies: Social Beliefs for Social Order (Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations) Rosaria Conte Mario Paolucci (31 October 2002) 2008-02-15T13:23:59-00:00 2002 Springer online_communities reputation social_networks social_simulation trust web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2386633 <i>Commun. ACM, Vol. 51, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 49-52.</i><br /><br />Search-engines are among the most used resources on the Internet. Google [2], for example, now hosts over eight billion items and returns answers to queries in a fraction of a second; thus realising some of the more far-fetched predictions envisioned by the pioneers of the World Web Web [1]. In the present study, we assess whether people are biased in their use of a search-engine; specifically we assess whether people tend to click on those items that are presented as being the most relevant in the search engine’s result list (i.e., those items listed at the top of the result list). To test this bias hypothesis, we simulated the Google environment systematically reversing Google’s normal relevance-ordering of the items presented to users. Our results show that people do manifest some bias, favouring items at the top of result lists, though they also seek out high-relevance items listed further down a list. Later, we discuss whether this bias arises from people’s implicit trust in search engines such as Google, or some other effect. Are people biased in their use of search engines? Mark Keane Maeve O'Brien Barry Smyth doi:http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1314215.1314224 Commun. ACM, Vol. 51, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 49-52. 2008-02-15T15:31:47-00:00 2008 Commun. ACM 0001-0782 51 2 49 52 ACM information_foraging search_engines web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2349021 <i></i><br /><br />The paper starts with a discussion of the assumption that positions of the outer world are coded by the anatomical locations of firing neurons within retinotopic maps ("coding position by position"). This "code position theory" explains space perception by some kind of structural isomorphism since it implies that the perceptual space is based on a spatial structure within the brain. The axiom of structural isomorphism is rejected. Subsequently, a sensorimotor account of space perception is outlined according to which the spatial structure of the outer world is coded by the temporal structure of cortical processing. The basis is that action changes the perceiver's relationship to the outer world and, therefore, changes the representation of the outer world coded by the sensory responses of the brain. According to this view the code for position is not a spatial but a temporal structure resulting from action ("coding position by action"). The sensorimotor account offers a possible solution to the binding problem. The paper ends with some remarks on the possible origin and function of retinotopic representations. Position of code and code for position: From isomorphism to a sensorimotor account of space perception P Wolff 2008-02-07T12:53:38-00:00 isomorphism representations sensorimotor space spatial_representations http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2349017 <i>Environment and Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 2. (1 March 1982), pp. 202-220.</i><br /><br />The "Map in the Head" metaphor states that knowledge of large-scale space is isomorphic to the information stored in a graphical map: That is, corresponding operations are used to store and retrieve information. The purpose of this essay is to look carefully at the "Map in the Head" metaphor to see the limits of its applicability. There are two types of experimental results that are difficult to accommodate within this metaphor. First, instead of being integrated into a single map, spatial knowledge can fall into disconnected components, with little or no relation between the components. Second, knowledge of routes (and other spatial facts) may be represented asymmetrically, so that a route can be followed in one direction but not in the other. The first set of results leads us to replace the simple "Map in the Head" with a more complex and sophisticated metaphor including separate metrical and topological components. The second set of results suggests that even the more sophisticated "Map in the Head" is built from computational structures that occasionally reveal their nonmaplike properties. A computational model is presented for assimilating observations gathered during travel, first into a description of the particular route, then into representations for the topological and metrical features of the environment. 10.1177/0013916584142005 The "Map in the Head" Metaphor Benjamin Kuipers doi:10.1177/0013916584142005 Environment and Behavior, Vol. 14, No. 2. (1 March 1982), pp. 202-220. 2008-02-07T12:51:50-00:00 1982 Environment and Behavior 14 2 202 220 space spatial_representations http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2299598 <i>Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. In Press (2008)</i><br /><br />Ecological and sensorimotor theories of perception build on the notion of action-dependent invariants as the basic structures underlying perceptual capacities. In this paper we contrast the assumptions these theories make on the nature of perceptual information modulated by action. By focusing on the question, how movement specifies perceptual information, we show that ecological and sensorimotor theories endorse substantially different views about the role of action in perception. In particular we argue that ecological invariants are characterized with reference to transformations produced in the sensory array by movement: such invariants are transformation-specific but do not imply motor-specificity. In contrast, sensorimotor theories assume that perceptual invariants are intrinsically tied to specific movements. We show that this difference leads to different empirical predictions and we submit that the distinction between motor equivalence and motor-specificity needs further clarification in order to provide a more constrained account of action/perception relations. Action-dependent perceptual invariants: From ecological to sensorimotor approaches Matteo Mossio Dario Taraborelli doi:10.1016/j.concog.2007.12.003 Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. In Press (2008) 2008-01-28T22:07:23-00:00 2008 Consciousness and Cognition In Press action ecological_perception enaction perception sensorimotricity http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1974794 <i>Psychological Science, Vol. 18, No. 12. (December 2007), pp. 1069-1076.</i> Google and the Mind: Predicting Fluency With PageRank Griffiths L Thomas Steyvers Mark Firl Alana doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02027.x Psychological Science, Vol. 18, No. 12. (December 2007), pp. 1069-1076. 2007-11-24T20:33:35-00:00 2007 Psychological Science 0956-7976 18 12 1069 1076 Blackwell Publishing authority fluency search_engines web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2292391 <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 56, No. 7. (2005), pp. 741-756.</i><br /><br />The research reported here was an exploratory study that sought to discover the effects of human individual differences on Web search strategy. These differences consisted of (a) study approaches, (b) cognitive and demographic features, and (c) perceptions of and preferred approaches to Web-based information seeking. Sixty-eight master's students used AltaVista to search for information on three assigned search topics graded in terms of complexity. Five hundred seven search queries were factor analyzed to identify relationships between the individual difference variables and Boolean and best-match search strategies. A number of consistent patterns of relationship were found. As task complexity increased, a number of strategic shifts were also observed on the part of searchers possessing particular combinations of characteristics. A second article (published in this issue of JASIST; Ford, Miller, & Moss, 2005) presents a combined analyses of the data including a series of regression analyses. Web search strategies and human individual differences: Cognitive and demographic factors, Internet attitudes, and approaches Nigel Ford David Miller Nicola Moss doi:10.1002/asi.20168 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Vol. 56, No. 7. (2005), pp. 741-756. 2008-01-26T11:35:10-00:00 2005 Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 56 7 741 756 search_engines web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/454126 <i>Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 23, No. 2. ( 2001), pp. 167-185.</i><br /><br />This article reviews studies, conducted between 1995 and 2000, on Web search behavior. These studies reported on children as well as on adults. Most of the studies on children described their interaction with the Web. Research on adult searchers focused on describing search patterns, and many studies investigated effects of selected factors on search behavior, including information organization and presentation, type of search task, Web experience, cognitive abilities, and affective states. What distinguishes the research on adult searchers is the use of multiple data-gathering methods. The research on Web search behavior reflects researchers' commitment to examine users in their information environment and exhibits rigor in design and data analysis. However, many studies lack external validity. Implications of this body of research are discussed. Research on Web search behavior Ingrid Hsieh-Yee doi:10.1016/S0740-8188(01)00069-X Library & Information Science Research, Vol. 23, No. 2. ( 2001), pp. 167-185. 2006-01-02T15:21:06-00:00 2001 Library & Information Science Research 23 2 167 185 browsing search_engines web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2246197 <i>Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 730-749.</i><br /><br />Developmental research suggests that whereas very young infants individuate objects purely on spatiotemporal grounds, from (at latest) around 1 year of age children are capable of individuating objects according to the kind they belong to and the properties they instantiate. As the latter ability has been found to correlate with language, some have speculated whether it might be essentially language dependent and therefore uniquely human. Existing studies with non-human primates seem to speak against this hypothesis, but fail to present conclusive evidence due to methodological shortcomings. In the present experiments we set out to test non-linguistic object individuation in three great ape species with a refined manual search methodology. Experiment 1 tested for spatiotemporal object individuation: Subjects saw 1 or 2 objects simultaneously being placed inside a box in which they could reach, and then in both conditions only found 1 object. After retrieval of the 1 object, subjects reached again significantly more often when they had seen 2 than when they had seen 1 object. Experiment 2 tested for object individuation according to property/kind information only: Subjects saw 1 object being placed inside the box, and then either found that object (expected) or an object of a different kind (unexpected). Analogously to Experiment 1, after retrieval of the 1 object, subjects reached again significantly more often in the unexpected than in the expected condition. These results thus confirm previous findings suggesting that individuating objects according to their property/kind is neither uniquely human nor essentially language dependent. It remains to be seen, however, whether this kind of object individuation requires sortal concepts as human linguistic thinkers use them, or whether some simpler form of tracking properties is sufficient. Ape metaphysics: Object individuation without language Natacha Mendes Hannes Rakoczy Josep Call doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.007 Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 730-749. 2008-01-17T16:09:50-00:00 2008 Cognition 106 2 730 749 cognitive_development cognitive_ethology objecthood perception http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2246188 <i>Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 1081-1089.</i><br /><br />Early school-aged children listened to stories that contained correct and incorrect facts. All ages answered more questions correctly after having heard the correct fact in the story. Only the older children, however, produced story errors on a later general knowledge test. Source errors did not drive the increased suggestibility in older children, as they were better at remembering source than were the younger children. Instead, different processes are involved in learning correct and incorrect facts from fictional sources. All ages benefited from hearing correct answers because they activated a pre-existing semantic network. Older children, however, were better able to form memories of the misinformation and thus showed greater suggestibility on the general knowledge test. Older, not younger, children learn more false facts from stories Lisa Fazio Elizabeth Marsh doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.04.012 Cognition, Vol. 106, No. 2. (February 2008), pp. 1081-1089. 2008-01-17T16:07:23-00:00 2008 Cognition 106 2 1081 1089 deference folk_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/509458 <i>Nature, Vol. 439, No. 7078. (15 February 2006), pp. 770-771.</i> Prestige is factored into journal ratings Philip Ball doi:10.1038/439770a Nature, Vol. 439, No. 7078. (15 February 2006), pp. 770-771. 2006-02-18T12:38:32-00:00 2006 Nature 0028-0836 439 7078 770 771 Nature Publishing Group citations metrics peer_review scientometrics http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/270754 <i>Information Processing & Management, Vol. 41, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 1419-1440.</i><br /><br />We generated networks of journal relationships from citation and download data, and determined journal impact rankings from these networks using a set of social network centrality metrics. The resulting journal impact rankings were compared to the ISI IF. Results indicate that, although social network metrics and ISI IF rankings deviate moderately for citation-based journal networks, they differ considerably for journal networks derived from download data. We believe the results represent a unique aspect of general journal impact that is not captured by the ISI IF. These results furthermore raise questions regarding the validity of the ISI IF as the sole assessment of journal impact, and suggest the possibility of devising impact metrics based on usage information in general. Toward alternative metrics of journal impact: A comparison of download and citation data Johan Bollen Herbert Van de Sompel Joan Smith Rick Luce doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2005.03.024 Information Processing & Management, Vol. 41, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 1419-1440. 2005-08-01T12:26:07-00:00 2005 Information Processing & Management 41 6 1419 1440 bibliometrics citations metrics peer_review scientometrics http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1470011 <i>Academic Productivity (2007)</i> Soft peer review? Social software and distributed scientific evaluation Dario Taraborelli Academic Productivity (2007) 2007-07-20T16:48:57-00:00 2007 Academic Productivity metrics peer_review social_software web20 http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1436503 <i>The Chronicle (15 June 2007)</i> The New Metrics of Scholarly Authority Michael Jensen The Chronicle (15 June 2007) 2007-07-05T10:34:43-00:00 2007 The Chronicle authority bibliometrics metrics web20 web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2159262 <i>(01 December 2007)</i><br /><br />Today we have access to an almost inconceivably vast amount of information, from sources that are increasingly portable, accessible, and interactive. The Internet and the explosion of digital media content have made more information available from more sources to more people than at any other time in human history. This brings an infinite number of opportunities for learning, social connection, and entertainment. But at the same time, the origin of information, its quality, and its veracity are often difficult to assess. This volume addresses the issue of credibility--the objective and subjective components that make information believable--in the contemporary media environment.<br /> <br /> The contributors look particularly at youth audiences and experiences, considering the implications of wide access and the questionable credibility of information for youth and learning. They discuss such topics as the credibility of health information online, how to teach credibility assessment, and public policy solutions. Much research has been done on credibility and new media, but little of it focuses on users younger than college students. <i>Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility</i> fills this gap in the literature.<br /> <br /> <b>Contributors</b>:<br /> Matthew S. Eastin, Gunther Eysenbach, Brian Hilligoss, Frances Jacobson Harris, R. David Lankes, Soo Young Rieh, S. Shyam Sundar, Fred W. Weingarten. Digital Media, Youth, and Credibility (John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Series on Digital Media and Learning) (01 December 2007) 2007-12-22T10:52:21-00:00 2007 The MIT Press credibility web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2159238 <i>(04 May 2007)</i><br /><br />Over one billion people use the Internet globally. Psychologists are beginning to understand what people do online, and the impact being online has on behaviour. It's making us re-think many of our existing assumptions about what it means to be a social being. For instance, if we can talk, flirt, meet people and fall in love online, this challenges many of psychology's theories that intimacy or understanding requires physical co-presence. "The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology" brings together many of the leading researchers in what can be termed 'Internet Psychology'. Though a very new area of research, it is growing at a phenomenal pace. In addition to well-studied areas of investigation, such as social identity theory, computer-mediated communication and virtual communities, the volume also includes chapters on topics as diverse as deception and misrepresentation, attitude change and persuasion online, Internet addiction, online relationships, privacy and trust, health and leisure use of the Internet, and the nature of interactivity. With over 30 chapters written by experts in the field, the range and depth of coverage is unequalled, and serves to define this emerging area of research. Uniquely, this content is supported by an entire section covering the use of the Internet as a research tool, including qualitative and quantitative methods, online survey design, personality testing, ethics, and technological and design issues. While it is likely to be a popular research resource to be 'dipped into', as a whole volume it is coherent and compelling enough to act as a single text book. "The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology" is the definitive text on this burgeoning field. It will be an essential resource for anyone interested in the psychological aspects of Internet use, or planning to conduct research using the 'net'. Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology (Oxford Handbook Series) (04 May 2007) 2007-12-22T10:34:29-00:00 2007 Oxford University Press, USA web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1100709 <i>Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 4. (August 2006), pp. 339-343.</i><br /><br />In learning the meaning of a new term, children need to fix its reference, learn its conventional meaning, and discover the meanings with which it contrasts. To do this, children must attend to adult speakers--the experts--and to their patterns of use. In the domain of color, children need to identify color terms as such, fix the reference of each one, and learn how each is used in the language. But color is a property, and terms for properties appear to be more difficult to grasp than do those for objects, actions, and relations. Although children find some domains easier to learn than others, they depend in each case on the expertise of adult speakers. Color, reference, and expertise in language acquisition Eve Clark doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2006.03.002 Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 94, No. 4. (August 2006), pp. 339-343. 2007-02-11T16:44:25-00:00 2006 Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 94 4 339 343 cognitive_development color language_acquisition reference http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2157661 <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol. 107, No. 1pt2. (2007), pp. 187-206.</i><br /><br />Epistemic deference is the phenomenon in which one person uses the deliverances of some information source, perhaps the opinions of another person, as a model for what to believe. The paper aims to clarify the nature of epistemic deference in probabilistic contexts, to explain the conditions under which deference is appropriate, and to examine deference to objective chances, as epitomized in David Lewis's Principal Principle. This latter analysis will show, in contrast with views that portray chance as an ideal inductive logician with total recall, that our deference to chance is grounded in contingent limitations on our ability to access information and our recognition that the physical probabilities that instantiate the actual chances codify all the types of information that humans are able to possess. VIII–Epistemic Deference: The Case of Chance James Joyce doi:10.1111/j.1467-9264.2007.00218.x Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Vol. 107, No. 1pt2. (2007), pp. 187-206. 2007-12-21T23:01:42-00:00 2007 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 107 1pt2 187 206 deference social_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/470598 <i>Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 123, No. 1. (January 1998), pp. 3-32.</i><br /><br />A set of basic beliefs about others’ minds and behavior, referred to as folk psychology or theory of mind, is often discussed as if it were the same the world over. Yet, certainly variation in folk psychology exists. This article compares several aspects of European American theory of mind with other cultural models, as suggested by experiments and ethnographies, with the purpose of illuminating the degree to which there is variation. After summarizing 4 types of variation, the author explores possible sources of variability, implications for the mindreading process, potential universals, and directions for future research. Ethnopsychologies: Cultural Variations in Theories of Mind Angeline Lillard Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 123, No. 1. (January 1998), pp. 3-32. 2006-01-19T12:22:20-00:00 1998 Psychological Bulletin 123 1 3 32 folk_epistemology tom http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/984255 <i>Science as Culture, Vol. 15, No. 4. (December 2006), pp. 349-365.</i> Folk Theories of Nanotechnologists Arie Rip doi:10.1080/09505430601022676 Science as Culture, Vol. 15, No. 4. (December 2006), pp. 349-365. 2006-12-08T08:12:06-00:00 2006 Science as Culture 0950-5431 15 4 349 365 Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group folk_theories http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1835870 <i>(2007), pp. 29-42.</i><br /><br />Online social networking sites like Orkut, YouTube, and Flickr are among the most popular sites on the Internet. Users of these sites form a social network, which provides a powerful means of sharing, organizing, and finding content and contacts. The popularity of these sites provides an opportunity to study the characteristics of online social network graphs at large scale. Understanding these graphs is important, both to improve current systems and to design new applications of online social networks. This paper presents a large-scale measurement study and analysis of the structure of multiple online social networks. We examine data gathered from four popular online social networks: Flickr, YouTube, LiveJournal, and Orkut. We crawled the publicly accessible user links on each site, obtaining a large portion of each social network's graph. Our data set contains over 11.3 million users and 328 million links. We believe that this is the first study to examine multiple online social networks at scale. Our results confirm the power-law, small-world, and scale-free properties of online social networks. We observe that the indegree of user nodes tends to match the outdegree; that the networks contain a densely connected core of high-degree nodes; and that this core links small groups of strongly clustered, low-degree nodes at the fringes of the network. Finally, we discuss the implications of these structural properties for the design of social network based systems. Measurement and analysis of online social networks Alan Mislove Massimiliano Marcon Krishna Gummadi Peter Druschel Bobby Bhattacharjee doi:10.1145/1298306.1298311 (2007), pp. 29-42. 2007-10-29T15:05:16-00:00 2007 29 42 ACM flickr metrics online_communities social_networks social_software http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/1943505 <i>Online Communities and Social Computing (2007), pp. 60-69.</i><br /><br />In this paper, we summarized recent work in modeling how users socially forage and search for information. One way to bridge between different communities of users is to diversify their information sources. This can be done using not only old mechanisms such as email, instant messages, newsgroups and bulletin boards, but also new ones such as wikis, blogs, social tags, etc. How do users work with diverse hints from other foragers? How do interference effects change their strategies? How can we build tools that help users cooperatively search? We seek theories that might help us answer these questions, or at least point us toward the right directions. Aspects of Augmented Social Cognition: Social Information Foraging and Social Search Ed Chi Peter Pirolli Shyong Lam doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73257-0_7 Online Communities and Social Computing (2007), pp. 60-69. 2007-11-20T14:34:41-00:00 2007 Online Communities and Social Computing 60 69 information_foraging social_networks social_software tagging web_epistemology http://www.citeulike.org/user/dartar/article/2028284 <i>Oikos, Vol. 56, No. 3. (1989), pp. 357-363.</i><br /><br />Public information is information about the quality of a patch that can be obtained by observing the foraging success of other individuals in that patch. I examine the influence of the use of public information on patch departure and foraging efficiency of group members. When groups depart a patch with the first individual to leave, the use of public information can prevent the underutilization of resource patches. Group Foraging, Public Information, and Patch Estimation Thomas Valone Oikos, Vol. 56, No. 3. (1989), pp. 357-363. 2007-11-30T13:05:57-00:00 1989 Oikos 56 3 357 363 foraging