CiteULike: dcastro's noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/tag/noise CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2802312 <i>Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 50, No. 8. (2002), pp. 1232-1235.</i><br /><br />An adaptive serial search pseudonoise (PN) code acquisition scheme is proposed, in which the detection threshold is scaled by the instantaneous received power measured prior to PN code correlation. We observe that the proposed scheme achieves significantly improved mean acquisition times compared to the conventional nonadaptive schemes under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is shown to be optimum under pulsed Gaussian noise jamming in the sense that it forces the worst case jamming fraction to unity. Adaptive PN code acquisition using instantaneous power-scaled detection threshold under Rayleigh fading and pulsed Gaussian noise jamming Kwonhue Choi Kyungwhoon Cheun Taejin Jung doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2002.801494 Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 50, No. 8. (2002), pp. 1232-1235. 2008-05-15T18:22:20-00:00 Communications, IEEE Transactions on 50 8 1232 1235 acquisition adaptive code fading noise pn rayleigh threshold http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782972 <i>Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, Vol. 35, No. 6. (2000), pp. 807-815.</i><br /><br />This paper describes a low-noise phase-locked loop (PLL) design method to achieve minimum jitter from a given PLL circuit topology. An optimal loop-bandwidth design method, derived from a discrete-time PLL model, further improves the jitter characteristics of a PLL already somewhat enhanced by optimizing individual circuit components. The described method not only estimates the timing jitter of a PLL, but also finds the optimal bandwidth minimizing the overall PLL jitter. A prototype PLL fabricated in a 0.6-μm CMOS technology is tested. The measurement shows significant performance improvement by using the proposed method, The measured rms and peak-to-peak jitter of the PLL at the optimal loop-bandwidth are 3.1 and 22 ps, respectively A low-noise phase-locked loop design by loop bandwidth optimization Kyoohyun Lim Chan-Hong Park Dal-Soo Kim Beomsup Kim doi:10.1109/4.845184 Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, Vol. 35, No. 6. (2000), pp. 807-815. 2008-05-10T14:39:00-00:00 Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of 35 6 807 815 bandwidth design low noise pll http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782935 <i>Electronics Letters, Vol. 28, No. 22. (1992), pp. 2063-2064.</i><br /><br />A new simple model for the signal and noise properties of a microwave FET or HEMT avoids the need for any explicit correlation between gate and drain noise sources by distributing the drain-to-gate capacitance and the drain noise source along the conducting channel. The new model applied to a commercial HEMT chip demonstrates a very good fit to measured scattering and noise parameter data Distributed channel model for HEMT signal and noise parameters P Gardner DK Paul Electronics Letters, Vol. 28, No. 22. (1992), pp. 2063-2064. 2008-05-10T14:14:37-00:00 Electronics Letters 28 22 2063 2064 amplifier channel distributed microwave model noise parameter signal http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782066 <i>Microwave Symposium Digest, 1992., IEEE MTT-S International (1992), pp. 277-280 vol.1.</i><br /><br />Four models have been developed and assessed for fitting the measured noise parameters up to 26 GHz and S-parameters up to 400 GHz for a commercial HEMT (high electron mobility transistor) chip. The first treats the intrinsic noise sources as uncorrelated thermal sources. The second is an extension of this, allowing a better fit to be achieved by including the distributed nature of the gate and drain electrodes using a semidistributed, sliced model. The third model neglects the distributed effect but takes into account the partial correlation of the gate and drain noise sources. This causes a larger improvement in the quality of fit, allowing the model to fit the measured data within reasonable measurement limits. The addition of the distributed effect to the correlated model gives the fourth model, which allows a further marginal improvement, but the conditioning of the problem and the accuracy of the data appear to be insufficient to allow accurate extraction of the additional parameters needed HEMT models for S-parameter and noise parameter extrapolation MT Hickson P Gardner DK Paul doi:10.1109/MWSYM.1992.187966 Microwave Symposium Digest, 1992., IEEE MTT-S International (1992), pp. 277-280 vol.1. 2008-05-10T00:03:25-00:00 Microwave Symposium Digest, 1992., IEEE MTT-S International 277 280 vol.1 model noise parameter http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782048 <i>Communications, 2007. ICC '07. IEEE International Conference on (2007), pp. 2888-2893.</i><br /><br />The growing demand for reliable communications leads to the need for very large mean time to lose lock (MTLL) of PLL based synchronization subsystems. These large MTLLs, of the order of months, cannot be simulated or tested in a lab. In this work a systematic approach is given to computing the MTLL of a second order PLL with parasitic delay at low SNR and high phase noise. Computed and simulated results are shown to be in good agreement for values that can be simulated. Mean Time to Lose Lock for a PLL with Loop Delay under Thermal and Phase Noise Conditions U Yehuday BZ Bobrovsky J Davidson doi:10.1109/ICC.2007.480 Communications, 2007. ICC '07. IEEE International Conference on (2007), pp. 2888-2893. 2008-05-09T23:56:03-00:00 Communications, 2007. ICC '07. IEEE International Conference on 2888 2893 delay noise phase pll time http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782035 <i>Microwave Conference, 1999 Asia Pacific, Vol. 1 (1999), pp. 1-4 vol.1.</i><br /><br />In low noise microwave amplifier design, particularly when using conditionally stable transistors, it is impossible to simultaneously achieve maximum gain, minimum noise figure and maximum port match. Hence it is necessary to trade-off these performance parameters which is usually accomplished with the aid of stability, gain, noise figure and mismatch (or VSWR) circles described on the reflection coefficient planes. However, use of these graphical aids is often subjective, necessitating final optimisation using circuit design software. In this paper, we propose a different approach whereby the functional behaviour of two objective functions involving gain, noise figure and port mismatch are described as functions of the stability safety margin. This approach leads to an optimum design without requiring sophisticated optimisation algorithms and includes stability safety margin as a design parameter Stability safety margin based design of low noise microwave amplifiers KW Eccleston doi:10.1109/APMC.1999.828033 Microwave Conference, 1999 Asia Pacific, Vol. 1 (1999), pp. 1-4 vol.1. 2008-05-09T23:51:31-00:00 Microwave Conference, 1999 Asia Pacific 1 1 4 vol.1 amplifier low noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782026 <i>Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 45, No. 5. (1997), pp. 580-586.</i><br /><br />A new method, using the noise matrix approach, has been developed for determining the optimum reactive terminations for a transistor employed as a low-noise negative-resistance element in a reflection-mode amplifier. This new method corroborates the less efficient graphical method the authors reported earlier. It is established theoretically and demonstrated numerically that the optimum noise measure of a transistor used in a reflection-mode amplifier is independent of the choice of active terminal and is identical to the optimum noise measure of the same transistor when used in a conventional transmission-mode amplifier Optimum noise measure configurations for transistor negative resistance amplifiers P Gardner DK Paul doi:10.1109/22.575572 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 45, No. 5. (1997), pp. 580-586. 2008-05-09T23:50:36-00:00 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 45 5 580 586 amplifier measurement noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782013 <i>Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], Vol. 52, No. 6. (2005), pp. 336-338.</i><br /><br />Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measurement is required in many receivers and systems of communications. In this brief, we derive a new SNR's estimator based on the second and fourth-order moments of the complex signals of quadrature phase-shift keying modulations. The mean square error of the estimated SNR by the proposed algorithm is smaller than that by other methods for a low SNR with limited samples. A new SNR's estimator for QPSK Modulations in an AWGN channel Guangliang Ren Yilin Chang Hui Zhang doi:10.1109/TCSII.2005.849008 Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], Vol. 52, No. 6. (2005), pp. 336-338. 2008-05-09T23:47:09-00:00 Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on] 52 6 336 338 channel estimator modulation noise qpsk snr http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2782003 <i>Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 14. (1998), pp. 1367-1368.</i><br /><br />The authors report a novel active integrated receiving antenna providing between 12 and 24 dB gain when referred to a passive equivalent at 1.335 GHz. The antenna is of a compact coplanar form, integrating DC and RF requirements to obtain both high gain and low noise Compact low noise receiving antenna TD Ormiston P Gardner PS Hall Electronics Letters, Vol. 34, No. 14. (1998), pp. 1367-1368. 2008-05-09T23:43:01-00:00 Electronics Letters 34 14 1367 1368 active antenna compact low noise receiver http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776282 <i>Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 49, No. 8. (2001), pp. 1477-1482.</i><br /><br />This paper examines some relationships between important design parameters in large combiner systems and key performance objectives such as power, efficiency, noise, and graceful degradation. Results are derived for the combining efficiency of general combiner systems, and used to contrast spatial and corporate combiners and identify optimum combiner topology for a given device technology. The influence of array size on excess phase noise is quantified and shown to decrease with increase numbers of devices. Results are also presented for the degradation in combining efficiency due to statistical variations in amplifier characteristics, appropriate to large combiners, showing that phase errors are the dominant factor in power degradation Some considerations for optimal efficiency and low noise in large power combiners RA York doi:10.1109/22.939929 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 49, No. 8. (2001), pp. 1477-1482. 2008-05-09T16:41:57-00:00 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 49 8 1477 1482 microwave noise power http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776114 <i>Millimetre Wave Transistors and Circuits, IEE Colloquium on (1991), pp. 10/1-10/4.</i><br /><br />Negative resistance, reflection mode amplification using GaAs FETs or HEMTs offers the possibility of realising the low noise performance associated with such devices whilst achieving a higher gain per stage than conventional transmission mode amplifiers. This possibility is of particular interest in the MM-wave region, where the gain per stage of conventional FET and HEMT amplifiers, when tuned for optimum noise measure, is low. An additional potential benefit, of particular interest for radar LNA applications, is the probable existence of a low loss bypass path through a reflection amplifier after failure of the active device. In this paper, the circuit conditions for optimum noise measure in negative resistance transistor amplifiers are determined, and several examples are given. Design details and measured results are given for an example in X-band. The suitability of the technique for MM-wave frequencies is assessed as far as possible using published S-parameter and noise data for a HEMT device, and a theoretical circuit design is presented Negative resistance low noise, reflection mode transistor amplifiers for microwave and millimetre wave applications DK Paul P Gardner Millimetre Wave Transistors and Circuits, IEE Colloquium on (1991), pp. 10/1-10/4. 2008-05-09T15:18:10-00:00 Millimetre Wave Transistors and Circuits, IEE Colloquium on 10/1 10/4 amplifier low microwave noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776113 <i>Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 39, No. 11. (1991), pp. 1869-1875.</i><br /><br />The authors consider the use of microwave transistors in the negative resistance reflection mode and present the conditions for optimum noise performance. Possible advantages include the possibility of higher gain in the millimeter-wave region, which can be achieved by absorbing the parasitic common lead inductance into the feedback circuit designed to generate the negative resistance, and the existence of a failsafe mode of operation, in that the failure of the active device or its power supply is likely to lead a low return loss, resulting in a small insertion loss through the amplifiers, which may permit continued, although degraded, system operation. The latter potential advantage has proved to be of interest to radar system designers Aspects of the design of low noise, negative resistance, reflection mode transistor amplifiers P Gardner DK Paul doi:10.1109/22.97488 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 39, No. 11. (1991), pp. 1869-1875. 2008-05-09T15:18:10-00:00 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 39 11 1869 1875 amplifier low noise transistor http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776112 <i>Circuits Theory, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 10, No. 1. (1963), pp. 45-48.</i><br /><br />Noise figure of transistor amplifiers is commonly optimized by transforming of source impedance. Where transformers are not feasible, this method is inapplicable. This paper shows that noise figure can also be optimized by proper adjustment of emitter current with the source impedance remaining fixed. Moreover, for a rather wide range of source impedances, transformation affords very little noise improvement once the current has been optimized. Circuit design equations and curves are presented. Optimum Noise Figure of Transistor Amplifiers F Gardner Circuits Theory, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 10, No. 1. (1963), pp. 45-48. 2008-05-09T15:18:08-00:00 Circuits Theory, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] 10 1 45 48 amplifier noise transistor http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776111 <i>Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 16. (1993), pp. 1408-1409.</i><br /><br />The limited gain available from GaAs FETs and HEMTs at millimetric frequencies can be overcome by using the devices in a negative resistance amplifier configuration. The advantage of the solid-state negative resistance amplifier over the transmission amplifier is that the gain available is not limited by the active device used. It has been shown that, over a narrow bandwidth, significantly higher gain can be obtained from a negative resistance amplifier, when compared to a transmission amplifier using the same device, while maintaining the same overall noise performance. This has been demonstrated experimentally using a 0.25 μm HEMT device High gain millimetric negative resistance low noise amplifiers MT Hickson P Gardner DK Paul Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 16. (1993), pp. 1408-1409. 2008-05-09T15:18:07-00:00 Electronics Letters 29 16 1408 1409 amplifier gain high low noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776103 <i>Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 40, No. 8. (1992), pp. 1709-1712.</i><br /><br />A model is described for a low noise millimeter-wave HEMT device. It takes account of the distributed nature of the gate and drain electrodes by dividing the active region of the device into a number of slices. Each slice is modeled as an intrinsic HEMT with thermal noise sources and the slices are connected together through lossy reactances. The parameters of the first slice are made different from those of the remaining slices, in order to account for the inevitable differences in the field distribution in the gate feed region. The model parameters have been optimized numerically to fit the manufacturer's measured S-parameters and all four noise parameters, for a commercially available HEMT chip. A good fit has been achieved simultaneously to all of these parameters, and the model therefore provides a reasonable basis for extrapolation to higher frequencies. The significance of the distributed gate effect and the unequal slice effect is assessed by comparing the best fit achievable when these effects are not included A semidistributed HEMT model for accurate fitting and extrapolation of S-parameters and noise parameters MT Hickson P Gardner DK Paul doi:10.1109/22.149534 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 40, No. 8. (1992), pp. 1709-1712. 2008-05-09T15:16:17-00:00 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 40 8 1709 1712 fet model noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2776100 <i>RF and Microwave Components for Communication Systems (Digest No.: 1997/126), IEE Colloquium on (1997), pp. 9/1-9/4.</i><br /><br />This paper considers how a compact low noise active antenna may be constructed. The design approach is to achieve a highly compact design by intimately integrating the DC and RF requirements. Low noise is theoretically demonstrated and design topologies identified A novel highly compact low noise active antenna TD Ormiston P Gardner PS Hall RF and Microwave Components for Communication Systems (Digest No.: 1997/126), IEE Colloquium on (1997), pp. 9/1-9/4. 2008-05-09T15:16:11-00:00 RF and Microwave Components for Communication Systems (Digest No.: 1997/126), IEE Colloquium on 9/1 9/4 active antenna compact low noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2774757 <i>Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 50, No. 1. (2002), pp. 288-301.</i><br /><br />The concept of concurrent multiband low-noise-amplifiers (LNAs) is introduced. A systematic way to design concurrent multiband integrated LNAs in general is developed. Applications of concurrent multiband LNAs in concurrent multiband receivers together with receiver architecture are discussed. Experimental results of a dual-band LNA implemented in a 0.35-μm CMOS technology as a demonstration of the concept and theory is presented Concurrent multiband low-noise amplifiers-theory, design, and applications H Hashemi A Hajimiri doi:10.1109/22.981282 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 50, No. 1. (2002), pp. 288-301. 2008-05-09T08:35:16-00:00 Microwave Theory and Techniques, IEEE Transactions on 50 1 288 301 amplifier application design low multiband noise theory http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2774730 <i>High Frequency Postgraduate Student Colloquium, 2001. 6th IEEE (2001), pp. 125-129.</i><br /><br />A patch antenna integrated with two Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) is implemented to act as an Image Reject Mixer (IRM). The low noise active antenna system transforms a received radio frequency signal into two signals, which are out-of phase to each other. The image signals can be cancelled by the IRM. The antenna, LNA's, mixers and local oscillator (LO) are integrated into a single Active Integrated Antenna (AIA) module. An external IF 90° hybrid coupler is required in the IRM. The advantages of the LNA active antenna mixer system are low noise, image signal rejection, low cost and simple circuitry of front-end, and improved receiver sensitivity Low noise integrated active antenna as image reject mixer (IRM) W Ismail P Gardner doi:10.1109/HFPSC.2001.962179 High Frequency Postgraduate Student Colloquium, 2001. 6th IEEE (2001), pp. 125-129. 2008-05-09T08:27:04-00:00 High Frequency Postgraduate Student Colloquium, 2001. 6th IEEE 125 129 active antenna integrated low mixer noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2774718 <i>Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2003 IEEE (2003), pp. 435-438.</i><br /><br />An integrated downconverter for active antenna arrays is presented. From 5.125 GHz to 5.875 GHz the downconverter shows more than 20 dB conversion gain and a noise figure of less than 3.8 dB with a minimum of 3.3 dB. Input 1 dB compression point is -18 dBm. Image rejection better than 35 dB is achieved using an integrated lumped-element bandpass filter. A switchable symmetric input amplifier is proposed to calibrate amplitude and phase errors without degrading the noise figure. 5-6 GHz monolithically integrated calibratable low-noise downconverter for smart antenna arrays T Brauner R Vogt W Bachtold Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2003 IEEE (2003), pp. 435-438. 2008-05-09T08:23:37-00:00 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium, 2003 IEEE 435 438 active antenna array low mixer noise smart http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2774493 <i>Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, Vol. 42, No. 11. (2007), pp. 2492-2502.</i><br /><br />This paper presents a wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) designed to be used as the first stage of the receiver in the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope. The LNA design procedure and its layout features are discussed. The noise figure optimization procedure determines the signal-source resistance that results in reduced noise figure. When used in the radio telescope, the required signal-source resistance will be presented by the telescope custom-made antenna elements. The LNA, designed in 90 nm bulk CMOS, achieves sub-0.2 dB noise figure from 800 MHz to 1400 MHz, return loss of more than 11 dB, gain of more than 17 dB driven into a 50 load, output 1 dB compression point of 2 dBm, output IP3 of 12 dBm, and output IP2 of 22 dBm while consuming 43 mA from a 1 V supply. In the LNA implementation presented in this paper the load choke inductor and the source inductor are integrated whereas the gate-, bias-, and the choke-inductor between two transistors of the cascode are external. The noise figure of the presented LNA is to our knowledge the lowest noise figure achieved by a power matched wideband CMOS LNA at room temperature. Sub-0.2 dB Noise Figure Wideband Room-Temperature CMOS LNA With Non-50 Ω Signal-Source Impedance L Belostotski JW Haslett doi:10.1109/JSSC.2007.907172 Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of, Vol. 42, No. 11. (2007), pp. 2492-2502. 2008-05-09T06:38:07-00:00 Solid-State Circuits, IEEE Journal of 42 11 2492 2502 amplifier low noise wideband http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2768907 <i>Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 54, No. 2. (1966), pp. 176-178.</i><br /><br />By the method of fractional order of integration, it is shown that it is possible to generate flicker noise from "white" noise. A formal expression for the relation of flicker noise to white noise is given. An approximate method, amenable to the use of digital computers, is also given for the generation of flicker noise modulated numbers from random, independent numbers. A statistical model of flicker noise JA Barnes DW Allan Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 54, No. 2. (1966), pp. 176-178. 2008-05-08T07:59:00-00:00 Proceedings of the IEEE 54 2 176 178 model noise statistical http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2768913 <i>Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on], Vol. 47, No. 5. (2000), pp. 655-674.</i><br /><br />Phase noise is a topic of theoretical and practical interest in electronic circuits, as well as in other fields, such as optics. Although progress has been made in understanding the phenomenon, there still remain significant gaps, both in its fundamental theory and in numerical techniques for its characterization. In this paper, we develop a solid foundation for phase noise that is valid for any oscillator, regardless of operating mechanism. We establish novel results about the dynamics of stable nonlinear oscillators in the presence of perturbations, both deterministic and random. We obtain an exact nonlinear equation for phase error, which we solve without approximations for random perturbations. This leads us to a precise characterization of timing jitter and spectral dispersion, for computing of which we have developed efficient numerical methods. We demonstrate our techniques on a variety of practical electrical oscillators and obtain good matches with measurements, even at frequencies close to the carrier, where previous techniques break down. Our methods are more than three orders of magnitude faster than the brute-force Monte Carlo approach, which is the only previously available technique that can predict phase noise correctly Phase noise in oscillators: a unifying theory and numerical methods for characterization A Demir A Mehrotra J Roychowdhury doi:10.1109/81.847872 Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on], Vol. 47, No. 5. (2000), pp. 655-674. 2008-05-08T07:59:41-00:00 Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on [see also Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on] 47 5 655 674 clock noise oscillator phase stability http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2762222 <i>Microwave Symposium Digest, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International, Vol. 2 (2001), pp. 1395-1398 vol.2.</i><br /><br />A low noise active integrated antenna receiver is presented. This new design consists of a pair of low noise amplifiers (LNA) integrated on each feed of a dual-feed planar quasi-Yagi antenna. The outputs of the LNAs are combined to form a sum and difference radiation pattern suitable for monopulse radar applications. Simulation and measurement methodology for designing a low noise active integrated antenna receiver is also presented. A peak gain of 7.7 dB and minimum noise figure of 3.6 dB is measured for a C-band prototype A low noise active integrated antenna receiver for monopulse radar applications S Lin Y Qian T Itoh doi:10.1109/MWSYM.2001.967157 Microwave Symposium Digest, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International, Vol. 2 (2001), pp. 1395-1398 vol.2. 2008-05-06T18:30:51-00:00 Microwave Symposium Digest, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International 2 1395 1398 vol.2 active antenna integrated low monopulse noise radar receiver http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2762100 <i>Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 18. (1993), pp. 1594-1596.</i><br /><br />A novel technique for the measurement of the noise figure is proposed for an amplifier embedded in a receiving active microstrip antenna, where direct measurement is impossible. The proposed technique is a combination of the transducer power gain measurement of the amplifier and the absolute noise power measurement of the active antenna. The measured results of a receiving active microstrip antenna show the validity of the measurement technique. This enables the characterisation of the noise performance of active antennas Noise figure measurement of receiving active microstrip antennas H An B Nauwelaers A Van de Capelle Electronics Letters, Vol. 29, No. 18. (1993), pp. 1594-1596. 2008-05-06T17:19:01-00:00 Electronics Letters 29 18 1594 1596 active antenna measurement microstrip noise receiving http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2674789 <i>Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 32, No. 7. (1944), pp. 419-422.</i><br /><br />A rigorous definition of the noise figure of radio receivers is given in this paper. The definition is not limited to high-gain receivers, but can be applied to four-terminal networks in general. An analysis is made of the relationship between the noise figure of the receiver as a whole and the noise figures of its components. Mismatch relations between the components of the receiver and methods of measurements of noise figures are discussed briefly. Noise Figures of Radio Receivers HT Friis Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 32, No. 7. (1944), pp. 419-422. 2008-04-15T18:17:28-00:00 Proceedings of the IRE 32 7 419 422 noise radio receiver http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/998766 <i>Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 37, No. 1. (1949), pp. 10-21.</i><br /><br />A method is developed for representing any communication system geometrically. Messages and the corresponding signals are points in two "function spaces," and the modulation process is a mapping of one space into the other. Using this representation, a number of results in communication theory are deduced concerning expansion and compression of bandwidth and the threshold effect. Formulas are found for the maxmum rate of transmission of binary digits over a system when the signal is perturbed by various types of noise. Some of the properties of "ideal" systems which transmit at this maxmum rate are discussed. The equivalent number of binary digits per second for certain information sources is calculated. Communication in the Presence of Noise CE Shannon Proceedings of the IRE, Vol. 37, No. 1. (1949), pp. 10-21. 2006-12-17T19:45:10-00:00 Proceedings of the IRE 37 1 10 21 communication noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2534572 <i>Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 18, No. 5. (1970), pp. 690-692.</i><br /><br />The usual equation to calculate the antenna noise temperature meets various objections. A new equation is introduced. Some improvements in antenna noise temperature calculation J Dijk H Groothius E Maanders Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 18, No. 5. (1970), pp. 690-692. 2008-03-14T17:25:55-00:00 Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] 18 5 690 692 antenna noise temperature http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2531482 <i>Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 32, No. 1. (1983), pp. 110-116.</i><br /><br />This paper reviews the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) preision noise measurements program for antenna systems which have been made using Cassiopeia A and the moon. The Earth Terminal Measurement System (ETMS) was developed by NBS to make measurements of figure of merit (G/T), and the noise equivalent flux (NEF). The accuracy of the noise measurements are, typically, between 5 and 15 percent for systems with antenna gains between 51 and 65 dB and frequencies between 1 and 10 GHz. Key words¿antenna gain; antenna half-power beamwidth; atmospheric loss; Cassiopeia A; earth terminal measurement system; figure of merit; moon; noise equivalent flux; noise measurement; radio stars; satellite communication. Precision Measurement of Antenna System Noise Using Radio Stars David Wait doi:10.1109/TIM.1983.4315019 Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 32, No. 1. (1983), pp. 110-116. 2008-03-14T10:05:47-00:00 Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on 32 1 110 116 antenna microwave noise radio temperature http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2531474 <i>Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 32, No. 7. (1984), pp. 762-767.</i><br /><br />Natural radio noise in telecommunication systems can be accounted for by the contribution which it makes to antenna noise temperature. Attenuation due to water vapor and oxygen, clouds, and precipitation is accompanied by thermal noise which further degrades the applicable signal-to-noise ratio. Extraterrestrial noise may be of thermal or nonthermal origin and may cover a continuum of frequencies or occur at discrete frequencies. The spectral index<tex>n</tex>(the exponent giving the variation of noise power density with wavelength) is -2 for a black body and between 0 and -2 for thermal emission in general. The mechanism responsible for much of the extensive nonthermal extraterrestrial noise is synchrotron radiation, characterized by a positive spectral index. Natural radio noise--A mini-review W Flock E Smith Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 32, No. 7. (1984), pp. 762-767. 2008-03-14T10:02:16-00:00 Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] 32 7 762 767 antenna microwave noise radio http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/2531455 <i>Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 12, No. 7. (1964), pp. 930-938.</i><br /><br />A general survey of the principles of radio astronomy receivers is presented. System noise temperature, the sensitivity of different receiver types, and the calibration of receivers are studied. A total-power receiver is analyzed as a basic radio telescope receiver and the results are used to obtain the performance of other receiver types such as the Dicke receiver, Graham's receiver, correlation receiver, and phase-switching receiver. Radio astronomy receivers M Tiuri Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988], Vol. 12, No. 7. (1964), pp. 930-938. 2008-03-14T10:01:27-00:00 Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on [legacy, pre - 1988] 12 7 930 938 antenna microwave noise receiver temperature http://www.citeulike.org/user/dcastro/article/674228 <i>Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 51, No. 2. (2003), pp. 267-274.</i><br /><br />We consider the general problem of the simulation of highly reliable systems operating in the presence of Gaussian noise. Our methodology uses importance sampling which has been shown to be a particularly effective method in the general discipline of rare-event simulation. The methods we propose are optimal in a certain sense, i.e., they are efficient. We also give a new class of simulation distributions that are universally efficient in the sense that they depend only on a single scalar parameter, regardless of the dimensionality of the underlying system or of the error sets to be simulated. On the Monte Carlo simulation of digital communication systems in Gaussian noise JA Bucklew R Radeke doi:10.1109/TCOMM.2003.809280 Communications, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 51, No. 2. (2003), pp. 267-274. 2006-05-29T15:41:03-00:00 Communications, IEEE Transactions on 51 2 267 274 communication digital monte-carlo noise simulation system