Sat, 26 Jul 2008 06:40:37 BST CiteULike: ewmoore's library [158 articles] http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/2552484 <i>Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 22. (2005)</i><br /><br />The theory of the oscillating cantilever-driven adiabatic reversals (OSCAR) in magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is extended to describe the relation between an external magnetic field and a dipole magnetic field for an arbitrary location of the single spin. An analytical estimate for the OSCAR MRFM frequency shift is derived and shown to be in excellent agreement with numerical simulations. The dependence of the frequency shift on the position of the spin relative to the cantilever has characteristic maxima and minima which can be used to determine the spin location experimentally. Theory of frequency shifts in the oscillating cantilever-driven adiabatic reversals technique as a function of the spin location GP Berman F Borgonovi VI Tsifrinovich doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.224406 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 22. (2005) 2008-03-18T18:49:23-00:00 2005 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics) 72 22 APS mrfm oscar http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1561655 <i>Nanotechnology, Vol. 17, No. 3. (2006), pp. 871-880.</i><br /><br />In magnetic resonance force microscopy single spin experiments, forces in the attonewton range have to be measured. Non-commercial, soft single crystalline silicon bar cantilevers with a high quality factor and minimized spring constants have to be used, in order to improve the detection sensitivity. In our low temperature force microscope we obtain force sensitivities of the order of 10[?]18~N~Hz[?]1/2 at 10~K (Gysin 2002 Temperaturerverhalten der Elastizität und inneren Reibung mikromechanischer Resonatoren, Thesis Basel). Micrometre-sized magnetic particles, which generate a magnetic field of 500~G and magnetic field gradients (\d B/\d z\\gg 1\\mathrm Gnm-1 ), are attached on ultrasensitive cantilevers. A severe loss in force sensitivity and a frequency shift are observed while exposing a cantilever with a magnetic tip to a homogeneous magnetic field. To minimize the damping losses of the cantilevers with ferromagnetic particles, various magnetic materials (e.g.~SmCo5, Nd2Fe14B, and Pr2Fe14B) with different grain and domain sizes are investigated. The lowest magnetic dissipation is observed with SmCo5 and Pr2Fe14B tips. We try to explain the dissipation effect of cantilevers with magnetic tips. Magnetic damping losses of tipped cantilevers Richard Ernst Meyer doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/3/043 Nanotechnology, Vol. 17, No. 3. (2006), pp. 871-880. 2007-08-15T04:14:27-00:00 2006 Nanotechnology 17 3 871 880 cantilevers magnet-on-lever mrfm noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1322846 <i>Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 22. (2005)</i><br /><br />The adiabatic condition governing cyclic adiabatic inversion of proton spins in a micron-sized ammonium chloride crystal was studied using room temperature nuclear magnetic resonance force microscopy. A systematic degradation of signal to noise was observed as the adiabatic condition became violated. A theory of adiabatic following applicable to cyclic adiabatic inversion is reviewed and implemented to quantitatively determine an adiabaticity threshold (H1)2/(osc)=6.0 from our experimental results. Quantitative determination of the adiabatic condition using force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance Casey Miller John Markert doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.224402 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 22. (2005) 2007-05-23T19:50:56-00:00 2005 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics) 72 22 APS mrfm nmr http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1286357 <i>(14 Jan 2004)</i><br /><br />Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM) is an emergent technology for measuring spin-induced attonewton forces using a micromachined cantilever. In the interrupted Oscillating Cantilever-driven Adiabatic Reversal (iOSCAR) method, small ensembles of electron spins are manipulated by an external radio frequency (RF) magnetic field to produce small periodic deviations in the resonant frequency of the cantilever. These deviations can be detected by frequency demodulation, followed by conventional amplitude or energy detection. In this paper, we develop optimal detectors for several signal models that have been hypothesized for measurements induced by iOSCAR spin manipulation. We show that two simple variants of the energy detector--the filtered energy detector and a hybrid filtered energy/amplitude/energy detector--are approximately asymptotically optimal for the Discrete-Time (D-T) random telegraph signal model assuming White Gaussian Noise (WGN). For the D-T random walk signal model, the filtered energy detector performs close to the optimal Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) when the transition probabilities are symmetric. Electron spin detection in the frequency domain under the interrupted Oscillating Cantilever-driven Adiabatic Reversal (iOSCAR) Protocol M Ting AO Hero D Rugar CY Yip JA Fessler (14 Jan 2004) 2007-05-09T20:17:03-00:00 2004 esr mrfm oscar http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1270372 <i>Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, Vol. 10, No. 11. (1997), pp. 797-813.</i><br /><br />Examples are given from older and more recent literature (kinetics, ionization equilibria, complex formation in solution, dipole moment determination, thermochemistry, resonance energies, NMR shifts, photoelectron spectroscopy) where experimental data were processed in an incorrect way from the point of view of statistics. The results were more or less biased, sometimes completely wrong. Corrected procedures, based entirely on the least-squares method, are reported; in several cases methods are proposed. Some hints are given as to how these mistakes can be avoided, how they can be revealed in the literature and how the literature data can be recalculated: the last task is the most difficult. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. How to get wrong results from good experimental data: a survey of incorrect applications of regression Otto Exner doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(199711)10:11<797::AID-PCA951>3.0.CO;2-K Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry, Vol. 10, No. 11. (1997), pp. 797-813. 2007-05-01T16:18:39-00:00 1997 Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 10 11 797 813 toread http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1269436 <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 3. (March 2006), pp. 196-206.</i><br /><br />Biosensors based on microcantilevers have become a promising tool for directly detecting biomolecular interactions with great accuracy. Microcantilevers translate molecular recognition of biomolecules into nanomechanical motion that is commonly coupled to an optical or piezo-resistive read-out detector system. Biosensors based on cantilevers are a good example of how nanotechnology and biotechnology can go together. High-throughput platforms using arrays of cantilevers have been developed for simultaneous measurement and read-out of hundreds of samples. As a result, many interesting applications have been performed and the first sensor platforms are being commercialized. This review covers the basic working principles and the types of sensor format, the fabrication and the reported applications in chemical and biological analysis, trends in cantilever fabrication, examples of the commercial instrumentation available, and future developments. Nanomechanical biosensors: a new sensing tool LG Carrascosa M Moreno M Alvarez LM Lechuga TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 3. (March 2006), pp. 196-206. 2007-05-01T01:01:38-00:00 2006 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 25 3 196 206 toread http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1269427 <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 11. (December 2006), pp. 1131-1138.</i><br /><br />This review highlights some common errors of data evaluation that are frequently found in the literature. They include inappropriate choice of the model for fitting calibration curves, and usage of the correlation coefficient and linearization methods. We then question the notion about the advantage of non-selectivity of sensors in an array and highlight the danger of inadequate data-selection methods. Bad results from good data Martin Badertscher Erno Pretsch TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 11. (December 2006), pp. 1131-1138. 2007-05-01T00:53:56-00:00 2006 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 25 11 1131 1138 toread http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1269425 <i>TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 11. (December 2006), 1045.</i> Use and abuse of chemometrics Erno Pretsch Charles Wilkins TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 25, No. 11. (December 2006), 1045. 2007-05-01T00:51:27-00:00 2006 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 25 11 1045 toread http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1232054 <i>Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 43, No. 7. (1998), pp. 1977-1986.</i><br /><br />Enhancements in spin-lattice relaxation rates of spin-labelled systems are considered both in terms of recent advances in nonlinear EPR methodology and in terms of the structural and dynamic biophysical information that can be obtained from such measurements at the molecular level. Recent developments in spin labelling Derek Marsh VA Livshits doi:10.1088/0031-9155/43/7/018 Physics in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 43, No. 7. (1998), pp. 1977-1986. 2007-04-17T13:32:38-00:00 1998 Physics in Medicine and Biology 43 7 1977 1986 esr spin_label http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1206708 <i>Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 165, No. 1. (November 2003), pp. 116-127.</i><br /><br />NMR microscopy is routinely employed in fields of science such as biology, botany, and materials science to observe magnetic parameters and transport phenomena in small scale structures. Despite extensive efforts, the resolution of this method is limited (>10 [mu]m for short acquisition times), and thus cannot answer many key questions in these fields. We show, through theoretical prediction and initial experiments, that ESR microscopy, although much less developed, can improve upon the resolution limits of NMR, and successfully undertake the 1 [mu]m resolution challenge. Our theoretical predictions demonstrate that existing ESR technology, along with advanced imaging probe design (resonator and gradient coils), using solutions of narrow linewidth radicals (the trityl family), should yield 64 x 64 pixels 2D images (with z slice selection) with a resolution of 1 x 1 x 10 [mu]m at ~60 GHz in less than 1 h of acquisition. Our initial imaging results, conducted by CW ESR at X-band, support these theoretical predictions and already improve upon the previously reported state-of-the-art for 2D ESR image resolution achieving ~10 x 10 [mu]m, in just several minutes of acquisition time. We analyze how future progress, which includes improved resonators, increased frequency of measurement, and advanced pulsed techniques, should achieve the goal of micron resolution. High resolution electron spin resonance microscopy Aharon Blank Curt Dunnam Peter Borbat Jack Freed doi:10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00254-4 Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 165, No. 1. (November 2003), pp. 116-127. 2007-04-04T20:19:09-00:00 2003 Journal of Magnetic Resonance 165 1 116 127 esr microscopy http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1204823 <i>Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 10. (1998), pp. 1762-1763.</i><br /><br />We present an inexpensive, reusable method of introducing optical fibers into ultrahigh vacuum systems. A Teflon ferrule with a center-drilled hole slightly larger than the fiber diameter replaces the metal ferrules of a standard Swagelok connector. The Swagelok connector when tightened compresses the Teflon to form a vacuum seal for pressures of 2 10 10 Torr. Teflon Feedthrough for Coupling Optical Fibers Into Ultrahigh Vacuum Systems Eric Abraham Eric Cornell Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 10. (1998), pp. 1762-1763. 2007-04-03T17:08:02-00:00 1998 Applied Optics 37 10 1762 1763 cryogenic instrumentation http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1188241 <i>Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Vol. 17 (1985), pp. 33-67.</i> Applications of dynamic nuclear polarization in 13C NMR in solids RA Wind MJ Duijvestijn C van der Lugt A Manenschijn J Vriend doi:10.1016/0079-6565(85)80005-4 Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Vol. 17 (1985), pp. 33-67. 2007-03-26T15:22:04-00:00 1985 Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 17 33 67 dnp review http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1188235 <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 128, No. 33. (23 August 2006), pp. 10840-10846.</i><br /><br />Abstract: Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) permits a ~102-103 enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization and therefore increases sensitivity in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Here, we demonstrate the efficient transfer of DNP-enhanced 1H polarization from an aqueous, radical-containing solvent matrix into peptide crystals via 1H-1H spin diffusion across the matrix-crystal interface. The samples consist of nanocrystals of the amyloid-forming peptide GNNQQNY7-13, derived from the yeast prion protein Sup35p, dispersed in a glycerol-water matrix containing a biradical polarizing agent, TOTAPOL. These crystals have an average width of 100-200 nm, and their known crystal structure suggests that the size of the biradical precludes its penetration into the crystal lattice; therefore, intimate contact of the molecules in the nanocrystal core with the polarizing agent is unlikely. This is supported by the observed differences between the time-dependent growth of the enhanced polarization in the solvent versus the nanocrystals. Nevertheless, DNP-enhanced magic-angle spinning (MAS) spectra recorded at 5 T and 90 K exhibit an average signal enhancement 120. This is slightly lower than the DNP enhancement of the solvent mixture surrounding the crystals ( 160), and we show that it is consistent with spin diffusion across the solvent-matrix interface. In particular, we correlate the expected DNP enhancement to several properties of the sample, such as crystal size, the nuclear T1, and the average 1H-1H spin diffusion constant. The enhanced 1H polarization was subsequently transferred to 13C and 15N via cross-polarization, and allowed rapid acquisition of two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation data. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Amyloidogenic Peptide Nanocrystals: GNNQQNY, a Core Segment of the Yeast Prion Protein Sup35p PCA Vanderwel KN Hu J Lewandowski RG Griffin doi:10.1021/ja0626685 J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 128, No. 33. (23 August 2006), pp. 10840-10846. 2007-03-26T15:13:20-00:00 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 33 10840 10846 dnp mas tempo http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1188217 <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 128, No. 35. (6 September 2006), pp. 11385-11390.</i><br /><br />Abstract: In a previous publication, we described the use of biradicals, in that case two TEMPO molecules tethered by an ethylene glycol chain of variable length, as polarizing agents for microwave driven dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. The use of biradicals in place of monomeric paramagnetic centers such as TEMPO yields enhancements that are a factor of approximately 4 larger ( ~ 175 at 5 T and 90 K) and concurrently the concentration of the polarizing agent is a factor of 4 smaller (10 mM electron spins), reducing the residual electron nuclear dipole broadening. In this paper we describe the synthesis and characterization by EPR and DNP/NMR of an improved polarizing agent 1-(TEMPO-4-oxy)-3-(TEMPO-4-amino)propan-2-ol (TOTAPOL). Under the same experimental conditions and using 2.5 mm magic angle rotors, this new biradical yields larger enhancements ( ~ 290) at lower concentrations (6 mM electron spins) and has the additional important property that it is compatible with experiments in aqueous media, including salt solutions commonly used in the study of proteins and nucleic acids. TOTAPOL: A Biradical Polarizing Agent for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Experiments in Aqueous Media C Song KN Hu CG Joo TM Swager RG Griffin doi:10.1021/ja061284b J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 128, No. 35. (6 September 2006), pp. 11385-11390. 2007-03-26T15:06:34-00:00 2006 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 35 11385 11390 dnp mas tempo http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1188189 <i>J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 126, No. 35. (8 September 2004), pp. 10844-10845.</i><br /><br />Abstract: Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments in rotating solids have been performed for the first time using biradicals rather than monomeric paramagnetic centers as polarizing agents. Specifically, two TEMPO radicals were tethered with a poly(ethylene glycol) chain of variable length where the number of glycol units was 2, 3, or 4. NMR experiments show that the signal observed in DNP experiments is approximately inversely proportional to the length of the chain. Thus, the shorter chain with larger electron dipolar couplings yields larger enhancements. The size of the enhancement is a factor of 4 larger than obtained with the identical concentration of monomeric nitroxide radicals achieving a value of ~175 for the n = 2 chain. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Biradicals KN Hu Yu TM Swager RG Griffin doi:10.1021/ja039749a J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 126, No. 35. (8 September 2004), pp. 10844-10845. 2007-03-26T14:46:39-00:00 2004 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 35 10844 10845 dnp tempo http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1188164 <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 126, No. 4. (2007)</i><br /><br />In a previous communication [Hu et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 10844 (2004)], an approach was demonstrated that improves the efficiency of the cross-effect polarization mechanism employed in high field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) experiments. Specifically, it was shown that tethering two TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) radicals increases the electron-electron dipole coupling from ~1  MHz in solutions of monomeric TEMPO to ~25  MHz in a tethered biradical. The larger coupling resulted in an increase in the DNP enhancements by a factor of ~3–4, from 45–50 to ~165. Here, a second approach to improving the efficiency of the polarization process is described that involves approximately satisfying the matching condition |2e−1e|=n, where 2e and 1e are two frequencies in the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum and n is the Larmor frequency of the nuclear spins being polarized. Specifically, in a mixture of TEMPO and trityl [tris (8-carboxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl(-d3)-benzo[1,2d:4,5-d']bis(1,3)dithiol-4-yl) methyl] radicals, the intensity maxima in the EPR spectra of these two species are approximately separated by the 1H NMR frequency. In this case the frequency difference between the gyy value of TEMPO and the narrow pseudo-isotropic g-value of trityl is ~224  MHz and the 1H Larmor frequency is 211  MHz. The optimal magnetic field for DNP using the mixtures was found to coincide with the trityl EPR resonance. At 90  K and 5  T, a mixture of 20  mM TEMPO and 20  mM trityl enhanced the 1H polarization by a factor of ~160, an improvement over the enhancement of ~50 with 40  mM TEMPO. The reasons for the improvement are discussed and evidence is presented suggesting that DNP enhancement can be improved further by tethering TEMPO and trityl or two similar radicals. ©2007 American Institute of Physics High-frequency dynamic nuclear polarization using mixtures of TEMPO and trityl radicals Kan Hu Vikram Bajaj Melanie Rosay Robert Griffin doi:10.1063/1.2429658 The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 126, No. 4. (2007) 2007-03-26T14:09:05-00:00 2007 The Journal of Chemical Physics 126 4 AIP dnp tempo trityl http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1166062 <i>Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 101, No. 3. (2007)</i><br /><br />We describe a digital signal processing method for high precision frequency evaluation of approximately sinusoidal signals based on a computationally efficient method. We demonstrate frequency measurement enabling sensitive measurement of the oscillatory force exerted on a micromechanical cantilever. We apply this technique to detection of the force signal arising in a micromechanically detected magnetic resonance force microscopy electron spin resonance signal. Our frequency detection measurements agree well with the theoretical noise analysis presented here, and we find that due to the excellent sensitivity of optical displacement detection, our sensitivity is limited only by the thermal displacement noise of the cantilever. ©2007 American Institute of Physics Real time cantilever signal frequency determination using digital signal processing Yu KC Fong D Daughton PC Hammel doi:10.1063/1.2434955 Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 101, No. 3. (2007) 2007-03-15T20:24:00-00:00 2007 Journal of Applied Physics 101 3 AIP esr instrumentation mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1147945 <i>Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 11, No. 1-2. (March 1998), pp. 73-86.</i><br /><br />A novel method of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is described which promises to be preferable to known general methods at sample length scales below ~100 [mu]m. Its advantages stem from the seemingly paradoxical combination of a homogeneous static magnetic field and detection of a mechanical force between a spin-bearing sample and a magnet assembly. In contrast to other methods of force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance (FDNMR), the method is characterized by better observation of magnetization, enhanced resolution, and no gradient (BOOMERANG), and it is generally applicable with respect to sample composition, pulse sequence, and magnetic field strength. Further advantages of portability and low cost stem from the small instrument volume and mass and promise to extend the use of NMR to new applications and environments. A sensitivity analysis, relevant to spectroscopy or imaging, quantifies the advantage of BOOMERANG relative to magnetic induction using microcoils and to FDNMR methods that rely on large gradients of the magnetic field at the sample. Force-detected magnetic resonance without field gradients Garett Leskowitz Louis Madsen Daniel Weitekamp doi:10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00098-2 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 11, No. 1-2. (March 1998), pp. 73-86. 2007-03-08T21:16:59-00:00 1998 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 11 1-2 73 86 boomerang mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1147944 <i>Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 11, No. 1-2. (March 1998), pp. 65-72.</i><br /><br />The Magnetic Resonance Force Microscope (MRFM) presents the opportunity for a magnetic resonance imaging probe with ultra-high, potentially atomic-scale, resolution. The successful application of this technique in detection of nuclear magnetic, electron-spin and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) highlights its significant potential. We discuss the capabilities of the MRFM with particular emphasis on the detection of FMR using MRFM techniques. A crucial remaining challenge in the development of the magnetic resonance force microscope (MRFM) is to place the magnetic probe on the mechanical resonator. We address the problem of spurious detector response arising from interactions between the magnetic tip and various external applied fields. We show that miniature, magnetically-polarized Nd2Fe14B particles show promise as magnetic probe tips. Our experience indicates it will be important to minimize the total polarized moment of the magnetic tip and to ensure that the applied fields are as uniform as possible. Magnetic resonance force microscopy with a ferromagnetic tip mounted on the force detector Z Zhang PC Hammel doi:10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00097-0 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Vol. 11, No. 1-2. (March 1998), pp. 65-72. 2007-03-08T21:15:43-00:00 1998 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 11 1-2 65 72 fmr mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1147939 <i>PNAS, Vol. 101, No. 35. (31 August 2004), pp. 12804-12808.</i><br /><br />We report the experimental realization of BOOMERANG (better observation of magnetization, enhanced resolution, and no gradient), a sensitive and general method of magnetic resonance. The prototype millimeter-scale NMR spectrometer shows signal and noise levels in agreement with the design principles. We present 1H and 19F NMR in both solid and liquid samples, including time-domain Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy, multiple-pulse echoes, and heteronuclear J spectroscopy. By measuring a 1H-19F J coupling, this last experiment accomplishes chemically specific spectroscopy with force-detected NMR. In BOOMERANG, an assembly of permanent magnets provides a homogeneous field throughout the sample, while a harmonically suspended part of the assembly, a detector, is mechanically driven by spin-dependent forces. By placing the sample in a homogeneous field, signal dephasing by diffusion in a field gradient is made negligible, enabling application to liquids, in contrast to other force-detection methods. The design appears readily scalable to microm-scale samples where it should have sensitivity advantages over inductive detection with microcoils and where it holds great promise for application of magnetic resonance in biology, chemistry, physics, and surface science. We briefly discuss extensions of the BOOMERANG method to the microm and nm scales. 10.1073/pnas.0405232101 Observation of force-detected nuclear magnetic resonance in a homogeneous field LA Madsen GM Leskowitz DP Weitekamp PNAS, Vol. 101, No. 35. (31 August 2004), pp. 12804-12808. 2007-03-08T21:08:53-00:00 2004 PNAS 101 35 12804 12808 boomerang mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1147731 <i>European Polymer Journal, Vol. 27, No. 8. (1991), pp. 773-774.</i><br /><br />Interfacial tensions (IT) between polyisoprene and polystyrene (PS) were measured by the sessile drop method at 433K. For a normal PS and a PS carrying a nitroxide end-group, the values of IT were 2.54 +/- 0.5 and 2.38 +/- 0.5 dyne cm-1 respectively. The close match of these values suggests that the nitroxide end-label has no strong affinity for the polyisoprene domain. Spin-label study of immiscible polymers--1. Interfacial tension between polystyrene and polyisoprene GG Cameron E Ross IS Miles J Richardson D Bye doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90006-A European Polymer Journal, Vol. 27, No. 8. (1991), pp. 773-774. 2007-03-08T18:10:46-00:00 1991 European Polymer Journal 27 8 773 774 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1147727 <i>European Polymer Journal, Vol. 27, No. 11. (1991), pp. 1181-1186.</i><br /><br />Electron spin resonance spectra of blends of polyisoprene (PIP) and polystyrene (PS), carrying a nitroxide spin-label, show that the PIP exerts a plasticizing influence on the labelled chain-ends of PS. This effect presumably occurs at the interphase where certain of these chain-ends appear to be in a predominantly PIP environment. Treating the labelled PS as a macromolecular spin probe shows that the effective volume of an inner PS segment is ca 1.6 times greater than that of a labelled chain-end and ca 1.7 times greater than that of an inner PIP segment. Comparing the results with previously published data for spin-probed PS suggests that rotation of the chain-end label involves more than one styrene unit along the chain. Spin-label study of immiscible polymers--II. Influence of polyisoprene on end-labelled polystyrene GG Cameron MY Qureshi E Ross IS Miles J Richardson doi:10.1016/0014-3057(91)90054-R European Polymer Journal, Vol. 27, No. 11. (1991), pp. 1181-1186. 2007-03-08T18:07:38-00:00 1991 European Polymer Journal 27 11 1181 1186 no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1124022 <i>PNAS, Vol. 97, No. 1. (4 January 2000), pp. 28-31.</i><br /><br />10.1073/pnas.97.1.28 From the Cover: The Theory of Everything RB Laughlin David Pines doi:10.1073/pnas.97.1.28 PNAS, Vol. 97, No. 1. (4 January 2000), pp. 28-31. 2007-02-26T22:36:23-00:00 2000 PNAS 97 1 28 31 editorial essay http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1118526 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, No. 5. (1995), pp. 3191-3195.</i><br /><br />The atomic force microscope (AFM) is calculated to have quantum limited sensitivity using common optical detection techniques. Under typical ambient operating conditions, the AFM is shown to have an energy resolution better than 10–24 J, considerably weaker than the energy of 10–21 J/molecule for the weakest chemical bonds. For operation in vacuum, periodic forces of 10–15 N are detectable at room temperature. At 4.2 K it is possible to resolve single bursts of energy of 10–25 J. The AFM is shown to have many features in common with a resonant-bar gravitational wave antenna. ©1995 American Institute of Physics. Limits of force microscopy DPE Smith doi:10.1063/1.1145550 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, No. 5. (1995), pp. 3191-3195. 2007-02-23T04:35:19-00:00 1995 Review of Scientific Instruments 66 5 3191 3195 AIP cantilevers measurement spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1118516 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2007)</i><br /><br />Force detected electron spin resonance (FDESR) detects the presence of unpaired electrons in a sample by measuring the change in force on a mechanical resonator as the magnetization of the sample is modulated under magnetic resonance conditions. The magnetization is coupled to the resonator via a magnetic field gradient. It has been used to both detect and image distributions of electron spins, and it offers both extremely high absolute sensitivity and high spatial imaging resolution. However, compared to conventional induction mode ESR the technique also has a comparatively poor concentration sensitivity and it introduces complications in interpreting and combining both spectroscopy and imaging. One method to improve both sensitivity and spectral resolution is to operate in high magnetic fields in order to increase the sample magnetization and g-factor resolution. In this article we present FDESR measurements on the organic conductor (fluoranthene)2PF6 at 3.2  T, with a corresponding millimeter-wave frequency of 93.5  GHz, which we believe are the highest field results for FDESR reported in the literature to date. A magnet-on-cantilever approach was used, with a high-anisotropy microwave ferrite as the gradient source and employing cyclic saturation to modulate the magnetization at the cantilever fundamental frequency. ©2007 American Institute of Physics Force detected electron spin resonance at 94 GHz Paul Cruickshank Graham Smith doi:10.1063/1.2424452 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2007) 2007-02-23T04:24:51-00:00 2007 Review of Scientific Instruments 78 1 AIP esr magnet-on-lever mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1115404 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 76, No. 6. (2005)</i><br /><br />A slip-stick positioning system is shown to work as a step-by-step scanning device. Scanning confocal optical images with sizes up to 100  µm by 100  µm were taken in reflectivity using a 635  nm wavelength laser and an objective of numerical aperture=0.8. The images were taken under ambient and cryogenic conditions on samples with periodic patterns as well as with nanomechanical systems. They show exceptional low distortion and high linearity. The use of the slip-stick step motion for image scanning simplifies the scanning confocal microscope since the long-range positioning unit and the scanning unit merge into only one unit that can do both. ©2005 American Institute of Physics Slip-stick step-scanner for scanning probe microscopy Christine Meyer Omar Sqalli Heribert Lorenz Khaled Karrai doi:10.1063/1.1927105 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 76, No. 6. (2005) 2007-02-20T23:57:12-00:00 2005 Review of Scientific Instruments 76 6 AIP instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1115036 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 72, No. 6. (2001), pp. 2613-2617.</i><br /><br />A variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was designed and tested. Design details and initial results are presented. The STM is directly attached to the cold face of a continuous flow cryostat which is mounted into a two-chamber UHV system. A significant advantage of this system in comparison to many others is, that samples can be cooled down to base temperature of 6.5 K within very short times of below 2 h. This feature not only increases the potential sample throughput, it also allows to cycle the sample temperature within the regime below 20 K without losing track of given sample locations. The instrument was tested by imaging Au layers on graphite. The vertical stability at low temperature was found to be below 3 pm. Images recorded at 6.5 K show crystalline Au islands and the Au(111)22×3 reconstruction with atomic resolution. Using a resistive heater, the sample temperature was adjusted between 6.5 and 20 K. After an equilibration time of 15 min, the displacement due to the temperature change remained below 150 nm. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy on Au(111) grains resolves the Au(111) surface state. ©2001 American Institute of Physics. A variable-temperature ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscope H Zhang U Memmert R Houbertz U Hartmann doi:10.1063/1.1372165 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 72, No. 6. (2001), pp. 2613-2617. 2007-02-20T20:14:01-00:00 2001 Review of Scientific Instruments 72 6 2613 2617 AIP instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1114545 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 69, No. 1. (1998), pp. 226-229.</i><br /><br />This article gives the quantitative three-dimensional displacements of a piezoelectric tube scanner subject to arbitrary voltages. The results including the influences of the tip's position and length are reported. The displacements are determined by the piezoelectric strain/charge constant d31 and the geometrical parameters of the scanner. Experiment results show the feasibility of the proposed method to calibrate the effective piezoelectric constant of a scanner. The coupling between vertical and transverse scanning displacements is discussed. Comparison of the newly developed formulas with the previous formulas and finite element calculation is carried out. The theoretical basis of the recently proposed "circular arc bending model" is found and the exact form of the model is also derived. Numerical results show that the exact form agrees with the experimental results much better than the previous form. The formulas presented here can be used for the design, calibration, and further application of piezoelectric tube scanners in scanning probe microscopes. ©1998 American Institute of Physics. Three-dimensional displacements of a piezoelectric tube scanner Shengyuan Yang Wenhao Huang doi:10.1063/1.1148500 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 69, No. 1. (1998), pp. 226-229. 2007-02-20T15:43:24-00:00 1998 Review of Scientific Instruments 69 1 226 229 AIP instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1109044 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 64, No. 7. (1993), pp. 1868-1873.</i><br /><br />Images and force measurements taken by an atomic-force microscope (AFM) depend greatly on the properties of the spring and tip used to probe the sample's surface. In this article, we describe a simple, nondestructive procedure for measuring the force constant, resonant frequency, and quality factor of an AFM cantilever spring and the effective radius of curvature of an AFM tip. Our procedure uses the AFM itself and does not require additional equipment. Review of Scientific Instruments is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics. Calibration of atomic-force microscope tips Jeffrey Hutter John Bechhoefer doi:10.1063/1.1143970 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 64, No. 7. (1993), pp. 1868-1873. 2007-02-15T22:02:46-00:00 1993 Review of Scientific Instruments 64 7 1868 1873 AIP afm spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1108700 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 57, No. 8. (1986), pp. 1688-1689.</i><br /><br />We report a new type of three-dimensional mechanical scanner fabricated from a single piezoelectric tube. It has a typical response of 5 nm/V in each orthogonal direction and mechanical resonances at 8 kHz (bending perpendicular to the tube axis) and 40 kHz (motion parallel to the tube axis). When used in a scanning tunneling microscope it is the higher frequency mode which is most critical since it corresponds to motion perpendicular to the sample surface. We show an image of the atomic surface of graphite taken in air using a tube scanner incorporated into a scanning tunneling microscope. The tube scanner allows the development of smaller, simpler, and faster scanning tunneling microscopes. Review of Scientific Instruments is copyrighted by The American Institute of Physics. Single-tube three-dimensional scanner for scanning tunneling microscopy G Binnig DPE Smith doi:10.1063/1.1139196 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 57, No. 8. (1986), pp. 1688-1689. 2007-02-15T17:33:03-00:00 1986 Review of Scientific Instruments 57 8 1688 1689 AIP instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1108685 <i>Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, No. 3. (1995), pp. 2520-2523.</i><br /><br />We describe the construction and operation of a large-range piezoelectric scanner, suitable for various scanning probe microscopies such as magnetic force, atomic force, and Hall probe microscopies. The instrument is compact and inherently thermally compensated. At room temperature, it has a range of over 2 mm; this range is reduced to 275 µm at 4.2 K. ©1995 American Institute of Physics. Compact large-range cryogenic scanner Jeffrey Siegel Jeff Witt Naia Venturi Stuart Field doi:10.1063/1.1145652 Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 66, No. 3. (1995), pp. 2520-2523. 2007-02-15T17:21:08-00:00 1995 Review of Scientific Instruments 66 3 2520 2523 AIP instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1103764 <i>Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3. (1998), pp. 383-390.</i><br /><br />A study of the vibration isolation system in scanning probe microscopes (SPMs) to reduce external noises in a wide range of frequencies is presented. For the low-frequency isolation case, a pneumatic system based on a cylindrical plastic tube with an elastic membrane for damping is studied. The theoretical model and the experimental results obtained from it to isolate noises above 2 Hz are discussed. For the high-frequency isolation, a design based on stacked metallic sheets, with cylindrical elastomers (viton) between them, is simulated. The effect of the elastomer geometry when it is used in a real case by means of the transfer function of the vibration system is discussed. From the results, we are able to predict and optimize the performance of SPMs with regard to noise isolation. Low- and high-frequency vibration isolation for scanning probe microscopy AI Oliva M Aguilar Víctor Sosa doi:10.1088/0957-0233/9/3/011 Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3. (1998), pp. 383-390. 2007-02-12T22:08:43-00:00 1998 Measurement Science and Technology 9 3 383 390 instrumentation spm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1103692 <i>Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 5, No. 6. (1987), pp. 3313-3320.</i><br /><br />Vibration isolation technology for scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) to suppress the external mechanical perturbation down to a subatomic scale is described. The system is simplified into two subsystems, a tunneling assembly and a supporting table. Each of them has its own mechanical eigenfrequency. The principle of the isolation exists in making the two eigenfrequencies very different from each other. A theory of isolation developed is based on a model of multiply coupled oscillators with damping. Experimental results of the isolation characteristics for the two types of isolators constructed, one consisting of two-stage coil springs and the other of multiply stacked metal plates with rubber pieces among them, are well explained by the theory. STM images of graphite are obtained by using these isolators combined with various tunneling assemblies. Thereby the basis for design of the isolators is clarified. Vibration isolation for scanning tunneling microscopy M Okano K Kajimura S Wakiyama F Sakai W Mizutani M Ono doi:10.1116/1.574189 Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 5, No. 6. (1987), pp. 3313-3320. 2007-02-12T19:50:21-00:00 1987 Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 5 6 3313 3320 AVS instrumentation spm stm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1075324 <i>Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. V72, No. 7. (1 March 2001), pp. S3-S10.</i> Adventures in attonewton force detection D Rugar BC Stipe HJ Mamin CS Yannoni TD Stowe KY Yasumura TW Kenny doi:10.1007/s003390100729 Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. V72, No. 7. (1 March 2001), pp. S3-S10. 2007-01-30T00:08:58-00:00 2001 Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing V72 7 S3 S10 cantilevers instrumentation mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1031678 <i>Science, Vol. 314, No. 5807. (22 December 2006), pp. 1916-1920.</i><br /><br />Kerr rotation measurements on a single electron spin confined in a charge-tunable semiconductor quantum dot demonstrate a means to directly probe the spin off-resonance, thus minimally disturbing the system. Energy-resolved magneto-optical spectra reveal information about the optically oriented spin polarization and the transverse spin lifetime of the electron as a function of the charging of the dot. These results represent progress toward the manipulation and coupling of single spins and photons for quantum information processing. 10.1126/science.1133862 Nondestructive Optical Measurements of a Single Electron Spin in a Quantum Dot J Berezovsky MH Mikkelsen O Gywat NG Stoltz LA Coldren DD Awschalom doi:10.1126/science.1133862 Science, Vol. 314, No. 5807. (22 December 2006), pp. 1916-1920. 2007-01-09T17:10:15-00:00 2006 Science 314 5807 1916 1920 quantum_computing http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1005751 <i>Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of, Vol. 9, No. 1. (2000), pp. 117-125.</i><br /><br />Micromechanical cantilevers are commonly used for detection of small forces in microelectromechanical sensors (e.g., accelerometers) and in scientific instruments (e.g., atomic force microscopes). A fundamental limit to the detection of small forces is imposed by thermomechanical noise, the mechanical analog of Johnson noise, which is governed by dissipation of mechanical energy. This paper reports on measurements of the mechanical quality factor Q for arrays of silicon-nitride, polysilicon, and single-crystal silicon cantilevers. By studying the dependence of Q on cantilever material, geometry, and surface treatments, significant insight into dissipation mechanisms has been obtained. For submicron-thick cantilevers, Q is found to decrease with decreasing cantilever thickness, indicating surface loss mechanisms. For single-crystal silicon cantilevers, significant increase in room temperature Q is obtained after 700°C heat treatment in either N₂ Or forming gas. At low temperatures, silicon cantilevers exhibit a minimum in Q at approximately 135 K, possibly due to a surface-related relaxation process. Thermoelastic dissipation is not a factor for submicron-thick cantilevers, but is shown to be significant for silicon-nitride cantilevers as thin as 2.3 μm Quality factors in micron- and submicron-thick cantilevers KY Yasumura TD Stowe EM Chow T Pfafman TW Kenny BC Stipe D Rugar Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of, Vol. 9, No. 1. (2000), pp. 117-125. 2006-12-21T11:33:25-00:00 2000 Microelectromechanical Systems, Journal of 9 1 117 125 cantilevers noise http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/1002019 <i>Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. V66, No. 0. (1 March 1998), pp. S885-S889.</i> Analysis of the interaction mechanisms in dynamic mode SFM by means of experimental data and computer simulation B Anczykowski JP Cleveland D Krã¼ger V Elings H Fuchs doi:10.1007/s003390051261 Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, Vol. V66, No. 0. (1 March 1998), pp. S885-S889. 2006-12-19T15:36:38-00:00 1998 Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing V66 0 S885 S889 afm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/988425 <i>The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Vol. V17, No. 1. (2000), pp. 57-68.</i> Mechanical detection of nuclear spin relaxation in a micron-size crystal O Klein VV Naletov H Alloul doi:10.1007/s100510070160 The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, Vol. V17, No. 1. (2000), pp. 57-68. 2006-12-11T09:33:19-00:00 2000 The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems V17 1 57 68 mrfm oscar http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/988201 <i>Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, No. 20. (2003)</i><br /><br />We report the detection of the statistical polarization in a small ensemble of electron spin centers in SiO2 by magnetic resonance force microscopy. A novel detection technique was employed that captures the statistical polarization and cycles it between states that are either locked or antilocked to the effective field in the rotating frame. Using field gradients as high as 5   G/nm, we achieved a detection sensitivity equivalent to roughly two electron spins, and observed ultralong spin-lock lifetimes, as long as 20 s. Given a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, this scheme should be extendable to single electron spin detection. Detection and Manipulation of Statistical Polarization in Small Spin Ensembles HJ Mamin R Budakian BW Chui D Rugar doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.207604 Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, No. 20. (2003) 2006-12-11T00:04:33-00:00 2003 Physical Review Letters 91 20 APS mrfm oscar http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/986419 <i>Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Vol. 45, No. 3-4. (17 December 2004), pp. 239-274.</i> The magnetic resonance force microscope A Suter doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2004.06.001 Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Vol. 45, No. 3-4. (17 December 2004), pp. 239-274. 2006-12-09T21:37:38-00:00 2004 Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 45 3-4 239 274 mrfm review http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/977297 <i>Science, Vol. 270, No. 5234. (13 October 1995), pp. 255-261.</i><br /><br />If the bits of computers are someday scaled down to the size of individual atoms, quantum mechanical effects may profoundly change the nature of computation itself. The wave function of such a quantum computer could consist of a superposition of many computations carried out simultaneously; this kind of parallelism could be exploited to make some important computational problems, like the prime factoring of large integers, tractable. However, building such a quantum computer would place undreamed of demands on the experimental realization of highly quantum-coherent systems; present-day experimental capabilities in atomic physics and other fields permit only the most rudimentary implementation of quantum computation. Quantum Computation David Divincenzo doi:10.1126/science.270.5234.255 Science, Vol. 270, No. 5234. (13 October 1995), pp. 255-261. 2006-12-07T00:36:37-00:00 1995 Science 270 5234 255 261 quantum_computing review http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/977295 <i>Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 61, No. 2. (1998), pp. 117-173.</i><br /><br />The subject of quantum computing brings together ideas from classical information theory, computer science, and quantum physics. This review aims to summarize not just quantum computing, but the whole subject of quantum information theory. Information can be identified as the most general thing which must propagate from a cause to an effect. It therefore has a fundamentally important role in the science of physics. However, the mathematical treatment of information, especially information processing, is quite recent, dating from the mid-20th century. This has meant that the full significance of information as a basic concept in physics is only now being discovered. This is especially true in quantum mechanics. The theory of quantum information and computing puts this significance on a firm footing, and has led to some profound and exciting new insights into the natural world. Among these are the use of quantum states to permit the secure transmission of classical information (quantum cryptography), the use of quantum entanglement to permit reliable transmission of quantum states (teleportation), the possibility of preserving quantum coherence in the presence of irreversible noise processes (quantum error correction), and the use of controlled quantum evolution for efficient computation (quantum computation). The common theme of all these insights is the use of quantum entanglement as a computational resource. It turns out that information theory and quantum mechanics fit together very well. In order to explain their relationship, this review begins with an introduction to classical information theory and computer science, including Shannon's theorem, error correcting codes, Turing machines and computational complexity. The principles of quantum mechanics are then outlined, and the Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) experiment described. The EPR-Bell correlations, and quantum entanglement in general, form the essential new ingredient which distinguishes quantum from classical information theory and, arguably, quantum from classical physics. Basic quantum information ideas are next outlined, including qubits and data compression, quantum gates, the `no cloning' property and teleportation. Quantum cryptography is briefly sketched. The universal quantum computer (QC) is described, based on the Church-Turing principle and a network model of computation. Algorithms for such a computer are discussed, especially those for finding the period of a function, and searching a random list. Such algorithms prove that a QC of sufficiently precise construction is not only fundamentally different from any computer which can only manipulate classical information, but can compute a small class of functions with greater efficiency. This implies that some important computational tasks are impossible for any device apart from a QC. To build a universal QC is well beyond the abilities of current technology. However, the principles of quantum information physics can be tested on smaller devices. The current experimental situation is reviewed, with emphasis on the linear ion trap, high- Q optical cavities, and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. These allow coherent control in a Hilbert space of eight dimensions (three qubits) and should be extendable up to a thousand or more dimensions (10 qubits). Among other things, these systems will allow the feasibility of quantum computing to be assessed. In fact such experiments are so difficult that it seemed likely until recently that a practically useful QC (requiring, say, 1000 qubits) was actually ruled out by considerations of experimental imprecision and the unavoidable coupling between any system and its environment. However, a further fundamental part of quantum information physics provides a solution to this impasse. This is quantum error correction (QEC). An introduction to QEC is provided. The evolution of the QC is restricted to a carefully chosen subspace of its Hilbert space. Errors are almost certain to cause a departure from this subspace. QEC provides a means to detect and undo such departures without upsetting the quantum computation. This achieves the apparently impossible, since the computation preserves quantum coherence even though during its course all the qubits in the computer will have relaxed spontaneously many times. The review concludes with an outline of the main features of quantum information physics and avenues for future research. Quantum computing Andrew Steane doi:10.1088/0034-4885/61/2/002 Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 61, No. 2. (1998), pp. 117-173. 2006-12-07T00:25:40-00:00 1998 Reports on Progress in Physics 61 2 117 173 quantum_computing review http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/969595 <i>(01 March 1996)</i><br /><br />This is a textbook intended for graduate students who plan to work in nuclear magnetic resonance or electron spin resonance. The text describes the basic principles of magnetic resonance, steady-state and pulse methods, the theory of the width, shape and position of spectral absorption lines as well as the theory of relaxation times. It also introduces the density matrix. This third edition adds new material to many parts, plus new sections on one- and two-dimensional Fourier transform methods, multiple quantum coherence and magnetic resonance imaging. Principles of Magnetic Resonance CP Slichter (01 March 1996) 2006-12-01T04:20:29-00:00 1996 Springer Verlag GmbH books magnetic_resonance http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/969586 <i>Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 76, No. 23. (1 December 2004), pp. 449A-452A.</i> Bringing Up MRFM Rajendrani Mukhopadhyay Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 76, No. 23. (1 December 2004), pp. 449A-452A. 2006-12-01T03:40:18-00:00 2004 Analytical Chemistry 76 23 449A 452A mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/969532 <i>Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, No. 12. (2005)</i><br /><br />We demonstrate detection of NMR signals using a noncryogenic atomic magnetometer and describe several novel applications of this technique. A nuclear spin-precession signal from water is detected using a spin-exchange-relaxation-free potassium magnetometer. We also demonstrate detection of less than 1013 129Xe atoms whose NMR signal is enhanced by a factor of 540 due to Fermi-contact interaction with K atoms. The possibility of using a multichannel atomic magnetometer for fast 3D magnetic resonance imaging is also discussed. NMR Detection with an Atomic Magnetometer IM Savukov MV Romalis doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.123001 Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, No. 12. (2005) 2006-12-01T02:51:02-00:00 2005 Physical Review Letters 94 12 APS nmr toread http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/969529 <i>Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 2. (2005)</i><br /><br />We have detected and manipulated the naturally occurring statistical polarization in nuclear spin ensembles using magnetic resonance force microscopy. Using protocols previously developed for detecting single electron spins, we have measured signals from ensembles of nuclear spins in a volume of roughly (150  nm)3 with a sensitivity of roughly 2000 net spins in a 2.5  h averaging window. Three systems have been studied, 19F nuclei in CaF2, and 1H nuclei (protons) in both polymethylmethacrylate and collagen, a naturally occurring protein. By detecting the statistical polarization, we not only can work with relatively small ensembles, but we eliminate any need to wait a longitudinal relaxation time T1 to polarize the spins. We have also made use of the fact that the statistical polarization, which can be considered a form of spin noise, has a finite correlation time. A method similar to one previously proposed by Carlson et al. [Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 44, 541 (1999)] has been used to suppress the effect of the statistical uncertainty and extract meaningful information from time-averaged measurements. By implementing this method, we have successfully made nutation and transverse spin relaxation time measurements in CaF2 at low temperatures. Magnetic resonance force microscopy of nuclear spins: Detection and manipulation of statistical polarization HJ Mamin R Budakian BW Chui D Rugar doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.72.024413 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), Vol. 72, No. 2. (2005) 2006-12-01T02:42:55-00:00 2005 Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics) 72 2 APS mrfm nmr oscar http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/965529 <i>Philosophical Magazine, Series 8, Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 370-373.</i> Direct Observation of Static Nuclear Susceptibilities at Room Temperature DF Evans Philosophical Magazine, Series 8, Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 370-373. 2006-11-28T19:29:28-00:00 1956 Philosophical Magazine, Series 8 1 370 373 history mrfm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/955504 <i>Philosophical Magazine, Series 7, Vol. 7, No. 46. (June 1929), pp. 905-939.</i> A Molecular Theory of Friction GA Tomlinson Philosophical Magazine, Series 7, Vol. 7, No. 46. (June 1929), pp. 905-939. 2006-11-21T17:11:50-00:00 1929 Philosophical Magazine, Series 7 7 46 905 939 friction http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/951353 <i>Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 75, No. 4. (2003)</i><br /><br />Significant progress has been made both in experimentation and in theoretical modeling of scanning probe microscopy. The theoretical models used to analyze and interpret experimental scanning probe microscope (SPM) images and spectroscopic data now provide information not only about the surface, but also the probe tip and physical changes occurring during the scanning process. The aim of this review is to discuss and compare the present status of computational modeling of two of the most popular SPM methods—scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning force microscopy—in conjunction with their applications to studies of surface structure and properties with atomic resolution. In the context of these atomic-scale applications, for the scanning force microscope (SFM), this review focuses primarily on recent noncontact SFM (NC-SFM) results. After a brief introduction to the experimental techniques and the main factors determining image formation, the authors consider the theoretical models developed for the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and the SFM. Both techniques are treated from the same general perspective of a sharp tip interacting with the surface—the only difference being that the control parameter in the STM is the tunneling current and in the SFM it is the force. The existing methods for calculating STM and SFM images are described and illustrated using numerous examples, primarily from the authors' own simulations, but also from the literature. Theoretical and practical aspects of the techniques applied in STM and SFM modeling are compared. Finally, the authors discuss modeling as it relates to SPM applications in studying surface properties, such as adsorption, point defects, spin manipulation, and phonon excitation. Theories of scanning probe microscopes at the atomic scale Werner Hofer Adam Foster Alexander Shluger doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.1287 Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 75, No. 4. (2003) 2006-11-19T04:52:19-00:00 2003 Reviews of Modern Physics 75 4 APS afm stm http://www.citeulike.org/user/ewmoore/article/951347 <i>Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2006)</i><br /><br />Nanomagnetism is the discipline dealing with magnetic phenomena specific to structures having dimensions in the submicron range. This Colloquium addresses the challenges and scientific problems in this emerging area, including its fabrication strategies, and describes experiments that explore new spin-related behaviors in metallic systems as well as theoretical efforts to understand the observed phenomena. As a subfield of nanoscience, nanomagnetism shares many of the same basic organizing principles such as geometric confinement, physical proximity, and chemical self-organization. These principles are illustrated by means of several examples drawn from the quests for ultrastrong permanent magnets, ultra-high-density magnetic recording media, and nanobiomagnetic sensing strategies. As a final example showing the synergetic relationships to other fields of science, this Colloquium discusses the manipulation of viruses to fabricate magnetic nanoparticles. Colloquium: Opportunities in nanomagnetism SD Bader doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.1 Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 78, No. 1. (2006) 2006-11-19T04:27:21-00:00 2006 Reviews of Modern Physics 78 1 APS magnets nanoscale