Thu, 21 Aug 2008 01:24:42 BST CiteULike: ilya's library [140 articles] http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/2742029 <i>(1995)</i><br /><br />For the most current, comprehensive resource in the social scientific, humanistic, and policy studies of science and technology, look no further than the HANDBOOK OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY STUDIES. This masterful volume represents the first attempt in more than fifteen years to define, summarize, and synthesize the advances made in this rapidly evolving, complex, and multidisciplinary field. Contributions come from a distinguished array of scholars from around the globe, representing ten countries and a dozen different academic disciplines. In twenty-eight authoritative chapters, these contributors provide not only traditional syntheses of the literature in the major subfields of science and technology studies (STS) --- such as science culture, science communication, science and government, and scientific controversies --- but provocative theoretical, historical, and policy essays as well. Selected case studies on the cutting edge of STS, such as those on the human genome project or artificial intelligence, point the way for future developments in the field. The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (1995) 2008-05-01T08:05:40-00:00 1995 SAGE Publications, Inc. handbook science sts studies technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/2694623 <i>pp. 89-101.</i> Ethnography and the Representation of Reality Paul Atkinson pp. 89-101. 2008-04-21T08:41:37-00:00 89 101 fieldwork representation http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/2681320 <i>(2008)</i><br /><br />Science and Technology Studies is a flourishing interdisciplinary field that examines the creation, development, and consequences of science and technology in their cultural, historical, and social contexts. The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies provides a comprehensive and authoritative overview of the field, reviewing current research and major theoretical and methodological approaches and analyzing emergent issues in a form that is accessible to new and established scholars from a range of disciplines. Handbook chapters review the dominant theoretical perspectives of S&TS, present the current state of research on a spectrum of topics in the field, analyze changes brought about by the commercialization of science, study interactions between science and other institutions, examine the role of experts and the public in scientific and technological decision making, and consider the cultural and social dimensions of new technologies. The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies (2008) 2008-04-17T09:58:03-00:00 2008 Massachusetts Institute of Technology handbook science sts studies technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/2681262 <i>(1985)</i><br /><br />This is the study of the emergence of the history of technology as a coherent intellectual discipline. It is based on an analysis of the 272 articles published in Technology and Culture through 1980, focusing on language, themes, and methodological style. The first chapter proposes a model of historical research as a communal rather than an individualistic endeavor, and it explores evidentiary and interpretative theses in the articles. In particular it looks for paterns of consensus in the authors' choices of time periods, geographical locations, and types of technology to study. Subsequent chapters discuss three recurrent themes: emerging technology, the relationship between science and technology, and the cultural ambience of technology. Technology's Storytellers: Reweaving the Human Fabric John Staudenmaier (1985) 2008-04-17T09:33:41-00:00 1985 The MIT Press culture review science techonology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/2681251 <i>(1985), pp. 161-176.</i> Social choice in machine design: the case of automatically controlled machine tools David Noble (1985), pp. 161-176. 2008-04-17T09:29:16-00:00 1985 161 176 Open University Press choice cywu machine noble sts technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/753139 <i>(28 March 2001)</i><br /><br />In this classic work of economic history and social theory, Karl Polanyi analyzes the economic and social changes brought about by the "great transformation" of the Industrial Revolution. His analysis explains not only the deficiencies of the self-regulating market, but the potentially dire social consequences of untempered market capitalism. New introductory material reveals the renewed importance of Polanyi's seminal analysis in an era of globalization and free trade. The Great Transformation Karl Polanyi (28 March 2001) 2006-07-11T23:01:09-00:00 2001 Beacon Press analysis economics embedded history institution market sociology specific http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/1769041 <i>Public Culture, Vol. 19, No. 1., pp. 197-219.</i> Beyond Bare Life: AIDS, (Bio)Politics, and the Neoliberal Order Jean Comaroff doi:10.1215/08992363-2006-030 Public Culture, Vol. 19, No. 1., pp. 197-219. 2007-10-15T06:05:22-00:00 Public Culture 19 1 197 219 africa aids anthropology fieldwork south http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/1769029 <i>American Ethnologist, Vol. 13, No. 1. (1986), pp. 1-22.</i><br /><br />Christian evangelists were intimately involved in the colonial process in southern Africa. This essay distinguishes two dimensions of their historical role, each associated with a different form of power. In the domain of formal political processes, of the concrete exercise of power, the effect of the nonconformist mission to the Tswana, as elsewhere in Africa, was inherently ambiguous. However, in the domain of implicit signs and practices, of the diffuse control over everyday meaning, it instilled the authoritative imprint of Western capitalist culture. But there was a contradiction between these dimensions: while the mission introduced a new world view, it could not deliver the world to go with it. And this contradiction, in turn, gave rise to various discourses of protest and resistance. [South Africa, Tswana, colonialism, Christianity, missionaries, power, domination and resistance, historical agency and cultural discourse] Christianity and Colonialism in South Africa Jean Comaroff John Comaroff American Ethnologist, Vol. 13, No. 1. (1986), pp. 1-22. 2007-10-15T06:01:24-00:00 1986 American Ethnologist 13 1 1 22 africa christianity colonialism south http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/1768940 <i>(November 1993), pp. 303-334.</i> 政權轉移和菁英流動 吳乃德 陳明通 (November 1993), pp. 303-334. 2007-10-15T05:11:02-00:00 1993 303 334 228 change elite flow political politics postwar regime taiwan http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/225110 <i>(30 April 2004)</i><br /><br /><p> A major work by one of the more innovative thinkers of our time, <i>Politics of Nature</i> does nothing less than establish the conceptual context for political ecology--transplanting the terms of ecology into more fertile philosophical soil than its proponents have thus far envisioned. Bruno Latour announces his project dramatically: "Political ecology has nothing whatsoever to do with nature, this jumble of Greek philosophy, French Cartesianism and American parks." Nature, he asserts, far from being an obvious domain of reality, is a way of assembling political order without due process. Thus, his book proposes an end to the old dichotomy between nature and society--and the constitution, in its place, of a collective, a community incorporating humans and nonhumans and building on the experiences of the sciences as they are actually practiced. </p><p> In a critique of the distinction between fact and value, Latour suggests a redescription of the type of political philosophy implicated in such a "commonsense" division--which here reveals itself as distinctly uncommonsensical and in fact fatal to democracy and to a healthy development of the sciences. Moving beyond the modernist institutions of "mononaturalism" and "multiculturalism," Latour develops the idea of "multinaturalism," a complex collectivity determined not by outside experts claiming absolute reason but by "diplomats" who are flexible and open to experimentation. </p> Politics of Nature : How to Bring the Sciences into Democracy Bruno Latour Catherine Porter (30 April 2004) 2005-06-10T13:17:15-00:00 2004 Harvard University Press bruno community latour multinaturalism nature society sts http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/636580 <i>(30 June 1999)</i><br /><br />A scientist friend asked Bruno Latour point-blank: "Do you believe in reality?" Taken aback by this strange query, Latour offers his meticulous response in <I>Pandora's Hope</I>. It is a remarkable argument for understanding the reality of science in practical terms. <P> In this book Latour, identified by Richard Rorty as the new "bête noire of the science worshipers," gives us his most philosophically informed book since <I>Science in Action</I>. Through case studies of scientists in the Amazon analyzing soil and in Pasteur's lab studying the fermentation of lactic acid, he shows us the myriad steps by which events in the material world are transformed into items of scientific knowledge. Through many examples in the world of technology, we see how the material and human worlds come together and are reciprocally transformed in this process. <P> Why, Latour asks, did the idea of an independent reality, free of human interaction, emerge in the first place? His answer to this question, harking back to the debates between Might and Right narrated by Plato, points to the real stakes in the so-called science wars: the perplexed submission of ordinary people before the warring forces of claimants to the ultimate truth. Pandora's Hope : Essays on the Reality of Science Studies Bruno Latour (30 June 1999) 2006-05-16T05:49:24-00:00 1999 Harvard University Press bruno latour science sts study http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/106560 <i>(30 April 2004)</i><br /><br /><p> Much of the innovative programming that powers the Internet, creates operating systems, and produces software is the result of "open source" code, that is, code that is freely distributed--as opposed to being kept secret--by those who write it. Leaving source code open has generated some of the most sophisticated developments in computer technology, including, most notably, Linux and Apache, which pose a significant challenge to Microsoft in the marketplace. As Steven Weber discusses, open source's success in a highly competitive industry has subverted many assumptions about how businesses are run, and how intellectual products are created and protected. </p><p> Traditionally, intellectual property law has allowed companies to control knowledge and has guarded the rights of the innovator, at the expense of industry-wide cooperation. In turn, engineers of new software code are richly rewarded; but, as Weber shows, in spite of the conventional wisdom that innovation is driven by the promise of individual and corporate wealth, ensuring the free distribution of code among computer programmers can empower a more effective process for building intellectual products. In the case of Open Source, independent programmers--sometimes hundreds or thousands of them--make unpaid contributions to software that develops organically, through trial and error. </p><p> Weber argues that the success of open source is not a freakish exception to economic principles. The open source community is guided by standards, rules, decisionmaking procedures, and sanctioning mechanisms. Weber explains the political and economic dynamics of this mysterious but important market development. </p> The Success of Open Source Steven Weber (30 April 2004) 2005-02-28T14:45:56-00:00 2004 Harvard University Press comparison history open opensource science source sts study weber http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/166277 <i>(01 October 1993), pp. 3-273.</i> The Pasteurization of France Bruno Latour (01 October 1993), pp. 3-273. 2005-04-21T17:05:39-00:00 1993 3 273 Harvard University Press bruno lab latour science sts study http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/201643 <i>(01 April 1999)</i> Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge K Knorr-Cetina (01 April 1999) 2005-05-16T21:29:14-00:00 1999 Harvard University Press knorr-cetina science sts study http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/311274 <i>Social Studies of Science, Vol. 25, No. 1. (1995), pp. 119-147.</i><br /><br />This paper suggests variation in the ways in which agreement, concurrence, conformity or stability in science is brought about, and the need to think not in terms of one model of consensus formation, but in terms of many. One variant which can be witnessed in scientific practice is exemplified in experimental high-energy physics (HEP); this variant relocates the problem in the early stages of an experiment, when the technology is fixed, the groups participating in the work are selected, and the stage is set for results which - whether they are 'negative' or 'positive' - cannot be ignored by the relevant scientific field. The paper argues that consensus formation/stabilization is, at least at times, intricately connected to the social ontology of a domain. It proposes the 'superorganism' metaphor to articulate the ontology of HEP experiments, and describes the form of change of these experiments as genealogical change. How Superorganisms Change: Consensus Formation and the Social Ontology of High-Energy Physics Experiments Karin Knorr-Cetina Social Studies of Science, Vol. 25, No. 1. (1995), pp. 119-147. 2005-09-03T18:15:46-00:00 1995 Social Studies of Science 25 1 119 147 knorr-cetina physics science sts study http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/1495166 <i>Science Technology Human Values, Vol. 15, No. 3. (1 July 1990), pp. 259-283.</i><br /><br />Images are objects of work in the laboratory. On its face, this work is achieved through talk Yet the talk attached to these images makes reference to other images, which are drawn from varcous environments. In this article, four such environments are identified: the domain of laboratory practice; the context of invisible physical reactions; the future image as it will appear in publication; and the domain of case precedents and reference scenarios from the field. The work of image analysis brings the outside of the image into it and takes the inside out. Thus it can be seen that images are not just taken, they are designed and made. 10.1177/016224399001500301 Image Dissection in Natural Scientific Inquiry Karin Knorr-Cetina Klaus Amann doi:10.1177/016224399001500301 Science Technology Human Values, Vol. 15, No. 3. (1 July 1990), pp. 259-283. 2007-07-26T11:29:37-00:00 1990 Science Technology Human Values 15 3 259 283 knorr-cetina science sts study http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/591547 <i>(15 July 1998)</i><br /><br /><B><P>Cybersociety 2.0</B>, the new edition of Steven G. Jones’s Cybersociety, is also rooted in criticism and analysis of computer-mediated technologies to assist readers in becoming critically aware of the hype and hopes pinned on computer-mediated communication and the cultures that are emerging among Internet users. Both books are products of a particular moment in time and serve as snapshots of the concerns and issues that surround the burgeoning new technologies of communication. After a brief introduction to the history of computer-mediated communication, each chapter in this volume specifically highlights specific cyber "societies" and how computer-mediated communication effects the notion of self and its relationship to the community. Contributors probe issues of community, standards of conduct, communication, the means of fixing identity, knowledge, information, and the exercise of power in social relations. They also question how traditional sociological inquiry can adapt itself to most effectively study computer-mediated social formations. </P> <P>Both timely and thought-provoking, <B>Cybersociety 2.0</B> belongs on the bookshelf of students and scholars in fields of communication, popular culture, American studies, and mass communication. </P> Cybersociety 2.0 : Revisiting Computer-Mediated Community and Technology (New Media Cultures) Steven Jones (15 July 1998) 2006-04-20T01:25:47-00:00 1998 SAGE Publications 20 cmc cybersociety general technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/305755 <i>(18 Aug 2005)</i><br /><br />Collaborative tagging describes the process by which many users add metadata in the form of keywords to shared content. Recently, collaborative tagging has grown in popularity on the web, on sites that allow users to tag bookmarks, photographs and other content. In this paper we analyze the structure of collaborative tagging systems as well as their dynamical aspects. Specifically, we discovered regularities in user activity, tag frequencies, kinds of tags used, bursts of popularity in bookmarking and a remarkable stability in the relative proportions of tags within a given url. We also present a dynamical model of collaborative tagging that predicts these stable patterns and relates them to imitation and shared knowledge. The Structure of Collaborative Tagging Systems Scott Golder Bernardo Huberman (18 Aug 2005) 2005-08-27T17:06:09-00:00 2005 20 folksonomy tag web20 http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/635999 <i>The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2. (May 2006), pp. 290-294.</i> White-Collar Crime Writ Small: A Case Study of Bagels, Donuts, and the Honor System Levitt D Steven doi:10.1257/000282806777212161 The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2. (May 2006), pp. 290-294. 2006-05-15T18:10:52-00:00 2006 The American Economic Review 0002-8282 96 2 290 294 American Economic Association culture data economics statistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/1171396 <i>Physics Today (September 2005), pp. 37-42.</i> Is Economics The Next Physical Science? Doyne Farmer Martin Shubik Eric Smith Physics Today (September 2005), pp. 37-42. 2007-03-18T08:44:33-00:00 2005 Physics Today 37 42 culture physi quantifying social http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/453998 <i>Commun. ACM, Vol. 38, No. 4. (April 1995), pp. 29-39.</i> Rich interaction in the digital library Ramana Rao Jan Pedersen Marti Hearst Jock Mackinlay Stuart Card Larry Masinter Per-Kristian Halvorsen George Robertson doi:10.1145/205323.205326 Commun. ACM, Vol. 38, No. 4. (April 1995), pp. 29-39. 2006-01-02T01:51:10-00:00 1995 Commun. ACM 0001-0782 38 4 29 39 ACM Press archive digital interaction library rich http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/715466 <i>Software Process: Improvement and Practice, Vol. 11, No. 2. (2006), pp. 95-105.</i><br /><br />This article introduces a special issue of Software Process - Improvement and Practice focusing on processes found in free or open source software development (F/OSSD) projects. It seeks to provide a background overview of research in this area through a review of selected empirical studies of F/OSSD processes. The results and findings from a survey of empirical studies of F/OSSD give rise to an interesting variety of opportunities and challenges for understanding these processes, which are identified along the way. Overall, what becomes clear is that studies of F/OSSD processes reveal a more diverse set of different types of processes than have typically been examined in conventional software development projects. The articles in this special issue further advance understanding of what processes characterize and shape F/OSSD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Understanding Free/Open Source Software Development Processes Walt Scacchi Joseph Feller Brian Fitzgerald Scott Hissam Karim Lakhani doi:10.1002/spip.255 Software Process: Improvement and Practice, Vol. 11, No. 2. (2006), pp. 95-105. 2006-06-29T09:00:29-00:00 2006 Software Process: Improvement and Practice 11 2 95 105 additional collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/828276 <i>Forbes (27 June 2006)</i> The Web's Most Popular Images - Forbes.com D Lidor Forbes (27 June 2006) 2006-09-05T09:35:21-00:00 2006 Forbes Forbes.com additional collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/635747 <i>(1995), pp. 1-15.</i><br /><br />This paper defines the notion and concepts of Naive Geography, the field of study that is concerned with formal models of the common-sense geographic world. Naive Geography is the body of knowledge that people have about the surrounding geographic world. Naive Geography is envisioned to comprise a set of theories that provide the basis for designing future Geographic Information Systems that follow human intuition and are, therefore, easily accessible to a large range of users. Naive Geography Max Egenhofer David Mark (1995), pp. 1-15. 2006-05-15T15:13:13-00:00 1995 1 15 additional collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/587762 <i>(15 May 2006)</i><br /><br />With the radical changes in information production that the Internet has introduced, we stand at an important moment of transition, says Yochai Benkler in this thought-provoking book. The phenomenon he describes as social production is reshaping markets, while at the same time offering new opportunities to enhance individual freedom, cultural diversity, political discourse, and justice. But these results are by no means inevitable: a systematic campaign to protect the entrenched industrial information economy of the last century threatens the promise of today’s emerging networked information environment.<br>In this comprehensive social theory of the Internet and the networked information economy, Benkler describes how patterns of information, knowledge, and cultural production are changing—and shows that the way information and knowledge are made available can either limit or enlarge the ways people can create and express themselves. He describes the range of legal and policy choices that confront us and maintains that there is much to be gained—or lost—by the decisions we make today.<br> The Wealth of Networks : How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom Yochai Benkler (15 May 2006) 2006-04-15T16:42:34-00:00 2006 Yale University Press additional collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/828272 <i>American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 3. (1 November 2001), pp. 436-455.</i><br /><br />How does the Internet affect social capital? Do the communication possibilities of the Internet increase, decrease, or supplement interpersonal contact, participation, and community commitment? This evidence comes from a 1998 survey of 39,211 visitors to the National Geographic Society Web site, one of the first large-scale Web surveys. The authors find that people's interaction online supplements their face-to-face and telephone communication without increasing or decreasing it. However, heavy Internet use is associated with increased participation in voluntary organizations and politics. Further support for this effect is the positive association between offline and online participation in voluntary organizations and politics. However, the effects of the Internet are not only positive: The heaviest users of the Internet are the least committed to online community. Taken together, this evidence suggests that the Internet is becoming normalized as it is incorporated into the routine practices of everyday life. 10.1177/00027640121957286 Does the Internet Increase, Decrease, or Supplement Social Capital?: Social Networks, Participation, and Community Commitment Barry Wellman Anabel Haase James Witte Keith Hampton doi:10.1177/00027640121957286 American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 45, No. 3. (1 November 2001), pp. 436-455. 2006-09-05T09:26:31-00:00 2001 American Behavioral Scientist 45 3 436 455 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/210773 <i>(2002), pp. 391-398.</i> Designing for improved social responsibility, user participation and content in on-line communities Sean Kelly Christopher Sung Shelly Farnham doi:10.1145/503376.503446 (2002), pp. 391-398. 2005-05-25T20:05:40-00:00 2002 391 398 ACM Press collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/828269 <i>pp. 652-663.</i><br /><br />This second of three reviews of action-orientated research in social geography focuses on one area of this work which is thriving. Moving, like many good ideas, from the field conventionally viewed as 'development' to wider application, participatory research (PR) has seen rapid expansion in recent years (see Breitbart, 2003; Kesby et al., 2004; Pratt, 2000). It has particular attractions for social geographers, who are beginning to contribute to wider debates and critiques around its philosophies, theories and practices. They face, too, all of the problems involved in getting academic geography 'onto the streets' (Fuller and Kitchin, 2004). Social geography: participatory research Pain, Rachel pp. 652-663. 2006-09-05T09:23:18-00:00 652 663 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/106424 <i>System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (2004), pp. 18-24.</i> Authority models for collaborative authoring A Krowne A Bazaz System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on (2004), pp. 18-24. 2005-02-28T10:10:01-00:00 2004 System Sciences, 2004. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Hawaii International Conference on 18 24 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/465806 <i></i> O'Reilly -- What Is Web 2.0 Tim O'Reilly 2006-01-15T22:39:46-00:00 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/828232 <i></i> The Hype vs. Reality vs. What People Value:  Emerging Collaborative News Models and the Future of News Hsing Wei 2006-09-05T08:49:08-00:00 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/257717 <i>(03 August 2004)</i><br /><br />Grassroots journalists are dismantling Big Media's monopoly on the news, transforming it from a lecture to a conversation. Not content to accept the news as reported, these readers-turned-reporters are publishing in real time to a worldwide audience via the Internet. The impact of their work is just beginning to be felt by professional journalists and the newsmakers they cover. In <i>We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People</i>, nationally known business and technology columnist Dan Gillmor tells the story of this emerging phenomenon, and sheds light on this deep shift in how we make and consume the news.<p><i>We the Media</i> is essential reading for all participants in the news cycle:<ul> <li>Consumers learn how they can become producers of the news. Gillmor lays out the tools of the grassroots journalist's trade, including personal Web journals (called weblogs or blogs), Internet chat groups, email, and cell phones. He also illustrates how, in this age of media consolidation and diminished reporting, to roll your own news, drawing from the array of sources available online and even over the phone.</li> <li>Newsmakers politicians, business executives, celebrities get a wake-up call. The control that newsmakers enjoyed in the top-down world of Big Media is seriously undermined in the Internet Age. Gillmor shows newsmakers how to successfully play by the new rules and shift from control to engagement.</li> <li>Journalists discover that the new grassroots journalism presents opportunity as well as challenge to their profession. One of the first mainstream journalists to have a blog, Gillmor says, "My readers know more than I do, and that's a good thing." In <i>We the Media</i>, he makes the case to his colleagues that, in the face of a plethora of Internet-fueled news vehicles, they must change or become irrelevant.</li></ul> At its core, <i>We the Media</i> is a book about people. People like Glenn Reynolds, a law professor whose blog postings on the intersection of technology and liberty garnered him enough readers and influence that he became a source for professional journalists. Or Ben Chandler, whose upset Congressional victory was fueled by contributions that came in response to ads on a handful of political blogs. Or Iraqi blogger Zayed, whose Healing Irag blog (healingiraq.blogspot.com) scooped Big Media. Or acridrabbit, who inspired an online community to become investigative reporters and discover that the dying Kaycee Nichols sad tale was a hoax. Give the people tools to make the news, <i>We the Media</i> asserts, and they will. <p>Journalism in the 21st century will be fundamentally different from the Big Media that prevails today. We the Media casts light on the future of journalism, and invites us all to be part of it. We the Media Dan Gillmor (03 August 2004) 2005-07-16T11:56:35-00:00 2004 O'Reilly collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/106421 <i>(23 October 2001)</i><br /><br />The paper explains why open source software is an instance of a potentially broader phenomenon. Specifically, I suggest that nonproprietary peer-production of information and cultural materials will likely be a ubiquitous phenomenon in a pervasively networked society. I describe a number of such enterprises, at various stages of the information production value chain. These enterprises suggest that incentives to engage in nonproprietary peer production are trivial as long as enough contributors can be organized to contribute. This implies that the limit on the reach of peer production efforts is the modularity, granularity, and cost of integration of a good produced, not its total cost. I also suggest reasons to think that peer-production can have systematic advantages over both property-based markets and corporate managerial hierarchies as a method of organizing information and cultural production in a networked environment, because it is a better mechanism for clearing information about human capital available to work on existing information inputs to produce new outputs, and because it permits largers sets of agents to use larger sets of resources where there are increasing returns to the scale of both the set of agents and the set of resources available for work on projects. As capital costs and communications costs decrease in importance as factors of information production, the relative advantage of peer production in clearing human capital becomes more salient. Coase's Penguin, or Linux and the Nature of the Firm Yochai Benkler (23 October 2001) 2005-02-28T09:53:51-00:00 2001 collaboration online participation reading sep trc-lab http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/472846 <i>(01 October 2004)</i><br /><br />The study of event-related potentials (ERPs) -- signal-averaged EEG recordings that are time-locked to perceptual, cognitive, and motor events -- has increased dramatically in recent years, but until now there has been no comprehensive guide to ERP methodology comparable to those available for fMRI techniques. <i>Event-Related Potentials</i> meets the need for a practical and concise handbook of ERP methods that is suitable for both the novice user of an ERP system and a researcher more experienced in cognitive electrophysiology.<br /> <br /> The chapters in the first section discuss the design of ERP experiments, providing a practical foundation for understanding the design of ERP experiments and interpreting ERP data. Topics covered include quantification of ERP data and theoretical and practical aspects of ANOVAs as applied to ERP datasets. The second section presents a variety of approaches to ERP data analysis and includes chapters on digital filtering, artifact removal, source localization, and wavelet analysis. The chapters in the final section of the book cover the use of ERPs in relation to such specific participant populations as children and neuropsychological patients and the ways in which ERPs can be combined with related methodologies, including intracranial ERPs and hemodynamic imaging. "Todd Handy and his colleagues have written the definitive book on ERP methodology. They cover all of the important technical details that one would want to see in such a handbook, such as digital filtering and artifact removal. But, just as important, they also provide a sophisticated and comprehensive guide to designing, analyzing, and interpreting ERP experiments, something the field has needed for years. Also noteworthy is the inclusion of a number of cutting-edge topics such as wavelet analysis and the combination of functional neuroimaging with ERPs. Any cognitive neuroscientist wanting to do quality ERP research would do well to read this book." <BR>--William J. Gehring, Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Psychology, University of Michigan <P> "This is a marvelous book, packed with essential information on the design, analysis, and interpretation of experiments with event-related potentials. It provides comprehensive and lucid coverage of the latest experimental techniques and exposes the many common pitfalls to avoid. Handy's book should be required reading for novice researchers in this field, and it will expand the horizons of veteran investigators of human brain function." <BR>--Steven A. Hillyard, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego Event-Related Potentials : A Methods Handbook (Bradford Books) Todd Handy (01 October 2004) 2006-01-20T19:31:45-00:00 2004 The MIT Press neuro psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/114322 <i>(03 April 2001)</i><br /><br />Suitable for system administrators or managers seeking an affordable content-management solution, <I>The Wiki Way</I> shows off how to take advantage of Wiki collaborative software, which allows users to post and edit content remotely. This book is all you need to get up and running with this exciting (and free) way to build and manage content.<p> This text is first and foremost a guide to what Wiki software is and how to install, customize, and administer it within your organization. Early sections discuss the advantages of Wiki Web sites, which allow all users to add and edit content. While it might sound like a free-for-all, the authors suggest such Web sites have been used successfully in research, business, and education to document project designs, for brainstorming, and for otherwise creating content in a collaborative fashion. Case studies for such organizations as Georgia Tech, New York Times Digital, and Motorola give a glimpse of Wiki used in real settings, so you will get a sense of what to expect.<p> This book is also a guide to the nuts and bolts of downloading and installing Wiki and customizing it for your site. Sections on basic tweaks to Wiki's Perl scripts will let you customize your site to match your organization's needs. Standout material includes almost three dozen customization tips. This volume is illustrated with actual screen shots of Wiki, so you can get a sense of what it is like for users to work together in such an unrestricted fashion. <p> Throughout the text, the authors are suitably upbeat about Wiki's prospects for wider adoption, but they are realistic enough to note compromises (such as requiring passwords and restricting edit rights) required in business settings. They also survey the field of Wiki open-source projects and clones, as well as other similar content-management solutions (such as Zope and the emerging WebDAV standard).<p> While it's hard to predict whether Wiki-based Web sites are for everyone, this book presents the pros and cons of a potentially exciting and useful tool that promotes collaborative content creation. This title can help any organization get going with a Wiki Web site, from the standpoint of planning, deployment, and basic administration. <I>--Richard Dragan</I><p> <B>Topics covered:</B><ul><li>Collaboration tools explained <li>Web-based collaboration <li>WebDAV <li>Introduction to Wiki <li>User conventions with Wiki <li>Survey of Wiki open-source projects and clones <li>Installing Wiki (including Apache Web Server and security issues) <li>Using Wiki (making notes, Wiki used as a PIM, content management and links, page editing) <li>How to structure Wiki content (suggested default structure: pros and cons) <li>Customizing Wiki <li>Tour of Wiki Perl scripts and tips for customizing your Wiki site <li>Wiki add-ons (including spellchecking and uploading files) <li>Administration in Wiki (viewing events, controlling access and authentication, database administration, and debugging techniques) <li>Guidelines for Wiki projects (dos and don'ts) <li>Wiki case studies for education <li>Business and research</ul> The Wiki Way: Collaboration and Sharing on the Internet Bo Leuf Ward Cunningham (03 April 2001) 2005-03-04T21:40:58-00:00 2001 Addison-Wesley Professional wiki http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/402407 <i>(01 April 1996)</i><br /><br /><p>In analyzing the obstacles to democratization in post- independence Africa, Mahmood Mamdani offers a bold, insightful account of colonialism's legacy--a bifurcated power that mediated racial domination through tribally organized local authorities, reproducing racial identity in citizens and ethnic identity in subjects. Many writers have understood colonial rule as either "direct" (French) or "indirect" (British), with a third variant--apartheid--as exceptional. This benign terminology, Mamdani shows, masks the fact that these were actually variants of a despotism. While direct rule denied rights to subjects on racial grounds, indirect rule incorporated them into a "customary" mode of rule, with state-appointed Native Authorities defining custom. By tapping authoritarian possibilities in culture, and by giving culture an authoritarian bent, indirect rule (decentralized despotism) set the pace for Africa; the French followed suit by changing from direct to indirect administration, while apartheid emerged relatively later. Apartheid, Mamdani shows, was actually the generic form of the colonial state in Africa.</p><p>Through case studies of rural (Uganda) and urban (South Africa) resistance movements, we learn how these institutional features fragment resistance and how states tend to play off reform in one sector against repression in the other. Reforming a power that institutionally enforces tension between town and country, and between ethnicities, is the key challenge for anyone interested in democratic reform in Africa.</p> Citizen and Subject Mahmood Mamdani (01 April 1996) 2005-11-21T07:26:40-00:00 1996 Princeton University Press kerim http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/696946 <i></i> Modernizing racial domination;: South Africa's political dynamics Heribert Adam 2006-06-15T09:37:40-00:00 University of California Press kerim http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/637775 <i>(15 April 2006)</i><br /><br />Both on the continent and off, “Africa” is spoken of in terms of crisis: as a place of failure and seemingly insurmountable problems, as a moral challenge to the international community. What, though, is really at stake in discussions about Africa, its problems, and its place in the world? And what should be the response of those scholars who have sought to understand not the “Africa” portrayed in broad strokes in journalistic accounts and policy papers but rather specific places and social realities within Africa??<BR><BR>In <I>Global Shadows</I> the renowned anthropologist James Ferguson moves beyond the traditional anthropological focus on local communities to explore more general questions about Africa and its place in the contemporary world. Ferguson develops his argument through a series of provocative essays which open—as he shows they necessarily must—into interrogations of globalization, modernity, worldwide inequality, and social justice. He maintains that Africans in a variety of different social and geographical locations increasingly seek to make claims of membership within a global community, claims that contest the marginalization that has so far been the principal fruit of “globalization” for Africa. Ferguson contends that such claims demand new understandings of the global centered less on transnational flows and images of unfettered connection than on the social relations that selectively constitute global society and on the rights and obligations that characterize it.?<BR><BR>Ferguson points out that anthropologists and others who have refused the category of Africa as empirically problematic have, in their devotion to particularity, allowed themselves to remain bystanders in the broader conversations about Africa. In <I>Global Shadows</I>, he urges fellow scholars into the arena, encouraging them to find a way to speak beyond the academy about Africa’s position within an egregiously imbalanced world order.?<BR><BR> Global Shadows : Africa in the Neoliberal World Order James Ferguson (15 April 2006) 2006-05-17T08:38:12-00:00 2006 Duke University Press kerim http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/423236 <i>(02 June 2004)</i><br /><br />Identifying and Leveraging the Hidden Social Networks That Drive Corporate Performance <P>In today's flatter organizations, collaboration in employee networks has become critical to innovation and to both individual and companywide performance. Executives spend millions on new organizational designs, cultural initiatives, and technologies to promote the sharing of knowledge and expertise across functional, hierarchical, and divisional lines. Yet these efforts have achieved disappointing results. <P>Rob Cross and Andrew Parker argue that's because most managers have little understanding of how their employees actually interact to get work done. In fact, formal "org charts" fail to reveal the often hidden social networks that truly drive--or hinder--an organization's performance. In this eye-opening book, Cross and Parker show managers how to find, assess, and support the networks most crucial to competitive success. <P>Based on their in-depth study of more than sixty informal networks within organizations around the world, Cross and Parker show how managers can implement a wide range of specific and inexpensive actions-from bridging strategically important disconnects in a network to eliminating information "bottlenecks" to recognizing key connectors-that will enhance the powerful impact networks can have on performance and innovation. The Hidden Power of Social Networks: Understanding How Work Really Gets Done in Organizations Robert Cross Andrew Parker Rob Cross (02 June 2004) 2005-12-06T06:01:23-00:00 2004 Harvard Business School Press network social tobuy http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/691677 <i>(01 April 2006)</i><br /><br />Is the Internet a vast arena of unrestricted communication and freely exchanged information or a regulated, highly structured virtual bureaucracy? In <i>Protocol</i>, Alexander Galloway argues that the founding principle of the Net is control, not freedom, and that the controlling power lies in the technical protocols that make network connections (and disconnections) possible. He does this by treating the computer as a textual medium that is based on a technological language, code. Code, he argues, can be subject to the same kind of cultural and literary analysis as any natural language; computer languages have their own syntax, grammar, communities, and cultures. Instead of relying on established theoretical approaches, Galloway finds a new way to write about digital media, drawing on his backgrounds in computer programming and critical theory. "Discipline-hopping is a necessity when it comes to complicated socio-technical topics like protocol," he writes in the preface.<br /> <br /> Galloway begins by examining the types of protocols that exist, including TCP/IP, DNS, and HTML. He then looks at examples of resistance and subversion -- hackers, viruses, cyberfeminism, Internet art -- which he views as emblematic of the larger transformations now taking place within digital culture. Written for a nontechnical audience, Protocol serves as a necessary counterpoint to the wildly utopian visions of the Net that were so widespread in earlier days. Protocol : How Control Exists after Decentralization (Leonardo Books) Alexander Galloway (01 April 2006) 2006-06-10T03:12:39-00:00 2006 The MIT Press culture http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/691676 <i>(27 May 2006)</i><br /><br />Video games have been a central feature of the cultural landscape for over twenty years and now rival older media like movies, television, and music in popularity and cultural influence. Yet there have been relatively few attempts to understand the video game as an independent medium. Most such efforts focus on the earliest generation of text-based adventures (Zork, for example) and have little to say about such visually and conceptually sophisticated games as Final Fantasy X, Shenmue, Grand Theft Auto, Halo, and The Sims, in which players inhabit elaborately detailed worlds and manipulate digital avatars with a vast—and in some cases, almost unlimited—array of actions and choices. In Gaming, Alexander Galloway instead considers the video game as a distinct cultural form that demands a new and unique interpretive framework. Drawing on a wide range of disciplines, particularly critical theory and media studies, he analyzes video games as something to be played rather than as texts to be read, and traces in five concise chapters how the “algorithmic culture” created by video games intersects with theories of visuality, realism, allegory, and the avant-garde. If photographs are images and films are moving images, then, Galloway asserts, video games are best defined as actions. Using examples from more than fifty video games, Galloway constructs a classification system of action in video games, incorporating standard elements of gameplay as well as software crashes, network lags, and the use of cheats and game hacks. In subsequent chapters, he explores the overlap between the conventions of film and video games, the political and cultural implications of gaming practices, the visual environment of video games, and the status of games as an emerging cultural form. Together, these essays offer a new conception of gaming and, more broadly, of electronic culture as a whole, one that celebrates and does not lament the qualities of the digital age. Alexander R. Galloway is assistant professor of culture and communication at New York University and author of Protocol: How Control Exists after Decentralization. Gaming : Essays On Algorithmic Culture (Electronic Mediations) Alexander Galloway (27 May 2006) 2006-06-10T03:10:57-00:00 2006 Univ Of Minnesota Press algorithm culture http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/690957 <i></i> Beyond Eurocentrism: A New View of Modern World History Peter Gran 2006-06-09T10:32:48-00:00 Syracuse University Press crazy culture eurocentrism history world http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/560933 <i>(24 January 2006)</i><br /><br /><p>Dashboards have become popular in recent years as uniquely powerful tools for communicating important information at a glance. Although dashboards are potentially powerful, this potential is rarely realized. The greatest display technology in the world won't solve this if you fail to use effective visual design. And if a dashboard fails to tell you precisely what you need to know in an instant, you'll never use it, even if it's filled with cute gauges, meters, and traffic lights. Don't let your investment in dashboard technology go to waste.</p> <p> This book will teach you the visual design skills you need to create dashboards that communicate clearly, rapidly, and compellingly. <i>Information Dashboard Design</i> will explain how to:</p> <ul> <li>Avoid the thirteen mistakes common to dashboard design</li> <li>Provide viewers with the information they need quickly and clearly</li> <li>Apply what we now know about visual perception to the visual presentation of information</li> <li>Minimize distractions, cliches, and unnecessary embellishments that create confusion</li> <li>Organize business information to support meaning and usability</li> <li>Create an aesthetically pleasing viewing experience</li> <li>Maintain consistency of design to provide accurate interpretation</li> <li>Optimize the power of dashboard technology by pairing it with visual effectiveness</li> </ul> <p>Stephen Few has over 20 years of experience as an IT innovator, consultant, and educator. As Principal of the consultancy Perceptual Edge, Stephen focuses on data visualization for analyzing and communicating quantitative business information. He provides consulting and training services, speaks frequently at conferences, and teaches in the MBA program at the University of California in Berkeley. He is also the author of <i>Show Me the Numbers: Designing Tables and Graphs to Enlighten</i>. Visit his website at www.perceptualedge.com.</p> Information Dashboard Design : The Effective Visual Communication of Data Stephen Few (24 January 2006) 2006-03-23T06:39:27-00:00 2006 O'Reilly Media, Inc. no-tag http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/677836 <i>(01 October 1995)</i><br /><br />The famously taciturn South African president reveals much of himself in <i>Long Walk to Freedom.</i> A good deal of this autobiography was written secretly while Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years on Robben Island by South Africa's apartheid regime. Among the book's interesting revelations is Mandela's ambivalence toward his lifetime of devotion to public works. It cost him two marriages and kept him distant from a family life he might otherwise have cherished. <i>Long Walk to Freedom</i> also discloses a strong and generous spirit that refused to be broken under the most trying circumstances--a spirit in which just about everybody can find something to admire. Long Walk to Freedom : The Autobiography of Nelson Mandela Tag: The International Bestseller Nelson Mandela (01 October 1995) 2006-05-31T10:19:42-00:00 1995 Back Bay Books africa apartheid autobiography black mandela south white http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/674740 <i>Computer, Vol. 35, No. 9. (September 2002), pp. 98-100.</i> Web Services and Context Horizons Clay Shirky doi:10.1109/MC.2002.1033037 Computer, Vol. 35, No. 9. (September 2002), pp. 98-100. 2006-05-30T08:00:24-00:00 2002 Computer 0018-9162 35 9 98 100 IEEE Computer Society Press context services social software web http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/674652 <i>(2001), pp. 117-124.</i> Effects of communication medium on interpersonal perceptions Joanie Connell Gerald Mendelsohn Richard Robins John Canny doi:10.1145/500286.500305 (2001), pp. 117-124. 2006-05-30T03:09:24-00:00 2001 117 124 ACM Press cmc communication medium perception psychology social http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/674650 <i></i> Cogprints - Situated cognition: How representations are created and given meaning William Clancey 2006-05-30T02:31:59-00:00 cognition learning linguistic schema situated theory http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/584679 <i>CAIS/ACSI 2005 (2005)</i><br /><br />Applies ecological psychology’s concept of “affordance” to graduate students’ information behaviours given design decisions made by academic librarians. Qualitative interviews explore how students perceive and use the library’s various tools (e.g., books, databases, instructional sessions, librarians, etc.), and how students’ activities reflect librarians’ perceptions of what these tools can do. Perceptions of Affordance in an Academic Library: A Qualitative Study Elizabeth Sadler Lisa Given CAIS/ACSI 2005 (2005) 2006-04-12T23:09:56-00:00 2005 CAIS/ACSI 2005 affordance ecology library perception psychology http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/584204 <i>(1996)</i><br /><br />[From Amazon] Intended for designers and researchers, Context and Consciousness brings together 13 contributions that apply activity theory to problems of human-computer interaction. Understanding how people actually use computers in their everyday lives is essential to good design and evaluation. This insight necessitates a move out of the laboratory and into the field. The research described in Context and Consciousness presents activity theory as a means of structuring and guiding field studies of human-computer interaction, from practical design to theoretical development. Activity theory is a psychological theory with a naturalistic emphasis, with roots going back to the 1920s in the Soviet Union. It provides a hierarchical framework for describing activity and a set of perspectives on practice. Activity theory has been fruitfully applied in many areas of human need, including problems of mentally and physically handicapped children, educational testing, curriculum design, and ergonomics. There is growing interest in applying activity theory to problems of human- computer interaction, and an international community of researchers is contributing to the effort. Context and Consciousness: Activity Theory andHuman-Computer Interaction (1996) 2006-04-12T14:54:58-00:00 1996 MIT Press activity affordance hci theory http://www.citeulike.org/user/ilya/article/355358 <i>Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 51, No. 4. (11 February 2000), pp. 394-413.</i><br /><br />How users meet infrastructure is a key practical, methodological challenge for digital library design. This article presents research conducted by the Social Science Team of the federally funded Digital Libraries Initiative (DLI) project at the University of Illinois. Data were collected from potential and actual users of the DLI testbed - containing the full text of journal articles - through focus groups, interviews and observations, usability testing, user registration and transaction logging, and user surveys. Basic results on nature and extent of testbed use are presented, followed by a discussion of three analytical foci relating to digital library use as a process of assemblage: document disaggregation and reaggregation; information convergence; and the manner in which users confront new genres and technical barriers in information systems. The article also highlights several important methodological and conceptual issues that frame research on social aspects of digital library use. Digital libraries: Situating use in changing information infrastructure Ann Bishop Laura Neumann Susan Star Cecelia Merkel Emily Ignacio Robert Sandusky doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(2000)51:4<394::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-Q Journal of the American Society for Information Science, Vol. 51, No. 4. (11 February 2000), pp. 394-413. 2005-10-19T17:17:55-00:00 2000 Journal of the American Society for Information Science 1097-4571 51 4 394 413 bateson information library mind relationship situated system