CiteULike: jago's library [568 articles]

Are international medical conferences an outdated luxury the planet can't afford? Yes

Malcolm Green — 2008-07-04T11:49:33-00:00

BMJ, Vol. 336, No. 7659. (28 June 2008), 1466.

10.1136/bmj.a358

Reshaping the social contract: emerging relations between the state and informal labor in India

Rina Agarwala — 2008-07-04T11:12:22-00:00

Theory and Society, Vol. 37, No. 4. (2008), pp. 375-408.

Abstract As states grapple with the forces of liberalization and globalization, they are increasingly pulling back on earlier levels of welfare provision and rhetoric. This article examines how the eclipsing role of the state in labor protection has affected state–labor relations. In particular, it analyzes collective action strategies among India’s growing mass of informally employed workers, who do not receive secure wages or benefits from either the state or their employer. In response to the recent changes in state policies, I find that informal workers have had to alter their organizing strategies in ways that are reshaping the social contract between state and labor. Rather than demanding employers for workers’ benefits, they are making direct demands on the state for welfare benefits. To attain state attention, informal workers are using the rhetoric of citizenship rights to offer their unregulated labor and political support in return for state recognition of their work. Such recognition bestows informal workers with a degree of social legitimacy, thereby dignifying their discontent and bolstering their status as claim makers in their society. These findings offer a reformulated model of state–labor relations that focuses attention on the qualitative, rather than quantitative, nature of the nexus; encompasses a dynamic and inter-dependent conceptualization of state and labor; and accommodates the creative and diverse strategies of industrial relations being forged in the contemporary era.

Directives for Composing Aspect-Oriented Design Class Models

YR Reddy — 2008-07-04T10:50:55-00:00

Transactions on Aspect-Oriented Software Development I (2006), pp. 75-105.

An aspect-oriented design model consists of a set of aspect models and a primary model. Each aspect model describes a feature that crosscuts elements in the primary model. Aspect and primary models are composed to obtain an integrated design view. In this paper we describe a composition approach that utilizes a merging algorithm and composition directives. Composition directives are used when the default merging algorithm is known or expected to yield incorrect models. Our prototype tool supports default class diagram composition.

Painful Publishing

Martin Raff — 2008-07-04T10:16:14-00:00

Science, Vol. 321, No. 5885. (4 July 2008), 36a.

10.1126/science.321.5885.36a

Active Knowledge Modeling of Enterprises

Frank Lillehagen — 2008-07-04T10:17:25-00:00

(2008)

Enterprise Modeling has been defined as the art of externalizing enterprise knowledge, i.e., representing the core knowledge of the enterprise. Although useful in product design and systems development, for modeling and model-based approaches to have a more profound effect, a shift in modeling approaches and methodologies is necessary. Modeling should become as natural as drawing, sketching and scribbling, and should provide powerful services for capturing work-centric, work-supporting and generative knowledge, for preserving context and ensuring reuse. A solution is the application of Active Knowledge Modeling (AKM). The AKM technology is about discovering, externalizing, expressing, representing, sharing, exploring, configuring, activating, growing and managing enterprise knowledge. An AKM solution is about exploiting the Web as a knowledge engineering medium, and developing knowledge-model-based families of platforms, model-configured workplaces and services. This book was written by the [..] · Shows a completely novel approach to Active Knowledge Modeling in industry · Supported by a real-world product and additional website · Written by inventors of the AKM technology · Based on a long-term collaboration between academic research and industry application.

SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT: An Earth Systems Science Agency

Mark Schaefer — 2008-07-04T10:11:59-00:00

Science, Vol. 321, No. 5885. (4 July 2008), pp. 44-45.

10.1126/science.1160192

Architectural support for context-aware applications: from context models to service platforms

Patricia Dockhorn-Costa — 2008-07-04T10:02:52-00:00

(December 2007)

Productivity growth and structural change in Chinese manufacturing, 1980-2002

Lili Wang — 2008-07-04T09:18:50-00:00

Ind Corp Change (3 July 2008), dtn020.

This article focuses on the contribution of structural change to aggregate manufacturing and industrial productivity in China. Using shift-share techniques, this article examines three types of structural change: changes in the sectoral structure of production, changes in the ownership structure, and changes in the regional structure of production. Overall productivity growth was slow in the 1980s, but accelerated dramatically from 1990 onwards. In 1980s, we found evidence of a structural change bonus, with sectoral shifts contributing 24% to overall productivity growth. However, when productivity growth accelerated in the 1990s, the contribution of the shift effect dropped to a mere 3.3%. In contrast to sectoral changes, changes in the ownership structure in the early 1980s contributed negatively to overall productivity growth. The contributions of ownership change turned positive after 1985, reaching 23% of productivity growth in the period 1992-1997. Shifts in ownership explain a substantial part of productivity growth during the productivity boom. Like shifts in ownership, regional shifts initially contributed negatively to productivity growth till 1992, and positively thereafter. However, the general contribution of regional shifts is lower than the contributions of sectoral and ownership shifts. Contrary to initial expectations, the regional analysis of productivity trends does not indicate regional divergence. 10.1093/icc/dtn020

The nature of local knowledge and new firm formation

Jonghoon Bae — 2008-07-04T09:12:35-00:00

Ind Corp Change (3 June 2008), dtn017.

Knowledge spillovers in a region often co-vary with the size of knowledge created in the region, i.e. local knowledge. Local knowledge is, however, open to competition between incumbents and new entrants. Given this competition, the size of local knowledge is not always conductive to new entrants. This study examines which types of local knowledge may increase the potential for knowledge spillovers, and eventually entrepreneurial activities. 10.1093/icc/dtn017

Managing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) intellectual property rights: the possible role of patent pooling

James Simon — 2008-07-03T14:12:45-00:00

Bulletin of the World Health Organization (September 2005), pp. 707-710.

Role Based Access to Support Collaboration in Healthcare

Alysia Skilton — 2008-07-01T11:58:36-00:00

Sharing Data, Information and Knowledge (2008), pp. 177-180.

Traditional healthcare information systems have been developed and organized as silos. However, recent changes in healthcare delivery models have resulted in the widespread creation of MultiDisciplinary care Teams (MDTs). These teams consist of practitioners with a variety of specialties often sited at different locations [1, 2]. This collaborative approach has led to a significant shift in information needs. However, existing information systems are not designed to support this new level of collaboration and technical support for practitioners has not kept pace with changing needs [3]. As every case is different, one of the many information challenges of this new paradigm is that of providing appropriate views to practitioners based on the unique needs of the patient as well as the practitioner’s role with that patient. This paper will describe an individualized role based approach to data views for healthcare providers using an independent system to access data stored in existing healthcare information systems.

Analysis of Learning Objectives in Object Oriented Programming

Peter Hubwieser — 2008-07-01T11:50:27-00:00

Informatics Education - Supporting Computational Thinking (2008), pp. 142-150.

The paper presents an analysis of the learning objectives that have to be achieved in order to learn Object Oriented Programming. By using the prerequisite relation between these objectives we develop a sequence of concepts for a textbook. The article is closed by some considerations concerning the electronic management of learning objectives using ontologies.

Design Disciplines and Non-specific Transfer

David Ginat — 2008-07-01T11:45:22-00:00

Informatics Education - Supporting Computational Thinking (2008), pp. 87-98.

Computer science educators expect their students to develop a scientific design discipline with programs and proofs. Established acquisition of a scientific discipline encapsulates rich cognitive representation, which is reflected by competent non-specific transfer. Do computer science graduates demonstrate non-specific transfer of fundamental design notions? The study presented here reveals some undesired findings. Computer science graduates, who are engaged in teaching, showed rather limited competence with task representation and the heuristic of decomposition and (re-)composition, as well as with progression through ordered design stages. Many followed a rather unordered and unconvincing solution plan, which yielded only partial outcomes, and no conviction of exploitation. We describe our findings and offer suggestions for explicitly elaborating (sometime implicit) design notions.

Using high-level models for the creation of staged participatory multimedia events on TV

Jan Van den Bergh — 2008-07-01T09:02:23-00:00

Multimedia Systems, Vol. 14, No. 2. (1 July 2008), pp. 89-103.

Abstract Broadcasted television shows are becoming more interactive. Some broadcast TV shows allow even home viewers without professional equipment to be part of them. In this paper we present an approach that takes this concept even further. In the proposed kind of participation television viewers will not only participate in the show through interaction or video streams, but also be able to create and host their own show. The core of the presented approach consists of the use of high-level models to describe the different aspects of the television show, and a generic runtime environment. This paper discusses this type of participation television, Staged Participatory Multimedia Events, and the supporting runtime environment in more detail. It also introduces the tool and the models that are used to support graphical creation of the structure and appearance of Staged Participatory Multimedia Events.

AN INTUITIONISTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CLASSICAL LOGIC

Ming Hsiung — 2008-07-01T08:53:58-00:00

Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 37, No. 4. (2008), pp. 299-317.

Abstract By introducing the intensional mappings and their properties, we establish a new semantical approach of characterizing intermediate logics. First prove that this new approach provides a general method of characterizing and comparing logics without changing the semantical interpretation of implication connective. Then show that it is adequate to characterize all Kripke_complete intermediate logics by showing that each of these logics is sound and complete with respect to its (unique) ‘weakest characterization property’ of intensional mappings. In particular, we show that classical logic has the weakest characterization property $$cl$$, which is the strongest among all possible weakest characterization properties of intermediate logics. Finally, it follows from this result that a translation is an embedding of classical logic into intuitionistic logic, iff. its semantical counterpart has the property $$cl$$.

MODELING RELATIONS

Joop Leo — 2008-07-01T08:50:53-00:00

Journal of Philosophical Logic, Vol. 37, No. 4. (2008), pp. 353-385.

Abstract In the ordinary way of representing relations, the order of the relata plays a structural role, but in the states themselves such an order often does not seem to be intrinsically present. An alternative way to represent relations makes use of positions for the arguments. This is no problem for the love relation, but for relations like the adjacency relation and cyclic relations, different assignments of objects to the positions can give exactly the same states. This is a puzzling situation. The question is what is the internal structure of relations? Is the use of positions still justified, and if so, what is their ontological status? In this paper mathematical models for relations are developed that provide more insight into the structure of relations “out there” in the real world.

The Learning Sciences, Technology and Designs for Educational Systems: Some Thoughts About Change

John Bransford — 2008-06-18T05:18:46-00:00

Learners in a Changing Learning Landscape (2008), pp. 37-67.

The idea that technology can be instrumental in connecting experts and novices who are separated by time or space inspired distance education pioneers over a century ago to take advantage of the innovations of their day—the printing press and postal system—to deliver the first correspondence courses. The technologies to facilitate learning at a distance have vastly evolved in the intervening years, becoming far more sophisticated and showing potential to break us free from old models of instruction. Yet instead of acting as transformative agents, the new technologies have often been assimilated to existing models, and it is not unusual to find ourselves strongly influenced by the methods found in the face-to-face classroom as we design instruction, monitor participant interaction, organize curricula, and conduct assessments in these new arenas. Still, the combination of a fast-changing, technologically-connected world and the expanding knowledge brought to our disciplines by advances in the learning sciences present an extraordinary opportunity for all of us to take part in the evolution and expansion of what we think of as ‘teaching and learning.’ Can technology help us reinvent how we prepare people for healthy and productive lives? This chapter asks that question and hopes to add at least a bit to the rich discussions in this book and sparked by it.

Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks.

DJ Watts — 2004-11-22T00:17:30-00:00

Nature, Vol. 393, No. 6684. (4 June 1998), pp. 440-442.

Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.

Validation and refinement of gene-regulatory pathways on a network of physical interactions.

CH Yeang — 2005-07-19T08:24:17-00:00

Genome Biol, Vol. 6, No. 7. (2005)

As genome-scale measurements lead to increasingly complex models of gene regulation, systematic approaches are needed to validate and refine these models. Towards this goal, we describe an automated procedure for prioritizing genetic perturbations in order to discriminate optimally between alternative models of a gene-regulatory network. Using this procedure, we evaluate 38 candidate regulatory networks in yeast and perform four high-priority gene knockout experiments. The refined networks support previously unknown regulatory mechanisms downstream of SOK2 and SWI4.

New Strategies of Control: Academic Freedom and Research Ethics Boards

Magda Lewis — 2008-06-30T09:46:37-00:00

Qualitative Inquiry, Vol. 14, No. 5. (1 July 2008), pp. 684-699.

This article, detailing the implications of "ethics drift" for critical work in the academy, reports on an ethics challenge to a non-research-based scholarly text. It analyzes how General Research Ethics Boards (GREBs) can threaten academic freedom when they lack a clear definition of "human subject" research, fail to distinguish between empirical research using humans and scholarly engagement of important social/political issues within human contexts, and overstep the limits of their jurisdiction when they agree to arbitrate on scholarship that ought to be resolved through open debated rather than administrative mechanisms. The article emphasizes that in public democratic institutions, those who contribute to decisions and policies, whether through formal process or by informal tacit ideology, are acting not as individuals but as functionaries of the institution and must bear public accountability and its attendant critiques. The article ends with a recommendation for arms-length oversight of the workings of GREBs. 10.1177/1077800408314347

Editorial Introduction: Unpacking 'Intervention' in Science and Technology Studies

Teun Zuiderent-Jerak — 2007-12-04T20:25:17-00:00

Science as Culture, Vol. 16, No. 3. (September 2007), pp. 227-235.

Do as I say, not as I do': Medical Education and Foucault's Normalizing Technologies of Self

Chrystal Jaye — 2006-07-02T01:49:51-00:00

Anthropology & Medicine, Vol. 13, No. 2. (August 2006), pp. 141-155.

Medical training as a process of professional socialization has been well explored within the fields of medical education, medical sociology and medical anthropology. Our contribution is to outline a bio-power, more specifically an anatomo-politics, of medical education. The current research aimed to explore perspectives on what is commonly termed the 'hidden curriculum'. We conducted interviews with pre-clinical medical students, clinical teachers and medical educators within a New Zealand medical school. In this paper, we outline ways that respondents described the juxtaposition of the undeclared or hidden aspects of medical education with the formal declared curriculum. Our respondents were aware of incongruencies across these components that resulted in mixed messages to students. Curricula initiatives aim to encourage new forms of subjectivity so that students are often expected to be the kinds of doctors that their teachers are not. However, the success of such initiatives is dependent on the degree of alignment between informal and formal components of the curriculum.

Manufacturing Consensus

David Healy — 2006-11-11T10:11:23-00:00

Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, Vol. V30, No. 2. (30 June 2006), pp. 135-156.

Abstract The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has declared that it would be illegal to advertise as or in any way claim your drug to be superior to competitors on the market, which are up to 30 times cheaper. How does a pharmaceutical company market such a product? The answer is to enlist academics to form expert panels to construct guidelines and algorithms, or participate in Delphi panels and other exercises, which can be expected to prove that newer, more costly drugs produce cost savings. These academics do so on the basis of the existing clinical trial evidence—which supposedly the FDA has used to come to its verdict that the newer compound is no better than its competitors. However, where the FDA has seen the raw data, academics later see the published data. In between intervenes a medical writing exercise, which produces the first and most important piece of advertising for any pharmaceutical product—the randomized controlled trial infomercial. This paper explores how pharmaceutical companies manufacture an apparent academic consensus and, in so doing, gives a case study of the recent controversies surrounding the marketing of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drugs for adolescent depression. Keywords adolescent depression - FDA - manufacturing consensus - pharmaceutical marketing - SSRI

Developing Theory From Complexity: Reflections on a Collaborative Mixed Method Participatory Action Research Study

Anne Westhues — 2008-04-17T15:14:52-00:00

Qual Health Res, Vol. 18, No. 5. (1 May 2008), pp. 701-717.

Research studies are increasingly complex: They draw on multiple methods to gather data, generate both qualitative and quantitative data, and frequently represent the perspectives of more than one stakeholder. The teams that generate them are increasingly multidisciplinary. A commitment to engaging community members in the research process often adds a further layer of complexity. How to approach a synthesizing analysis of these multiple and varied data sources with a large research team requires considerable reflection and dialogue. In this article, we outline the strategies used by one multidisciplinary team committed to a participatory action research (PAR) approach and engaged in a mixed method program of research to synthesize the findings from four subprojects into a conceptual framework that could guide practice in community mental health organizations. We also summarize factors that hold promise for increasing productivity when managing complex research projects. 10.1177/1049732308316531

Evidence-based clinical guidelines: a new system to better determine true strength of recommendation

Edward Roddy — 2006-05-22T03:27:33-00:00

Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, Vol. 12, No. 3. (June 2006), pp. 347-352.

A conceptual framework for implementation fidelity

Christopher Carroll — 2007-11-30T22:36:36-00:00

Implementation Science, Vol. 2 (30 November 2007), 40.

Violence, Identity and Poverty

Amartya Sen — 2008-02-16T13:23:05-00:00

Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 45, No. 1. (1 January 2008), pp. 5-15.

The article discusses two main approaches to explaining violence in contemporary global society. Theories based on the culture of societies, among which the theory of the clash of civilizations is the most influential, attempt to explain violence by referring to antagonisms between collective identities. Theories of the political economy of power and inequality seek the sole cause of violence in economic factors. While each approach has some plausibility, both are inadequate on their own. When applied as sufficient explanations, they may distort our understanding in a way that undermines the possibility for both alleviating poverty and reducing conflict. The causal mechanisms are more complex than economic reductionism is capable of accounting for. Poverty and inequality are importantly linked to violence, but must be seen together with divisions between factors such as nationality, culture and religion. In turn, these factors must not be based on a false image of solitary identities and unavoidable antagonisms between cultural groups. The article suggests that the coupling between cultural identities and poverty increases the significance of inequality and may contribute to violence. Approaches to explaining violence should avoid isolationist programmes that explain violence solely in terms of social inequality and deprivation or in terms of identity and cultural factors. 10.1177/0022343307084920

Unpacking 'Participation': models, meanings and practices

Andrea Cornwall — 2008-06-23T05:28:01-00:00

Community Dev J, Vol. 43, No. 3. (1 July 2008), pp. 269-283.

The world over, public institutions appear to be responding to the calls voiced by activists, development practitioners and progressive thinkers for greater public involvement in making the decisions that matter and holding governments to account for following through on their commitments. Yet what exactly participation' means to these different actors can vary enormously. This article explores some of the meanings and practices associated with participation, in theory and in practice. It suggests that it is vital to pay closer attention to who is participating, in what and for whose benefit. Vagueness about what participation means may have helped the promise of public involvement gain purchase, but it may be time for more of what Cohen and Uphoff term clarity through specificity' if the call for more participation is to realize its democratizing promise. 10.1093/cdj/bsn010

The health impacts of globalisation: a conceptual framework

Maud Huynen — 2007-12-09T06:16:18-00:00

Globalization and Health, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2005)

This paper describes a conceptual framework for the health implications of globalisation. The framework is developed by first identifying the main determinants of population health and the main features of the globalisation process. The resulting conceptual model explicitly visualises that globalisation affects the institutional, economic, social-cultural and ecological determinants of population health, and that the globalisation process mainly operates at the contextual level, while influencing health through its more distal and proximal determinants. The developed framework provides valuable insights in how to organise the complexity involved in studying the health effects resulting from globalisation. It could, therefore, give a meaningful contribution to further empirical research by serving as a 'think-model' and provides a basis for the development of future scenarios on health.

Ontological considerations in GIScience

P Agarwal — 2005-06-17T07:37:45-00:00

International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 19, No. 5. (May 2005), pp. 501-536.

Contextualization of Geospatial Database Semantics for HumanGIS Interaction

Cai — 2007-07-04T16:45:18-00:00

GeoInformatica, Vol. 11, No. 2. (June 2007), pp. 217-237.

Semantic Granularity in Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems

Frederico Fonseca — 2008-06-27T11:57:36-00:00

Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 36, No. 1. (2002), pp. 121-151.

The integration of information of different kinds, such as spatial and alphanumeric at different levels of detail, is a challenge. While a solution is not reached, it is widely recognized that the need to integrate information is so pressing that it does not matter if detail is lost, as long as integration is achieved. This paper shows the potential for information retrieval at different levels of granularity inside the framework of information systems based on ontologies. Ontologies are theories that use a specific vocabulary to describe entities, classes, properties and functions related to a certain view of the world. The use of an ontology, translated into an active information system component, leads to ontology-driven information systems and, in the specific case of GIS, leads to what we call ontology-driven geographic information systems.

Tiers of ontology and consistency constraints in geographical information systems

Andrew Frank — 2008-06-27T11:53:12-00:00

International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 15, No. 7. (2001), pp. 667-678.

Consistency constraints placed on a database to assure, that values incorporated in the database are consistent, are a well known foundation of Geographical Information Systems. Unfortunately in real situations rules for consistency constraints are not so clear, and inconsistent ontologies are common place, not least in geographical information, covering as it does a much wider realm than many other information systems I have suggested elsewhere 5-tiers of ontology for GIS. Such an ontology can integrate different ontological approaches in a unified system. In this paper the relation of the 5-tier ontology and consistency constraints is explored, and it is shown that different constraints are appropriate to different tiers.

IMGT-Kaleidoscope, the formal IMGT-ONTOLOGY paradigm

Patrice Duroux — 2008-06-27T11:42:58-00:00

Biochimie, Vol. 90, No. 4. (April 2008), pp. 570-583.

IMGT®, the international ImMunoGeneTics information system® (http://imgt.cines.fr), is the reference in immunogenetics and immunoinformatics. IMGT standardizes and manages the complex immunogenetic data which include the immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, the T cell receptors (TR), the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and the related proteins of the immune system (RPI) which belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and the MHC superfamily (MhcSF). The accuracy and consistency of IMGT data and the coherence between the different IMGT components (databases, tools and Web resources) are based on IMGT-ONTOLOGY, the first ontology for immunogenetics and immunoinformatics. IMGT-ONTOLOGY manages the immunogenetics knowledge through diverse facets relying on seven axioms, "IDENTIFICATION", "DESCRIPTION", "CLASSIFICATION", "NUMEROTATION", "LOCALIZATION", "ORIENTATION" and "OBTENTION", that postulate that objects, processes and relations have to be identified, described, classified, numerotated, localized, orientated, and that the way they are obtained has to be determined. These axioms constitute the Formal IMGT-ONTOLOGY, also designated as IMGT-Kaleidoscope. Through the example of the IG molecular synthesis, the concepts generated from the "IDENTIFICATION", "DESCRIPTION", "CLASSIFICATION" and "NUMEROTATION" axioms are detailed with their main instances and semantic relations. The axioms have been essential for the conceptualization of the molecular immunogenetics knowledge and can be used to generate concepts for multi scale approaches at the molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organism or population level, emphasizing the generalization of the application domain. In that way the Formal IMGT-ONTOLOGY represents a paradigm for the elaboration of ontologies in system biology.

Understanding, building and using ontologies

Nicola Guarino — 2005-11-09T00:39:53-00:00

Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud., Vol. 46, No. 2-3. (1997), pp. 293-310.

Distributed governance at the WTO-WIPO: an evolving model for open-architecture integrated governance

FM Abbott — 2008-06-27T11:11:43-00:00

J Int Economic Law, Vol. 3, No. 1. (1 March 2000), pp. 63-81.

WTO governance has traditionally reflected the interests of producers channeled through government trade negotiators. The producer-driven governance model is not suited to the highly integrated international society of the 21st century. The WTO governance structure should be adapted to account for more diverse interests, including those of marginalized developing countries, NGOs, and individuals. One aspect of this adaptation should involve more highly integrated relations between the WTO and other multilateral institutions. The inter-institutional relationship that has evolved between the WTO and the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round evidences a number of characteristics that might usefully form the basis for relations between the WTO and other international organizations. The WTO-WIPO relationship effectively enhances the breadth of subject matter interests and the administrative capacity of each organization, and it provides a suitable forum for the negotiation of incremental and experimental intellectual property rules that are needed in response to technological change. A second aspect of institutional adaptation concerns increasing the participation of wider segments of international society in multilateral rule-making. The WIPO Internet Domain Name Process was a unique governance exercise that employed elements of direct democracy at the international level and the management of an organizational bureaucracy (the WIPO International Bureau). This type of process might usefully be employed in other contexts, such as by the FAO/WHO in developing health and safety guidelines in connection with genetically modified organisms (GMOs). 10.1093/jiel/3.1.63

INFECTIOUS DISEASE: An Ill Wind, Bringing Meningitis

Leslie Roberts — 2008-06-27T10:22:48-00:00

Science, Vol. 320, No. 5884. (27 June 2008), pp. 1710-1715.

10.1126/science.320.5884.1710

INFECTIOUS DISEASE: Costs of Meningitis Outbreaks Are Crippling, Too

Leslie Roberts — 2008-06-27T10:21:21-00:00

Science, Vol. 320, No. 5884. (27 June 2008), 1712.

10.1126/science.320.5884.1712

INFECTIOUS DISEASE: Clinical Trials: Dispelling Suspicions, Building Trust in Mali

Leslie Roberts — 2008-06-27T10:20:07-00:00

Science, Vol. 320, No. 5884. (27 June 2008), 1714.

10.1126/science.320.5884.1714

Toward a New Era of Objective Assessment in the Field of TRIPS and Variable Geometry for the Preservation of Multilateralism

M Abbott — 2005-03-24T14:30:52-00:00

Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 8, No. 1. (March 2005), pp. 77-100.

Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy

2008-06-26T13:04:22-00:00

(September 2002)

The Commission's tasks were to consider: • how national IPR regimes could best be designed to benefit developing countries within the context of international agreements, including TRIPS; • how the international framework of rules and agreements might be improved and developed – for instance in the area of traditional knowledge – and the relationship between IPR rules and regimes covering access to genetic resources; • the broader policy framework needed to complement intellectual property regimes including for instance controlling anti-competitive practices through competition policy and law. Chapters in the report: - Intellectual Property and Development - Health - Agriculture and genetic resources - Traditional knowledge and geographic indications - Copyright, Software and the Internet - Patent Reform - Institutional capacity - The International Architecture

Public Health: Innovation and Intellectual Property Rights

2008-06-26T10:47:38-00:00

(April 2006)

(excerpts from the preface) Against the background of an ongoing international debate concerning the relationship between intellectual property rights, innovation and public health, in international organizations and more generally among governments and civil society organizations, the World Health Assembly decided in May 2003 to give an independent Commission the task of analysing this key issue. ...Even if our mandate referred principally to intellectual property rights, we had to examine many other factors that contribute to the improvement of public health in developing countries. We placed this issue in a broader perspective, including for example regulation, and issues such as the importance of political commitment, in both developed and developing countries, in promoting access to new and existing products. We analysed the complexity of scientific challenges in biomedical innovation and sought reasons why, in spite of a greater effort, R&D has not yet produced the results hoped for, or even expected, for the people of developing countries. Intellectual property rights are important, but as a means not an end. How relevant they are in the promotion of the needed innovation depends on context and circumstance. We know they are considered a necessary incentive in developed countries where there is both a good technological and scientific infrastructure and a supporting market for new health-care products. But they can do little to stimulate innovation in the absence of a profitable market for the products of innovation, a situation which can clearly apply in the case of products principally for use in developing country markets. The effects of intellectual property rights on innovation may also differ at successive phases of the innovation cycle – from basic research to a new pharmaceutical or vaccine. We considered the impact of TRIPS, the flexibilities in TRIPS confirmed by the Doha Declaration, and also the impact of bilateral and regional trade agreements as they might affect public health objectives. Whereas there is an innovation cycle in developed countries which broadly works to provide the health care required by their inhabitants, this is far from being the case in developing countries to meet the needs of their people, in particular poor people. Our task was to consider how this difference might be addressed. In successive phases of the innovation cycle – from fundamental research to the discovery, development and delivery of new products – the multiplicity of financial and other incentive mechanisms, and the scientific and institutional complexities of biomedical innovation have had to be considered. At each phase intellectual property rights may play a greater or lesser role in facilitating the innovation cycle. Other incentive and financing mechanisms to stimulate research and development of new products are equally necessary, along with complementary measures to promote access. ...

Equitable access: research challenges for health in developing countries; A report on Forum 11

2008-06-26T09:36:20-00:00

(November 2007)

In its annual meeting, the Global Forum’s goal is not to restate the problems and identify the needs but to push the agenda further to the recognition and implementation of solutions – whether these are in the realms of creating new technologies and processes, achieving behaviour change, or generating engagement and action. Eight key phrases were central to Forum 11 deliberations: • expanding the use of evidence in policy- and decision-making • equity and human rights (access and inclusion) • encouraging innovation in research • priority setting • research capacity strengthening • power of inter-sectoral collaboration • advocacy to underscore the importance of research and resources • communication of research results. And three areas of focus were particularly evident: • moving towards the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) • broader determinants of health • health systems reform. All these issues are included in the Forum 11 Report on ‘Equitable access: research challenges for health in developing countries’.

Global Forum for Health Research - Forum 11 Book of Abstracts

2008-06-26T09:28:03-00:00

(November 2007)

This collection contains abstracts received by the Global Forum for Health Research from registered faculty up to 10 October 2007. The abstracts are arranged in chronological order of programme sessions. Author’s affiliations are those given on the abstract. An index by author’s name is added for your convenience.

The dynamics of mass interaction

Steve Whittaker — 2006-09-08T21:00:40-00:00

(1998), pp. 257-264.

An Integrated Product Development Process for Mobile Software

Christian Zeidler — 2007-08-23T06:11:47-00:00

Management of Mobile Business, 2007. ICMB 2007. International Conference on the (2007), pp. 23-23.

The rising penetration of smartphones enables new mobile services and business models. A huge number of different operating systems, available functionalities, open questions regarding revenue sources and streams, legal issues, as well as a lack of knowledge in designing mobile user experiences call for a holistic product development process in this domain. This paper describes a five-step product development process for mobile software and services encompassing organizational, business and technical issues and reports on the practical experiences made in a real-life project.

On the Benefit of Using Mobile Technologies in Business Processes

Sina Deibert — 2007-09-06T04:58:11-00:00

(2006)

The rapid technical progress in the development of mobile devices and technologies offers new possibilities for improving and streamlining the performance of business processes. However, only few successful mobile applications exist in the business area. This paper discusses the benefits an enterprise can gain by using mobile technologies in business processes. It presents general indicators to measure the performance of business processes and shows how these indicators must be adapted to be useful to determine the benefit of mobile applications. Then, the set of indicators is applied in a real-world scenario. The results show that indicators like throughput time, error rate, reduction of redundancy, and increased flexibility are important for the benefit of mobile technologies.

A multilevel analysis of sociability, usability, and community dynamics in an online health community

Diane Maloney-Krichmar — 2005-09-14T22:12:10-00:00

ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., Vol. 12, No. 2. (June 2005), pp. 201-232.

Content management systems and e-learning systems -- a symbiosis?

Stefan Bergstedt — 2007-11-29T14:33:50-00:00

Advanced Learning Technologies, 2003. Proceedings. The 3rd IEEE International Conference on (2003), pp. 155-159.

Content management systems nowadays are used to manage complex publications far more often than some years ago. The basic principles are the separation of structure, content and presentation, an exactly defined workflow management and the management of content in the form of small units, so called assets. This leads to improved quality, better reusability and reduced costs. We focus on similarities of CMS-systems and e-learning systems and the possibility to transfer gained experiences from the field of CMS to e-learning systems. This leads to a set of demands that can be made on e-learning systems. We conclude with the thesis that transferring the principles of content management systems to the world of e-learning will result in better systems with the improved functionality we already know from current CMS.

eduComponents: A Component-Based E-Learning Environment

Mario Amelung — 2007-12-01T11:03:18-00:00

(2007), pp. 352-352.

We present the eduComponents, a component-based approach to e-learning system architecture. In contrast to typical “integrated” platforms, the eduComponents are implemented as extension modules for a general-purpose content management system (CMS). The components can be used individually, together, and in combination with other modules. The use of a general-purpose (i.e., not e-learning-specific) CMS means that a single platform can be used for e-learning and other Web content, providing the advantages of a uniform user interface, reduced system administration overhead, and extensive code reuse.