Wed, 20 Aug 2008 21:15:30 BST CiteULike: livingthingdan's library [1415 articles] http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/3110428 <i>(28 November 1994)</i><br /><br />This book is an examination of the methods used by social researchers to produce knowledge. Focussing chiefly on research into sexuality and madness, it assesses survey methods and opens up broader philiosophical debates on the nature of knowledge. Methods, Sex and Madness Julia Davidson Derek Layder (28 November 1994) 2008-08-12T00:30:18-00:00 1994 Routledge human intro methodology social http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/3085666 <i>(4 Aug 2008)</i><br /><br />An thorough introduction is given at an introductory level to the field of quantitative complex system science, with special emphasis on emergence in dynamical systems based on network topologies. Subjects treated include graph theory and small-world networks, a generic introduction to the concepts of dynamical system theory, random Boolean networks, cellular automata and self-organized criticality, the statistical modeling of Darwinian evolution, synchronization phenomena and an introduction to the theory of cognitive systems. Complex and Adaptive Dynamical Systems: A Primer C Gros (4 Aug 2008) 2008-08-05T13:58:44-00:00 2008 cas complexity evolution graph hierarchy intro networks scaling http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2939105 <i>Ann NY Acad Sci, Vol. 1118, No. 1. (1 November 2007), pp. 163-185.</i><br /><br />The most widely used (and taught) protocols for strategic analysis--Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) and Porter's (1980) Five Force Framework for industry analysis--have been found to be insufficient as stimuli for strategy creation or even as a basis for further strategy development. We approach this problem from a neurocognitive perspective. We see profound incompatibilities between the cognitive process--deductive reasoning--channeled into the collective mind of strategists within the formal planning process through its tools of strategic analysis (i.e., rational technologies) and the essentially inductive reasoning process actually needed to address ill-defined, complex strategic situations. Thus, strategic analysis protocols that may appear to be and, indeed, are entirely rational and logical are not interpretable as such at the neuronal substrate level where thinking takes place. The analytical structure (or propositional representation) of these tools results in a mental dead end, the phenomenon known in cognitive psychology as functional fixedness. The difficulty lies with the inability of the brain to make out meaningful (i.e., strategy-provoking) stimuli from the mental images (or depictive representations) generated by strategic analysis tools. We propose decreasing dependence on these tools and conducting further research employing brain imaging technology to explore complex data handling protocols with richer mental representation and greater potential for strategy creation. 10.1196/annals.1412.012 Neurocognitive Inefficacy of the Strategy Process Harold Klein MARK D'Esposito doi:10.1196/annals.1412.012 Ann NY Acad Sci, Vol. 1118, No. 1. (1 November 2007), pp. 163-185. 2008-06-28T11:56:16-00:00 2007 Ann NY Acad Sci 1118 1 163 185 futures institutions mind http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2291549 <i>PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 4, No. 1. (1 January 2008), e20.</i> Getting Started in Text Mining Bretonnel Cohen Lawrence Hunter doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0040020 PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 4, No. 1. (1 January 2008), e20. 2008-01-25T23:39:38-00:00 2008 PLoS Computational Biology 4 1 e20 bioinformatics journals language nlp parser http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2895965 <i>Nature News (18 July 2003)</i><br /><br />A new computer program can tell whether a book was written by a man or a woman. The simple scan of key words and syntax is around 80% accurate on both fiction and non-fiction. Computer program detects author gender : Nature News Philip Ball Nature News (18 July 2003) 2008-06-15T08:44:13-00:00 2003 Nature News language sex http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/816511 <i>(30 November 2006)</i><br /><br />Since the time of the Ancient Greeks, much has been written about the relation between mathematics and music: from harmony and number theory, to musical patterns and group theory. Benson provides a wealth of information here to enable the teacher, the student, or the interested amateur to understand, at varying levels of technicality, the real interplay between these two ancient disciplines. The story is long as well as broad and involves physics, biology, psychoacoustics, the history of science, and digital technology as well as, of course, mathematics and music. Starting with the structure of the human ear and its relationship with Fourier analysis, the story proceeds via the mathematics of musical instruments to the ideas of consonance and dissonance, and then to scales and temperaments. This is a must-have book if you want to know about the music of the spheres, digital music, and many things in between. Music: A Mathematical Offering David Benson (30 November 2006) 2006-08-25T11:08:15-00:00 2006 Cambridge University Press composition compsci mathematics mind music http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1848870 <i>(1982)</i><br /><br />Popper, Lakatos, Kuhn and Feyerabend occupy leading positions in Western philosophy of science in this century. To them we owe the prevailing view that scientific knowledge is never true (nor even probable), and never false (nor even improbable). Even the best scientific opinion, at any time, is nothing more than an unjustified conjecture, a socially-imposed dogma, or a fashionable gestalt. Some consequences of this attitude to scientific truth verge on the lunatic, and David Stove demonstrates how irrationalists turn the trick of concealing absurdity by a variety of logical and linguistic devices. He then examines the etiology of the irrationalist thesis, and traces the fatal conjunction of empiricism with perfectionism back to Hume: `Nothing fatal to empiricist philosophy of science follows from the admission that arguments from the observed to the unobserved are not the best, unless this admission is combined, as it was by Hume, with the fatal assumption that only the best will do'. In this business-like declothing of philosophical emperors, he performs a valuable service for all students of philosophy. By exposing the `frivolous elevation of the critical attitude into a categorical imperative of intellectual life', he resurrects a philosophical basis for holding that, for example, Harvey's theory of the circulation of blood was right, or that Ptolemaic astronomy was wrong, or that scientific knowledge has advanced over the last four hundred years. For non-philosophers and others who have always held such views, David Stove provides a lucid and amusing account of an extraordinary movement in the history of ideas. Popper and After: Four Modern Irrationalists DC Stove (1982) 2007-10-31T23:37:37-00:00 1982 Pergamon hps language methodology rhetoric http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2747760 <i></i><br /><br />In the most generic terms, learning may occur in all circumstances whereby agents have an imperfect understanding of the world in which they operate - either due to lack of information about it, or, more fundamentally, to an imprecise knowledge of its structure -; or, when they master only a limited repertoire of actions in order to cope with whatever problem they face - as compared to the set of actions that an omniscient observer would be able to conceive -; or, finally, when they have only a blurred and changing understanding of what their goals and preferences are. It is straightforward that learning, so defined, is an ubiquitous characteristic of most economic and, generally, social environments, with the remarkable exception of those postulated by the most extreme forms of economic modelling, such as those assuming rational expectations or canonical game-theoretic equilibria. But, even in the latter cases, - and neglecting any issue of empirical realism of the underlying assumptions -, it is natural to ask how did agents learn in the first place about e.g. the “true model” of the world in a RE set-up, or the extensive form of a particular game? And, moreover, in the widespread case of multiple equilibria, how do agents select among them (i.e. how do they learn how to converge to one of them)? Of course, learning acquires even greater importance in explicitly evolutionary environments (which we believe be indeed the general case), where a) heterogeneous agents systematically display various forms of “bounded rationality”; b) there is a persistent appearance of novelties, both as exogenous shocks, and, more important, as the result of technological, behavioural and organisational innovations by the agents themselves; c) markets (and other interaction arrangements) perform as selection mechanisms; d) aggregate regularities are primarily emergent properties stemming from out-of-equilibrium interactions (more detailed discussions are in Dosi and Nelson (1994), Nelson (1995), Coriat and Dosi (1995b)). The purpose of this work is to present a sort of selective guide to an enormous and diverse literature on learning processes in economics in so far as they capture at least some of the foregoing evolutionary aspects. Clearly, this cannot be a thorough survey. Rather, we shall just refer to some examples of each genre, trying to show their links and differences, setting them against a sort of ideal framework of “what one would like to understand about learning...”. This allows also an easier mapping of a wide and largely unexplored research agenda. A significant emphasis shall be put on learning models, in their bare-bone formal structure, but we shall always refer to the (generally richer) non-formal theorising about the same objects. Learning in evolutionary environment Giovanni Dosi Luigi Marengo Giorgio Fagiolo 2008-05-03T09:02:40-00:00 asymmetric economics evolution institutions intro learning http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2747721 <i>(1996)</i><br /><br />The neo-classical approach to analyzing the performance of an economy assumes that in the face of pervasive scarcity individuals make choices reflecting a set of desires, wants or preferences. But valuable as this model has been for the development of an elegant body of theory it is a very imperfect tool for solving economic problems both at a moment of time but particularly over time. The puzzle I seek to unravel is how do humans evolve and believe in theories in the face of uncertainty. Economics and Cognitive Science Douglass North (1996) 2008-05-03T08:19:27-00:00 1996 asymmetric distributed economics mind http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2747720 <i>(2007)</i><br /><br />The title of this chapter is deliberately provocative. Intuitively, many will be inclined to see conscious control of mental process as a good thing. Yet control comes at a high price. The consciously not directly controlled, automatic, parallel processing of information is not only much faster, it also handles much more information, and it does so in a qualitatively different manner. This different mental machinery is not adequate for all tasks. The human ability to consciously deliberate has evolved for good reason. But on many more tasks than one might think at first sight, intuitive decision-making, or at least an intuitive component in a more complex mental process, does indeed improve performance. This chapter presents the issue, offers concepts to understand it, discusses the effects in terms of problem solving capacity, contrasts norms for saying when this is a good thing, and points to scientific and real world audiences for this work. Better Than Conscious? The Brain, the Psyche, Behavior, and Institutions Christoph Engel (2007) 2008-05-03T08:17:20-00:00 2007 distributed economics evolution institutions mind norms http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2747706 <i>(1996)</i><br /><br />In this essay I propose to explore what we can and cannot learn about the way economies evolve over time. The focus of the essay is on the dynamics of change--political, social, and of course economic; and therefore the key word is time. In section I I outline the process of economic change as I understand it; in section II I specify the questions we must answer in order to understand that process; in the final section I tentatively identify which of those questions I believe are amenable to being answered with sufficient research and which I believe to be beyond our ability to answer. I need hardly add that my conclusions are highly speculative. Economic Performance Through Time: The Limits to Knowledge Douglass North (1996) 2008-05-03T08:01:46-00:00 1996 bounded economics knowledge pathdependence uncertainty http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/480476 <i>Nat Biotech, Vol. 18, No. 11. (November 2000), pp. 1121-1122.</i> The small world of metabolism David Fell Andreas Wagner doi:10.1038/81025 Nat Biotech, Vol. 18, No. 11. (November 2000), pp. 1121-1122. 2006-01-25T15:07:13-00:00 2000 Nat Biotech 18 11 1121 1122 complexity metabolism networks http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/44 <i>Nature, Vol. 410, No. 6825. (8 March 2001), pp. 268-276.</i><br /><br />The study of networks pervades all of science, from neurobiology to statistical physics. The most basic issues are structural: how does one characterize the wiring diagram of a food web or the Internet or the metabolic network of the bacterium Escherichia coli? Are there any unifying principles underlying their topology? From the perspective of nonlinear dynamics, we would also like to understand how an enormous network of interacting dynamical systems-be they neurons, power stations or lasers-will behave collectively, given their individual dynamics and coupling architecture. Researchers are only now beginning to unravel the structure and dynamics of complex networks. Exploring complex networks. SH Strogatz doi:10.1038/35065725 Nature, Vol. 410, No. 6825. (8 March 2001), pp. 268-276. 2004-11-22T00:17:30-00:00 2001 Nature 0028-0836 410 6825 268 276 complexity metabolism network statistics http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/99 <i>Nature, Vol. 393, No. 6684. (4 June 1998), pp. 440-442.</i><br /><br />Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices. Collective dynamics of 'small-world' networks. DJ Watts SH Strogatz doi:10.1038/30918 Nature, Vol. 393, No. 6684. (4 June 1998), pp. 440-442. 2004-11-22T00:17:30-00:00 1998 Nature 0028-0836 393 6684 440 442 complexity dynamicalsystems network http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2742696 <i>(2006)</i><br /><br />Musical agents which can interact with human musicians in concert situations are a reality, though the extent to which they themselves embody human-like capabilities can be called into question. They are perhaps most correctly viewed, given their level of artificial intelligence technology, as `projected intelligences', a composer's anticipation of the dynamics of a concert setting made manifest in programming code. This thesis will describe a set of interactive systems developed for a range of musical styles and instruments, all of which attempt to participate in a concert by means of audio signal analysis alone. Machine listening, being the simulation of human peripheral auditory abilities, and the hypothetical modelling of central auditory and cognitive processes, is utilised in these systems to track musical activity. Whereas much of this modelling is inspired by a bid to emulate human abilities, strategies diverging from plausible human physiological mechanisms are often employed, leading to machine capabilities which exceed or differ from the human counterparts. Technology is described which detects events from an audio stream, further analysing the discovered events (typically notes) for perceptual features of loudness, pitch, attack time and timbre. In order to exploit processes that underlie common musical practice, beat tracking is investigated, allowing the inference of metrical structure which can act as a co-ordinative framework for interaction. Psychological experiments into human judgement of perceptual attack time and beat tracking to ecologically valid stimuli clarify the parameters and constructs that should most appropriately be instantiated in the computational systems. All the technology produced is intended for the demanding environment of realtime concert use. In particular, an algorithmic audio splicing and analysis library called BBCut2 is described, designed with appropriate processing and scheduling faculties for realtime operation. Proceeding to outlines of compositional applications, novel interactive music systems are introduced which have been tested in real concerts. These are evaluated by interviews with the musicians who performed with them, and an assessment of their claims to agency in the sense of `autonomous agents'. The thesis closes by considering all that has been built, and the possibilities for future advances allied to artificial intelligence and signal processing technology. owards Autonomous Agents for Live Computer Music: Realtime Machine Listening and Interactive Music Systems (2006) 2008-05-01T13:39:43-00:00 2006 ai composition mind music http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2737750 <i>(01 January 1998)</i> Music, Mind, and Machine: Studies in Computer Music, Music Cognition, and Artificial Intelligence (Kennistechnologie) Peter Desain Henkjan Honing (01 January 1998) 2008-04-30T12:46:46-00:00 1998 Thesis Pub ai composition compsci intro music sync http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2737747 <i></i><br /><br />This paper is a report of ongoing research on categorical rhythm perception and the influence of context. It concerns the mapping of the continuous space of performed temporal patterns to the discrete, symbolic space of rhythmic categories. And, whether this mapping is influenced by the metrical context in which the temporal patterns are presented. While the empirical results are described elsewhere, this paper focuses on the predictions made by two existing models of meter induction. Their low ... Modeling the Effect of Meter in Rhythmic Categorization: Preliminary Results Peter Desain And Honing 2008-04-30T12:45:21-00:00 composition connectionism mind music sync http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2737742 <i>(09 October 1991)</i><br /><br />As one of our highest expressions of thought and creativity, music has always been a difficult realm to capture, model, and understand. The connectionist paradigm, now beginning to provide insights into many realms of human behavior, offers a new and unified viewpoint from which to investigate the subtleties of musical experience. <i>Music and Connectionism </i>provides a fresh approach to both fields, using the techniques of connectionism and parallel distributed processing to look at a wide range of topics in music research, from pitch perception to chord fingering to composition.<br /> <br /> The contributors, leading researchers in both music psychology and neural networks, address the challenges and opportunities of musical applications of network models. The result is a current and thorough survey of the field that advances understanding of musical phenomena encompassing perception, cognition, composition, and performance, and in methods for network design and analysis.<br /> <br /> <b>Contributors. </b>Jamshed J. Bharucha. Peter Desain. Mark Dolson. Robert Gjerclingen. Henkjan Honing. B. Keith Jenkins. Jacqueline Jons. Douglas H. Keefe. Tuevo Kohonen. Bernice Laden. Pauli Laine. Otto Laske. Marc Leman. J. P. Lewis. Christoph Lischka. D. Gareth Loy. Ben Miller. Michael Mozer. Samir I. Sayegh. Hajime Sano. Todd Soukup. Don Scarborough. Kalev Tiits. Peter M. Todd. Kari Torkkola. Music and Connectionism Todd (09 October 1991) 2008-04-30T12:44:22-00:00 1991 The MIT Press http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2305175 <i>Cognition, Vol. 100, No. 1. (May 2006), pp. 33-72.</i><br /><br />We explore the capacity for music in terms of five questions: (1) What cognitive structures are invoked by music? (2) What are the principles that create these structures? (3) How do listeners acquire these principles? (4) What pre-existing resources make such acquisition possible? (5) Which aspects of these resources are specific to music, and which are more general? We examine these issues by looking at the major components of musical organization: rhythm (an interaction of grouping and meter), tonal organization (the structure of melody and harmony), and affect (the interaction of music with emotion). Each domain reveals a combination of cognitively general phenomena, such as gestalt grouping principles, harmonic roughness, and stream segregation, with phenomena that appear special to music and language, such as metrical organization. These are subtly interwoven with a residue of components that are devoted specifically to music, such as the structure of tonal systems and the contours of melodic tension and relaxation that depend on tonality. In the domain of affect, these components are especially tangled, involving the interaction of such varied factors as general-purpose aesthetic framing, communication of affect by tone of voice, and the musically specific way that tonal pitch contours evoke patterns of posture and gesture. The capacity for music: What is it, and what's special about it? Ray Jackendoff Fred Lerdahl doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.11.005 Cognition, Vol. 100, No. 1. (May 2006), pp. 33-72. 2008-01-29T20:52:15-00:00 2006 Cognition 100 1 33 72 composition inferring mind music statistics sync http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2737729 <i>(01 September 2004)</i><br /><br /><b>Winner of the 2003 Emerging Scholar Award, presented by the Society for Music Theory </b><br /> <br /> In this book, David Temperley addresses a fundamental question about music cognition: how do we extract basic kinds of musical information, such as meter, phrase structure, counterpoint, pitch spelling, harmony, and key from music as we hear it? Taking a computational approach, Temperley develops models for generating these aspects of musical structure. The models he proposes are based on <i>preference rules</i>, which are criteria for evaluating a possible structural analysis of a piece of music. A preference rule system evaluates many possible interpretations and chooses the one that best satisfies the rules.<br /> <br /> After an introductory chapter, Temperley presents preference rule systems for generating six basic kinds of musical structure: meter, phrase structure, contrapuntal structure, harmony, and key, as well as pitch spelling (the labeling of pitch events with spellings such as A flat or G sharp). He suggests that preference rule systems not only show how musical structures are inferred, but also shed light on other aspects of music. He substantiates this claim with discussions of musical ambiguity, retrospective revision, expectation, and music outside the Western canon (rock and traditional African music). He proposes a framework for the description of musical styles based on preference rule systems and explores the relevance of preference rule systems to higher-level aspects of music, such as musical schemata, narrative and drama, and musical tension. The Cognition of Basic Musical Structures David Temperley (01 September 2004) 2008-04-30T12:39:19-00:00 2004 The MIT Press composition mind music sync http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2737605 <i>Ethnomusicology, Vol. 44, No. 1. (2000), pp. 65-96.</i> Meter and Grouping in African Music: A View from Music Theory David Temperley doi:10.2307/852655 Ethnomusicology, Vol. 44, No. 1. (2000), pp. 65-96. 2008-04-30T11:38:21-00:00 2000 Ethnomusicology 44 1 65 96 University of Illinois Press on behalf of Society for Ethnomusicology cultural history music sync http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2736209 <i></i> Metre and Tal in North Indian Music Martin Clayton 2008-04-30T05:17:12-00:00 convertindia music sync time http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2723126 <i>openDemocracy (27 November 2006)</i><br /><br />Milton Friedman, who died on 16 November 2006, leaves a great economic legacy but a broadly failed philosophy. Ben S Bernanke (Alan Greenspan's successor as head of the United States federal reserve), the Bank of England's monetary policy committee, the eighteen-member governing council of the European Central Bank - all owe their roles and rules to Friedman. When Greenspan reacted to the massive twin shocks of 2001 - the bursting of the technology-driven asset-price bubble and the uncertainty created by 9/11 - by reducing federal interest rates to the point where money had almost no price anymore, he was putting into practice the policy that Friedman had argued in 1946 would have averted the great depression of 1931. The 'as if' economist: Milton Friedman's legacy | openDemocracy Tony Price openDemocracy (27 November 2006) 2008-04-27T03:29:08-00:00 2006 openDemocracy economics history intro methodology rationality http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/378137 <i></i><br /><br />There is an increasingly widespread belief, both within and outside the discipline, that modern economics is irrelevant to the understanding of the real world. <i>Economics and Reality</i> traces this irrelevance to the failure of economists to match their methods with their subject, showing that formal, mathematical models are unsuitable to the social realities economists purport to address. <br> <br> Tony Lawson examines the various ways in which mainstream economics is rooted in positivist philosophy and examines the problems this causes. It focuses on human agency, social structure and their interaction and explores how the understanding of this social phenomena can be used to transform the nature of economic practice. <i>Economics and Reality</i> concludes by showing how this newly transformed economics might set about shaping economic policy. Economics and Reality (Economics As Social Theory) Tony Lawson 2005-11-02T14:59:51-00:00 Routledge economics methodology modelling policy http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2716803 <i>(August 1966), pp. 3-43.</i><br /><br />"Stimulating, provocative, often infuriating, but well worth reading."--Peter Newman, Economica "His critical blast blows like a north wind against the more pretentious erections of modern economics. It is however a healthy and invigorating blast, without malice and with a sincere regard for scientific objectivity."--K.E. Boulding, Political Science Quarterly "Certainly one of the most engrossing volumes that has appeared recently in economic theory."--William J. Baumol, Review of Economics and Statistics Methodology in Positive Economics Milton Friedman (August 1966), pp. 3-43. 2008-04-25T05:53:12-00:00 1966 3 43 University Of Chicago Press agents economics file-import-08-04-25 parsimony rationality http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2698983 <i>(2000)</i><br /><br />The hallmarks of “cultural behavior” are consistency within and across individuals, variance between populations, behavioral stickiness, and suboptimal performance. In this paper, we build a formal framework within which we can derive each of these five behavioral attributes. Our framework rests on two primary assumptions: (i) agents play ensembles of games, not just single games as is traditionally the case in evolutionary game theory models and (ii) agents have finite cognitive capacity. Our analysis combines agent-based techniques and mathematics. The former enable us to explore dynamics and the latter allow us to prove when the behaviors produced by the agents are equilibria. Our results provide game theoretic foundations for cultural diversity and agent-based support for how cultural behavior might emerge. CAN GAME(S) THEORY EXPLAIN CULTURE? THE EMERGENCE OF CULTURAL BEHAVIOR WITHIN MULTIPLE GAMES Jenna Bednar Scott Page (2000) 2008-04-22T04:02:03-00:00 2000 bounded cultural game norms http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2694674 <i></i> The OAI2LOD Server: Exposing OAI-PMH Metadata as Linked Data Bernhard Haslhofer Bernhard Schandl 2008-04-21T09:01:21-00:00 compsci metadata openaccess semanticweb http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/782553 <i>(1 Aug 2006)</i><br /><br />I describe a method to separate the articles of different authors with the same name. It is based on a distance between any two publications, defined in terms of the probability that they would have as many coincidences if they were drawn at random from all published documents. Articles with a given author name are then clustered according to their distance, so that all articles in a cluster belong very likely to the same author. The method has proven very useful in generating groups of papers that are then selected manually. This simplifies considerably citation analysis when the author publication lists are not available. Separating the articles of authors with the same name Jose Soler (1 Aug 2006) 2006-08-02T08:05:28-00:00 2006 ai citation language parsing tagging http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2684330 <i>Applied Geography, Vol. 28, No. 1. (January 2008), pp. 54-76.</i><br /><br />This paper explores issues of scale and difference within a study of rural gentrification and nature that draws on social science and natural science theories and methods. The paper discusses how these issues emerged as being of significance both within social science studies of gentrification, rural restructuring and landscape studies and also within ecological analysis of village space. The paper suggests that nature is a significant presence in village space, with green vegetated space forming both a quantitatively significant amount of village settlement envelopes and also being of clear significance to inhabitants of at least one village in Melton District in Leicestershire. Diversity, scale and green landscapes in the gentrification process: Traversing ecological and social science perspectives Martin Phillips Sue Page Eirini Saratsi Kevin Tansey Kate Moore doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2007.07.003 Applied Geography, Vol. 28, No. 1. (January 2008), pp. 54-76. 2008-04-17T23:43:03-00:00 2008 Applied Geography 28 1 54 76 ecology economics social urban http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2545837 <i></i><br /><br />Here’s a formulation of the analysis of jazz chord sequences as an optimization problem1 . We are given a sequence of n chords ⟨C1 , C2 , ..., Cn ⟩. From each chord in this sequence, we can compute the set of scales that can be played over it2 . Let there be mi such scales for chord Ci , for 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and let them be denoted by ⟨Si1 , Si2 , ..., Sim i ⟩. Analysis of Jazz Chords as Optimization Andrew Choi 2008-03-17T12:22:17-00:00 music parsimony pattern http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2543963 <i></i><br /><br />In this paper, we challenge the universality of three basic assumptions prevalent in organizational decision support and strategy: assumptions of order, of rational choice, and of intent. We describe the Cynefin framework, a sense-making device we have developed to help people make sense of the complexities made visible by the relaxation of these assumptions. The Cynefin framework is derived from several years of action research into the use of narrative and complexity theory in organizational knowledge exchange, decision-making, strategy, and policy-making. The framework is explained, its conceptual underpinnings are outlined, and its use in group sense-making and discourse is described. Finally, the consequences of relaxing the three basic assumptions, using the Cynefin framework as a mechanism, are considered. The new dynamics of strategy: Sense-making in a complex and complicated world CF Kurtz DJ Snowden 2008-03-17T00:22:20-00:00 decision intervention narrative rationality http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2325980 <i></i> [nlin/0103038v1] Synchronizing to the Environment: Information Theoretic Constraints on Agent Learning 2008-02-03T12:55:54-00:00 agent ai complexity learning http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2186905 <i>(6 Mar 2007)</i><br /><br />The finite age of the universe and the existence of cosmological horizons provides a strong argument that the observable universe represents a finite causal region with finite material and informational resources. A similar conclusion follows from the holographic principle. In this paper I address the question of whether the cosmological information bound has implications for fundamental physics. Orthodox physics is based on Platonism: the laws are treated as infinitely precise, perfect, immutable mathematical relationships that transcend the physical universe and remain totally unchanged by physical processes, however extreme. If instead the laws of physics are regarded as akin to computer software, with the physical universe as the corresponding hardware, then the finite computational capacity of the universe imposes a fundamental limit on the precision of the laws and the specifiability of physical states. That limit depends on the age of the universe. I examine how the imprecision of the laws impacts on the evolution of highly entangled states and on the problem of dark energy. The Implications of a Cosmological Information Bound for Complexity, Quantum Information and the Nature of Physical Law PCW Davies (6 Mar 2007) 2008-01-02T04:32:07-00:00 2007 complexity informationtheory intro parsimony physics thermodynamics http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/473387 <i>(15 Jul 2003)</i><br /><br />In this chapter, I review the main methods and techniques of complex systems science. As a first step, I distinguish among the broad patterns which recur across complex systems, the topics complex systems science commonly studies, the tools employed, and the foundational science of complex systems. The focus of this chapter is overwhelmingly on the third heading, that of tools. These in turn divide, roughly, into tools for analyzing data, tools for constructing and evaluating models, and tools for measuring complexity. I discuss the principles of statistical learning and model selection; time series analysis; cellular automata; agent-based models; the evaluation of complex-systems models; information theory; and ways of measuring complexity. Throughout, I give only rough outlines of techniques, so that readers, confronted with new problems, will have a sense of which ones might be suitable, and which ones definitely are not. Methods and Techniques of Complex Systems Science: An Overview Cosma Shalizi (15 Jul 2003) 2006-01-21T10:51:15-00:00 2003 cas complexity measuring methodology http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2182424 <i>Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (1998)</i><br /><br />A practical step-by-step guide to wavelet analysis is given, with examples taken from time series of the El Niño– Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The guide includes a comparison to the windowed Fourier transform, the choice of an appropriate wavelet basis function, edge effects due to finite-length time series, and the relationship between wavelet scale and Fourier frequency. New statistical significance tests for wavelet power spectra are developed by deriving theo- retical wavelet spectra for white and red noise processes and using these to establish significance levels and confidence intervals. It is shown that smoothing in time or scale can be used to increase the confidence of the wavelet spectrum. Empirical formulas are given for the effect of smoothing on significance levels and confidence intervals. Extensions to wavelet analysis such as filtering, the power Hovmöller, cross-wavelet spectra, and coherence are described. The statistical significance tests are used to give a quantitative measure of changes in ENSO variance on interdecadal timescales. Using new datasets that extend back to 1871, the Niño3 sea surface temperature and the Southern Oscilla- tion index show significantly higher power during 1880–1920 and 1960–90, and lower power during 1920–60, as well as a possible 15-yr modulation of variance. The power Hovmöller of sea level pressure shows significant variations in 2–8-yr wavelet power in both longitude and time. A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis Christopher Torrence Gilbert Compo Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (1998) 2007-12-31T03:32:04-00:00 1998 Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society dsp howto intro wavelet http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/106551 <i>(24 April 2003)</i><br /><br />Systems as diverse as clocks, singing crickets, cardiac pacemakers, firing neurons and applauding audiences exhibit a tendency to operate in synchrony. These phenomena are universal and can be understood within a common framework based on modern nonlinear dynamics. The first half of this book describes synchronization without formulae, and is based on qualitative intuitive ideas. The main effects are illustrated with experimental examples and figures, and the historical development is also outlined. The second half of the book presents the main effects of synchronization in a rigorous and systematic manner, describing both classical results on synchronization of periodic oscillators, and recent developments in chaotic systems, large ensembles, and oscillatory media. Synchronization : A Universal Concept in Nonlinear Sciences (Cambridge Nonlinear Science Series) Arkady Pikovsky Michael Rosenblum Jürgen Kurths (24 April 2003) 2005-02-28T14:05:24-00:00 2003 Cambridge University Press biology chaos nonlinear synchronisation http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2101159 <i>Complexity, Vol. 13, No. 2. (2007), pp. 67-77.</i><br /><br />Since its application to systems, emergence has been explained in terms of levels of observation. This approach has led to confusion, contradiction, and incoherence. When the concept of level is replaced by a framework of scope, resolution and state, this confusion is dissolved. We find that emergent properties are determined by the relationship between the scope of macrostate and microstate descriptions. This is formally demonstrated with mathematical examples, including the nonorientable, one sided and one edged emergent properties of the Mbius strip. Emergent properties are identified as nonlocal, because of spatially or temporally extended structure. This establishes normative definitions of emergent properties and emergence, which make sense of previous descriptive definitions of emergence. The central insight that emergence is coupled to scope means that emergence is objective, in the sense that it is independent of the knowledge of the observer. This framework is then used to identify fundamental limits to our ability to capture emergence in formal systems, and propose an alternative approach towards identifying system boundaries.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2007 Emergence is coupled to scope, not level Alex Ryan doi:10.1002/cplx.20203 Complexity, Vol. 13, No. 2. (2007), pp. 67-77. 2007-12-12T23:46:11-00:00 2007 Complexity 13 2 67 77 definition design emergence mathematics ontology http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2101161 <i>Complexity, Vol. 13, No. 2. (2007), pp. 30-49.</i><br /><br />No abstract. Putting complex systems to work Russ Abbott doi:10.1002/cplx.20200 Complexity, Vol. 13, No. 2. (2007), pp. 30-49. 2007-12-12T23:46:53-00:00 2007 Complexity 13 2 30 49 complexity design engineering essay futures http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2048995 <i>The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1980), 417.</i><br /><br />What psychological and philosophical significance should we attach to recent efforts at computer simulations of human cognitive capacities? In answering this question, I find it useful to distinguish what I will call "strong" AI from "weak" or "cautious" AI (artificial intelligence). According to weak AI, the principal value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion. But according to strong AI, the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather, the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind, in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. In strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. Minds, Brains, and Programs John Searle The Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1980), 417. 2007-12-03T10:51:35-00:00 1980 The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 417 Cambridge University Press ai compsci language mind http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/2048923 <i>Computer Music Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1. (2004), pp. 10-25.</i><br /><br />The Australian-built ‘‘automatic computer’’ ini- tially known as the CSIR Mk1, and later known as CSIRAC, was one of the world’s earliest stored- program electronic digital computers (Williams 1997). (See Figure 1.) Coincidentally, it may also have been the first computer to play music, even though later work done elsewhere in the 1950s is clearly the origin of computer music as we know the field today. Developed in Sydney in the late 1940s by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the CSIR Mk1 ran its first program in No- vember 1949. Geoff Hill, a mathematician and Australia’s first real software engineer, pro- grammed the CSIR Mk1 to play popular musical melodies through its loudspeaker starting in 1951, if not 1950. The CSIR Mk1 was moved to the Uni- versity of Melbourne in June 1955 and renamed CSIRAC (McCann and Thorne 2000). It performed useful and trailblazing service there until 1964. During CSIRAC’s time in Melbourne, the mathe- matics professor Thomas Cherry programmed it to perform music, developing a system and program such that anyone who understood standard musical notation could create a punched-paper data tape for CSIRAC to perform that music. Although the music performed by the CSIR Mk1 may seem crude and unremarkable compared to the most advanced musical developments of the time, and especially to what is possible now, it is probably the first music in the world to be per- formed on a computer, and the means of produc- tion lay at the leading edge of technological sophistication at that time. These first steps of us- ing a computer in a musical sense occurred in iso- lation, but they are still interesting, because the leap of imagination in using the flexibility of a general-purpose computer to create music and the programming ingenuity required to achieve it are significant. CSIRAC took some initial steps in that direction. Computer Sound Synthesis in 1951: The Music of CSIRAC Paul Doornbusch doi:10.1162/014892604322970616 Computer Music Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1. (2004), pp. 10-25. 2007-12-03T10:35:43-00:00 2004 Computer Music Journal 28 1 10 25 MIT Press Journals australia compsci history music http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1963236 <i>(May 2007)</i><br /><br />This study uses four, interrelated approaches to explicate the links between climate, energy and water. i. A summary of key elements of the meta-policy environment in Australia, to encapsulate the core values and main directions that the nation has expressed with regard to the three issues. ii. A qualitative, narrative approach to demonstrate the importance of climate, energy and water in the past and now. iii. System dynamics characterisations of both the broad and the more specific links and feedbacks between climate, energy and water. These causal-loop and influence diagrams are qualitative, but provide rigour in their identification of both interactions and possible unintended consequences. iv. Selected, more detailed case studies, quantified where data exist, to illustrate the broader conceptual material. They are used in combination with system characterisations. Climate, energy and water Accounting for the links Katrina Proust Stephen Dovers Barney Foran Barry Newell Will Steffen Patrick Troy (May 2007) 2007-11-23T03:54:25-00:00 2007 Land & Water Australia canberra climate complexity energy sustainability urban water http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1649974 <i>(01 November 2006)</i><br /><br />How could the body influence our thinking when it seems obvious that the brain controls the body? In <i>How the Body Shapes the Way We Think</i>, Rolf Pfeifer and Josh Bongard demonstrate that thought is not independent of the body but is tightly constrained, and at the same time enabled, by it. They argue that the kinds of thoughts we are capable of have their foundation in our embodiment--in our morphology and the material properties of our bodies.<br /> <br /> This crucial notion of embodiment underlies fundamental changes in the field of artificial intelligence over the past two decades, and Pfeifer and Bongard use the basic methodology of artificial intelligence--"understanding by building"--to describe their insights. If we understand how to design and build intelligent systems, they reason, we will better understand intelligence in general. In accessible, nontechnical language, and using many examples, they introduce the basic concepts by building on recent developments in robotics, biology, neuroscience, and psychology to outline a possible theory of intelligence. They illustrate applications of such a theory in ubiquitous computing, business and management, and the psychology of human memory. Embodied intelligence, as described by Pfeifer and Bongard, has important implications for our understanding of both natural and artificial intelligence. How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence (Bradford Books) Rolf Pfeifer Josh Bongard (01 November 2006) 2007-09-13T00:04:17-00:00 2006 The MIT Press embodied mind http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1638575 <i>(30 December 2006)</i><br /><br />`This is an especially timely book. Carefully organized and well motivated, its power lies in the explicit effort to ask how industrial ecology and innovation studies do, can and should intersect.' - Reid Lifset, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and editor, Journal of Industrial Ecology <P><P>This book explores the disciplinary interfaces and practical implications of working across the two disciplines of industrial ecology (IE) and innovation studies (IS). Both disciplines have something to say about instigating environmental improvement and more sustainable futures. IE is predicated on the idea that social and economic systems mirror, or should be made to mirror, natural ecological systems. Proponents of IE devise models and techniques to trace material and energy resource flows as they move through social and economic systems. They propose policy and management improvements to increase the resource efficiency of such systems. By contrast, IS researchers work with the idea that innovation is a dynamic activity, vital to social and economic change and is shaped by a range of actors in industry, in government and in households. <P><P>The authors illustrate the conceptual and practical problems and opportunities of working across this bi-disciplinary interface, with case studies presented from each and from hybrid perspectives that draw on both. These include applied examples from IE such as an evaluation of industrial symbiosis in the UK and from working projects in industrialising countries. Cases that originate with IS cover the areas of food, construction and waste incineration. New directions for conceptual development and further research are also offered. Conceptual blindspots and research gaps are identified at the interface of the two disciplines. <P><P>Industrial Ecology and Spaces of Innovation will appeal to a wide and interdisciplinary audience including academics and researchers of environmental innovation, management and economics, industrial ecology and schools of environmental engineering. Business environmental practitioners, consultants and managers working with techniques such as life-cycle analysis, environmental impact assessment and collaborative industrial symbiosis initiatives will also find much to engage them within this book. Industrial Ecology And Spaces of Innovation (30 December 2006) 2007-09-09T10:21:05-00:00 2006 Edward Elgar Publishing ecology industrial innovation transdisciplinary http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1633576 <i>(2002)</i><br /><br />Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide, Australia May, 2007 c A Complex Systems Approach to Important Biological Problems Matthew Berryman (2002) 2007-09-08T09:49:03-00:00 2002 complexity compsci design genetic mind http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1632947 <i>Science, Vol. 317, No. 5843. (7 September 2007), pp. 1402-1405.</i><br /><br />Humans are capable of making inferences about other individuals' intentions and goals by evaluating their actions in relation to the constraints imposed by the environment. This capacity enables humans to go beyond the surface appearance of behavior to draw inferences about an individual's mental states. Presently unclear is whether this capacity is uniquely human or is shared with other animals. We show that cotton-top tamarins, rhesus macaques, and chimpanzees all make spontaneous inferences about a human experimenter's goal by attending to the environmental constraints that guide rational action. These findings rule out simple associative accounts of action perception and show that our capacity to infer rational, goal-directed action likely arose at least as far back as the New World monkeys, some 40 million years ago. 10.1126/science.1144663 The Perception of Rational, Goal-Directed Action in Nonhuman Primates Justin Wood David Glynn Brenda Phillips Marc Hauser doi:10.1126/science.1144663 Science, Vol. 317, No. 5843. (7 September 2007), pp. 1402-1405. 2007-09-08T02:28:43-00:00 2007 Science 317 5843 1402 1405 distributed evolution primate rationality http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1632918 <i>(2007)</i><br /><br />We propose a first step in the development of an integrated theory of the emergence of distributed cognition/extended mind. Distributed cognition is seen as the confluence of collective intelligence and “situatedness”, or the extension of cognitive processes into the physical environment. The framework is based on five fundamental assumptions: 1) groups of agents self-organize to form a differentiated, coordinated system, adapted to its environment, 2) the system co-opts external media for internal propagation of information, 3) the resulting distributed cognitive system can be modelled as a learning, connectionist network, 4) information in the network is transmitted selectively, 5) novel knowledge emerges through non-linear, recurrent interactions. The implication for collective intentionality is that such a self-organizing agent collective can develop “mental content” that is not reducible to individual cognitions. The Emergence of Distributed Cognition: a conceptual framework Francis Heylighen Margeret Heath Frank Overwalle (2007) 2007-09-08T02:01:15-00:00 2007 distributed futures technology http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1632876 <i>PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 3, No. 9. (1 September 2007), e141.</i><br /><br />A fundamental problem in neuroscience is understanding how working memory—the ability to store information at intermediate timescales, like tens of seconds—is implemented in realistic neuronal networks. The most likely candidate mechanism is the attractor network, and a great deal of effort has gone toward investigating it theoretically. Yet, despite almost a quarter century of intense work, attractor networks are not fully understood. In particular, there are still two unanswered questions. First, how is it that attractor networks exhibit irregular firing, as is observed experimentally during working memory tasks? And second, how many memories can be stored under biologically realistic conditions? Here we answer both questions by studying an attractor neural network in which inhibition and excitation balance each other. Using mean-field analysis, we derive a three-variable description of attractor networks. From this description it follows that irregular firing can exist only if the number of neurons involved in a memory is large. The same mean-field analysis also shows that the number of memories that can be stored in a network scales with the number of excitatory connections, a result that has been suggested for simple models but never shown for realistic ones. Both of these predictions are verified using simulations with large networks of spiking neurons. A Balanced Memory Network Yasser Roudi Peter Latham doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030141 PLoS Computational Biology, Vol. 3, No. 9. (1 September 2007), e141. 2007-09-08T01:24:04-00:00 2007 PLoS Computational Biology 3 9 e141 memory mind modelling neuron http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1632148 <i>PLoS Genetics, Vol. 3, No. 9. (1 September 2007), e147.</i><br /><br />Conserved noncoding elements (CNCs) are an abundant feature of vertebrate genomes. Some CNCs have been shown to act as cis-regulatory modules, but the function of most CNCs remains unclear. To study the evolution of CNCs, we have developed a statistical method called the “shared rates test” to identify CNCs that show significant variation in substitution rates across branches of a phylogenetic tree. We report an application of this method to alignments of 98,910 CNCs from the human, chimpanzee, dog, mouse, and rat genomes. We find that ∼68% of CNCs evolve according to a null model where, for each CNC, a single parameter models the level of constraint acting throughout the phylogeny linking these five species. The remaining ∼32% of CNCs show departures from the basic model including speed-ups and slow-downs on particular branches and occasionally multiple rate changes on different branches. We find that a subset of the significant CNCs have evolved significantly faster than the local neutral rate on a particular branch, providing strong evidence for adaptive evolution in these CNCs. The distribution of these signals on the phylogeny suggests that adaptive evolution of CNCs occurs in occasional short bursts of evolution. Our analyses suggest a large set of promising targets for future functional studies of adaptation. Adaptive Evolution of Conserved Noncoding Elements in Mammals Su Kim Jonathan Pritchard doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030147 PLoS Genetics, Vol. 3, No. 9. (1 September 2007), e147. 2007-09-07T16:14:14-00:00 2007 PLoS Genetics 3 9 e147 evolution genetic http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1221363 <i>(3 Apr 2007)</i><br /><br />This philosophical paper discusses the benefits of describing the world as information, especially in the study of the evolution of life and cognition. Traditional studies encounter difficulties because it is difficult to describe life and cognition in terms of matter and energy, falling into a dualist trap. However, if matter and energy, as well as life and cognition, are described in terms of information, evolution can be described consistently as information becoming more complex. Moreover, information theory is already well established and formalized. The paper presents five tentative laws of information, which are generalizations of Darwinian, cybernetic, thermodynamic, and complexity principles. These are further used to discuss the notions of life and cognition, including their origins and evolution. The World as Evolving Information Carlos Gershenson (3 Apr 2007) 2007-04-12T00:24:11-00:00 2007 complexity evolution informationtheory statmech http://www.citeulike.org/user/livingthingdan/article/1631927 <i>Science, Vol. 317, No. 5843. (7 September 2007), pp. 1344-1347.</i><br /><br />The evolution of unusually large brains in some groups of animals, notably primates, has long been a puzzle. Although early explanations tended to emphasize the brain's role in sensory or technical competence (foraging skills, innovations, and way-finding), the balance of evidence now clearly favors the suggestion that it was the computational demands of living in large, complex societies that selected for large brains. However, recent analyses suggest that it may have been the particular demands of the more intense forms of pairbonding that was the critical factor that triggered this evolutionary development. This may explain why primate sociality seems to be so different from that found in most other birds and mammals: Primate sociality is based on bonded relationships of a kind that are found only in pairbonds in other taxa. 10.1126/science.1145463 Evolution in the Social Brain RIM Dunbar Susanne Shultz doi:10.1126/science.1145463 Science, Vol. 317, No. 5843. (7 September 2007), pp. 1344-1347. 2007-09-07T15:14:29-00:00 2007 Science 317 5843 1344 1347 evolution mind modelling parsimony primate