CiteULike: masaka's library [28 articles]

The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine

Sergey Brin — 2004-11-22T17:49:28-00:00

Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol. 30, No. 1--7. (1998), pp. 107-117.

In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. Google is designed to crawl and index the Web efficiently and produce much more satisfying search results than existing systems. The prototype with a full text and hyperlink database of at least 24 million pages is available at

Named Graphs

Jeremy Carroll — 2006-05-12T11:18:21-00:00

Journal of Web Semantics, Vol. 3, No. 4. (9 September 2005)

The Semantic Web consists of many RDF graphs nameable by URIs. This paper extends the syntax and semantics of RDF to cover such named graphs. This enables RDF statements that describe graphs, which is beneficial in many Semantic Web application areas. Named graphs are given an abstract syntax, a formal semantics, an XML syntax, and a syntax based on N3. SPARQL is a query language applicable to named graphs. A specific application area discussed in detail is that of describing provenance information. This paper provides a formally defined framework suited to being a foundation for the Semantic Web trust layer.

The Universal Author Identifier System (UAI_Sys)

Dimitris Dervos — 2007-01-13T04:47:50-00:00

(January 2007)

One common problem in the scientific research literature is that each one author cannot easily be identified uniquely. The problem arises when there are authors with identical names, authors who have changed their name(s) in the course of time, and authors whose names appear in alternative versions (for example: Jaakko Hyvärinen, and J. P. Hyvärinen) across the publications they have (co-) authored. The issue becomes more of a problem when data analysis utilizing author names is to be conducted, for example: in citation analysis. In this paper we introduce the Universal Author Identifier system, codenamed UAI_Sys. The system is web based and publicly available, enabling each one author to register/update his/her own metadata, plus acquire a unique identifier (UAI code), ensuring name disambiguation. As soon as UAI_Sys becomes accepted and enjoys worldwide use, selected author metadata will become globally available to all interested parties. Care is taken so that UAI_Sys comprises more than just a database for storing and handling author identifiers. Provision is taken for the system to incorporate web services facilitating communication with third party applications, thus expanding the possibilities for web based co-functionality. Last but not least, the system supports role-based access and management (i.e. different user roles for authors, librarians, publishers, and administrators) for efficient and effective information dissemination and management, promoting research and collaboration. UAI_Sys is being designed/developed along the lines of the Cascading Citations Analysis Project (C-CAP) which is co-funded by the Alexander Technology Educational Institute (ATEI), and the University of Macedonia (UoM).

A non-invasive learning approach to building web user profiles

P Chan — 2006-08-07T23:36:17-00:00

(1999)

Introduction Recently researchers have started to make web browsers more adaptive and personalized. A personalized web browser caters to the user's interests and an adaptive one learns from the users' (potentially changing) access behavior. The goal is to help the user navigate the web. Lieberman's Letizia [13] monitors the user's browsing behavior, develops a user profile, and searches for potentially interesting pages for recommendations. The user profile is developed without intervention...

PeerTrust: supporting reputation-based trust for peer-to-peer electronic communities

Li Xiong — 2005-07-05T11:28:25-00:00

Knowledge and Data Engineering, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 16, No. 7. (2004), pp. 843-857.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) online communities are commonly perceived as an environment offering both opportunities and threats. One way to minimize threats in such communities is to use community-based reputations to help estimate the trustworthiness of peers. We present PeerTrust - a reputation-based trust supporting framework, which includes a coherent adaptive trust model for quantifying and comparing the trustworthiness of peers based on a transaction-based feedback system, and a decentralized implementation of such a model over a structured P2P network. PeerTrust model has two main features. First, we introduce three basic trust parameters and two adaptive factors in computing trustworthiness of peers, namely, feedback a peer receives from other peers, the total number of transactions a peer performs, the credibility of the feedback sources, transaction context factor, and the community context factor. Second, we define a general trust metric to combine these parameters. Other contributions of the paper include strategies used for implementing the trust model in a decentralized P2P environment, evaluation mechanisms to validate the effectiveness and cost of PeerTrust model, and a set of experiments that show the feasibility and benefit of our approach.

An ontology for Web service ratings and reputations

Michael Maximilien — 2007-01-08T02:02:19-00:00

Vol. 73 (2003), pp. 25-30.

Current Web services standards enable publishing service descriptions and finding services by matching requested and published descriptions based on syntactic criteria such as method signatures or service category. Emerging approaches such as DAML-S use DAML to formalize richer models for expressing capabilities of services. DAML-S would go beyond WSDL in terms of the richness of service descriptions. However, neither currentWeb services standards nor DAML-S provide a basis for selecting a good service or for comparing services that implement the same interface. In our view, service selection is the key problem to enable applicationto- application integration, which is the essential vision behind Web services. Existing approaches don’t address service selection, because service selection inherently involves trust and must consider criteria that are external to any published description of a service, whether in WSDL or DAML-S. Accordingly, this paper develops an ontology in which ratings of services (aggregated into reputations) can be organized and shared so as to facilitate service selection. This model is expressed in DAML and includes domainindependent as well as domain-specific attributes.

Generating predictive movie recommendations from trust in social networks

Jennifer Golbeck — 2007-01-07T16:21:38-00:00

(May 2006)

Social networks are growing in number and size, with hundreds of millions of user accounts among them. One added benefit of these networks is that they allow users to encode more information about their relationships than just stating who they know. In this work, we are particularly interested in trust relationships, and how they can be used in designing interfaces. In this paper, we present FilmTrust, a website that uses trust in webbased social networks to create predictive movie recommendations. Using the FilmTrust system as a foundation, we show that these recommendations are more accurate than other techniques when the user's opinions about a film are divergent from the average. We discuss this technique both as an application of social network analysis, as well as how it suggests other analyses that can be performed to help improve collaborative filtering algorithms of all types.

Accuracy of Metrics for Inferring Trust and Reputation in Semantic Web-Based Social Networks

Jennifer Golbeck — 2005-09-21T14:47:40-00:00

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 3257 (January 2004), pp. 116-131.

Familiarity, confidence, trust: Problems and alternatives

N Luhmann — 2007-01-06T11:51:30-00:00

(1988)

F14.33> Gemeinschaft. It does not give any new insight into the particularities of trusting relations. To gain such insights we need further conceptual clarification. Bernard Barber at least perceives this need. In his recent monograph The Logic and Limits of Trust (1983; see also Barber 1985) he tries for the first time to provide some kind of ordering. He proposes to distinguish between three different dimensions in which trusting expectations may fail: the continuity of the natural and the...

Ontologies Are Us: A unified model of social networks and semantics

Peter Mika — 2006-12-31T07:27:47-00:00

Vol. 3729 (November 2005), pp. 522-536.

In our work we extend the traditional bipartite model of ontologies with the social dimension, leading to a tripartite model of actors, concepts and instances. We demonstrate the application of this representation by showing how community-based semantics emerges from this model through a process of graph transformation. We illustrate ontology emergence by two case studies, an analysis of a large scale folksonomy system and a novel method for the extraction of community-based ontologies...

Groups in Social Software: Utilizing Tagging to Integrate Individual Contexts for Social Navigation

Kai Bielenberg — 2005-11-22T15:42:29-00:00

(2005)

Currently, weblogs and social web services attract more and more attention, encouraging information publishing and collaborative annotation by a broad mass. Shared metadata creation - especially in the form of adding tags - enhances structured access to information. Moreover, usage of tags may give hints about people with similar interests and similar ways of thinking and speaking. The goal of this thesis is to explore the potential of tags to construct social networks and to identify groups with shared contexts that assure a common understanding of tags and related resources. These shared contexts are the basis for deriving recommendations to realize social navigation. Founded on theories from social network analysis, the field of social navigation and concepts like folksonomies and transactive memories we will propose a framework for social navigation based on tagging. We will apply this framework in the implementation of a prototype called GROOP.US to show practicability of the chosen approach.

Automated Tag Clustering: Improving search and exploration in the tag space

Grigory Begelman — 2006-11-13T11:10:59-00:00

(2006)

Wikipedia and the Semantic Web - The Missing Links

Markus Krötzsch — 2006-06-22T17:13:10-00:00

Wikipedia is the biggest collaboratively created source of encyclopaedic knowledge. Growing beyond the borders of any traditional encyclopaedia, it is facing new problems of knowledge management: The current excessive usage of article lists and categories witnesses the fact that 19th century content organization technologies like inter-article references and indices are no longer su#cient for today's needs.

Fresnel: A Browser-Independent Presentation Vocabulary for RDF

Christian Bizer — 2006-11-22T13:22:22-00:00

(November 2006)

Semantic Web browsers and other tools aimed at displaying RDF data to end users are all concerned with the same problem: presenting content primarily intended for machine consumption in a human-readable way. Their solutions differ but in the end address the same two high-level issues, no matter the underlying representation paradigm: specifying (i) what information contained in RDF models should be presented (content selection) and (ii) how this information should be presented (content formatting and styling). However, each tool currently relies on its own ad hoc mechanisms and vocabulary for specifying RDF presentation knowledge, making it difficult to share and reuse such knowledge across applications. Recognizing the general need for presenting RDF content to users and wanting to promote the exchange of presentation knowledge, we designed Fresnel as a browser-independent vocabulary of core RDF display concepts. In this paper we describe Fresnel's main concepts and present several RDF browsers and visualization tools that have adopted the vocabulary so far.

The Even More Irresistible SROIQ

Ian Horrocks — 2006-11-22T11:01:33-00:00

(June 2006), pp. 57-67.

We describe an extension of the description logic underlying OWL-DL, SHOIN, with a number of expressive means that we believe will make it more useful in practice. Roughly speaking, we extend SHOIN with all expressive means that were suggested to us by ontology developers as useful additions to OWL-DL, and which, additionally, do not affect its decidability and practicability. We consider complex role inclusion axioms of the form R . S . R or S . R . R to express propagation of one property along another one, which have proven useful in medical terminologies. Furthermore, we extend SHOIN with reflexive, antisymmetric, and irreflexive roles, disjoint roles, a universal role, and constructs R.Self, allowing, for instance, the definition of concepts such as a “narcist”. Finally, we consider negated role assertions in Aboxes and qualified number restrictions. The resulting logic is called SROIQ. We present a rather elegant tableau-based reasoning algorithm: it combines the use of automata to keep track of universal value restrictions with the techniques developed for SHOIQ. The logic SROIQ has been adopted as the logical basis for the next iteration of OWL, OWL 1.1.

From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: The making of a web ontology language

I Horrocks — 2006-11-22T02:06:10-00:00

Journal of Web Semantics, Vol. 1, No. 1. (2003), pp. 7-26.

The OWL Web Ontology Language is a new formal language for representing ontologies in the Semantic Web. OWL has features from several families of representation languages, including primarily Description Logics and frames. OWL also shares many characteristics with RDF, the W3C base of the Semantic Web. In this paper we discuss how the philosophy and features of OWL can be traced back to these older formalisms, with modifications driven by several other constraints on OWL. Several interesting...

Ontology of Folksonomy: A Mash-up of Apples and Oranges

Thomas Gruber — 2006-11-17T01:32:38-00:00

(November 2005)

Ontologies are enabling technology for the Semantic Web. They are a means for people to state what they mean by formal terms used in data that they might generate or consume. Folksonomies are an emergent phenomenon of the social web. They are created as people associate terms with content that they generate or consume. Recently the two ideas have been put into opposition, as if they were right and left poles of a political spectrum. This piece is an attempt to shed some cool light on the subject, and to preview some new work that applies the two ideas together to enable an Internet ecology for folksonomies.

Semantics Through the Tag

Dave Beckett — 2006-11-16T05:20:54-00:00

(May 2006)

This paper discusses tags, tagging and how these are used on the popular web sites now, along with a suggested process on how to go from a Tag to the Semantics that a human can understand. The paper will discuss how a combination of existing services, technology and processes can provide a possible solution along with problems that this has.

Semantic Web and Web 2.0

Tim Berners-Lee — 2006-11-15T06:44:10-00:00

(8 November 2006)

SW and Web 2.0 * Not alternatives * Chalk and Cheese * Web 2.0 does not deliver inter-application integration * SW does not provide cool interfaces to data * Together... interesting

On the Properties of Metamodeling in OWL

Boris Motik — 2006-11-14T16:17:59-00:00

Proceeding of the 4th International Semantic Web Conference (2005), pp. 548-562.

A common practice in conceptual modeling is to separate the intensional from the extensional model. Although very intuitive, this approach is inadequate for many complex domains, where the borderline between the two models is not clear-cut. Therefore, OWL-Full, the most expressive of the Semantic Web ontology languages, allows combining the intensional and the extensional model by a feature we refer to as metamodeling. In this paper, we show that the semantics of metamodeling adopted in OWL-Full leads to undecidability of basic inference problems, due to free mixing of logical and metalogical symbols. Based on this result, we propose two alternative semantics for metamodeling: the contextual and the HiLog semantics. We show that SHOIQ- a description logic underlying OWL-DL- extended with metamodeling under either semantics is decidable. Finally, we show how the latter semantics can be used in practice to axiomatize the logical interaction between concepts and metaconcepts.

C-OWL: Contextualizing ontologies

Paolo Fausto — 2004-11-25T12:35:19-00:00

Ontologics are shared models of a domain that encode a view which is common to a set of different parties. Contexts are local models that encode a party's subjective view of a domain. In this paper we show how ontologics can be contcxtualizcd, thus acquiring certain useful properties that a pure shared approach cannot provide. We say that an ontology is contcxtualizcd or, also, that it is a contextual ontology, when its contents are kept local, and therefore not shared with other...

Learning OWL ontologies from free texts

He Hu — 2005-03-22T18:45:01-00:00

Machine Learning and Cybernetics, 2004. Proceedings of 2004 International Conference on, Vol. 2 (2004), pp. 1233-1237 vol.2.

Ontology based approach has been popularized by current semantic Web researches. However, ontology building by hand has proven to be a very hard and error-prone task and become the bottleneck of ontology acquiring process. WordNet, an electronic lexical database, is considered to be the most important resource available to researchers in computational linguistics. The paper proposes an ontology learning approach, which uses WordNet lexicon resources to build a standard OWL ontology model. The approach can the automation of ontology building and be very useful in ontology-based applications.

The Semantic Web Revisited

N Shadbolt — 2006-07-13T19:12:43-00:00

Intelligent Systems, IEEE [see also IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications], Vol. 21, No. 3. (2006), pp. 96-101.

The original Scientific American article on the Semantic Web appeared in 2001. It described the evolution of a Web that consisted largely of documents for humans to read to one that included data and information for computers to manipulate. The Semantic Web is a Web of actionable information--information derived from data through a semantic theory for interpreting the symbols.This simple idea, however, remains largely unrealized. Shopbots and auction bots abound on the Web, but these are essentially handcrafted for particular tasks; they have little ability to interact with heterogeneous data and information types. Because we haven't yet delivered large-scale, agent-based mediation, some commentators argue that the Semantic Web has failed to deliver. We argue that agents can only flourish when standards are well established and that the Web standards for expressing shared meaning have progressed steadily over the past five years. Furthermore, we see the use of ontologies in the e-science community presaging ultimate success for the Semantic Web--just as the use of HTTP within the CERN particle physics community led to the revolutionary success of the original Web. This article is part of a special issue on the Future of AI.

Bringing communities to the semantic web and the semantic web to communities

Faith Lawrence — 2006-09-25T09:02:38-00:00

(2006), pp. 153-162.

In this paper we consider the types of community networks that are most often codified within the Semantic Web. We propose the recognition of a new structure which fulfils the definition of community used outside the SemanticWeb. We argue that the properties inherent in a community allow additional processing to be done with the described relationships existing between entities within the community network. Taking an existing online community as a case study we describe the ontologies and applications that we developed to support this community in the Semantic Web environment and discuss what lessons can be learnt from this exercise and applied in more general settings.

Ontology-based Web knowledge management

Yanmei Wang — 2006-10-20T19:15:15-00:00

Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2003 and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia. Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Conference of the Fourth International Conference on, Vol. 3 (2003), pp. 1859-1863 vol.3.

The knowledge management is becoming more and more important in organizations, either over the intranet or Internet. In this paper we present an ontology-based Web knowledge management (KM) framework based on Web ontology language DAML+OIL. This framework supports content-oriented rather than traditionally document-oriented approach to knowledge management. Three fundamental building blocks, i.e., annotations based on ontologies, knowledge-bases based on assertions in ontologies and Web resources crawling, and rule-based reasoning/inference systems for semantic knowledge manipulation. Our approach to knowledge management is the result of our semantic Web research efforts. We adopt the Web-standard based tools in our development of knowledge management. We believe that this approach of annotation-crawling-inference (A-C-I) to knowledge management is flexible and effective in supporting knowledge sharing on the Web. An ongoing prototype is briefly described.

Web 2.0: hypertext by any other name?

David Millard — 2006-11-05T16:34:49-00:00

(2006), pp. 27-30.

Exploring social annotations for the semantic web

Xian Wu — 2006-08-14T21:57:10-00:00

(2006), pp. 417-426.

Semantic Wikipedia

Max Völkel — 2006-11-03T00:29:14-00:00

Wikipedia is the world's largest collaboratively edited source of encyclopaedic knowledge. But in spite of its utility, its contents are barely machine-interpretable. Structural knowledge, e. g. about how concepts are interrelated, can neither be formally stated nor automatically processed. Also the wealth of numerical data is only available as plain text and thus can not be processed by its actual meaning.