Wed, 20 Aug 2008 21:19:41 BST CiteULike: mbregman's motor http://www.citeulike.org/user/mbregman/tag/motor CiteULike.org en-gb Copyright © 2004-2008 citeulike.org http://www.citeulike.org/user/mbregman/article/1317469 <i>Nat Neurosci (13 May 2007)</i><br /><br />There are many causes for variation in the responses of the motor apparatus to neural commands. Fast-timescale disturbances occur when muscles fatigue. Slow-timescale disturbances occur when muscles are damaged or when limb dynamics change as a result of development. To maintain performance, motor commands need to adapt. Computing the best adaptation in response to any performance error results in a credit assignment problem: which timescale is responsible for this disturbance? Here we show that a Bayesian solution to this problem accounts for numerous behaviors of animals during both short- and long-term training. Our analysis focused on characteristics of the oculomotor system during learning, including the effects of time passage. However, we suggest that learning and memory in other paradigms, such as reach adaptation, adaptation of visual neurons and retrieval of declarative memories, largely follow similar rules. The dynamics of memory as a consequence of optimal adaptation to a changing body. Konrad P Kording Joshua B Tenenbaum Reza Shadmehr doi:10.1038/nn1901 Nat Neurosci (13 May 2007) 2007-05-21T14:39:45-00:00 2007 Nat Neurosci 1097-6256 bayesian motor http://www.citeulike.org/user/mbregman/article/707773 <i>Trends Cogn Sci, Vol. 8, No. 12. (December 2004), pp. 547-553.</i><br /><br />Complex motor skill often consists of a fixed sequence of movements. Recent studies show that a stereotyped temporal pattern or rhythm emerges as we learn to perform a motor sequence. This is because the sequence is reorganized during learning as serial chunks of movements in both a sequence-specific and subject-specific manner. On the basis of human imaging studies we propose that the formation of chunk patterns is controlled by the cerebellum, its posterior and anterior lobes contributing, respectively, to the temporal patterns before and after chunk formation. The motor rhythm can assist the motor networks in the cerebral cortex to control automatic movements within chunks and the cognitive networks to control non-automatic movements between chunks, respectively. In this way, organized motor skill can be performed automatically and flexibly. Emergence of rhythm during motor learning. K Sakai O Hikosaka K Nakamura doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.005 Trends Cogn Sci, Vol. 8, No. 12. (December 2004), pp. 547-553. 2006-06-22T21:12:00-00:00 2004 Trends Cogn Sci 1364-6613 8 12 547 553 basalganglia motor oscillations rhythm http://www.citeulike.org/user/mbregman/article/494350 <i>Curr Opin Neurobiol, Vol. 15, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 638-644.</i><br /><br />The field of basal ganglia research is exploding on every level - from discoveries at the molecular level to those based on human brain imaging. A remarkable series of new findings support the view that the basal ganglia are essential for some forms of learning-related plasticity. Other new findings are challenging some of the basic tenets of the field as it now stands. Combined with the new evidence on learning-related functions of the basal ganglia, these studies suggest that the basal ganglia are parts of a brain-wide set of adaptive neural systems promoting optimal motor and cognitive control. The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it. AM Graybiel doi:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.006 Curr Opin Neurobiol, Vol. 15, No. 6. (December 2005), pp. 638-644. 2006-02-06T19:49:44-00:00 2005 Curr Opin Neurobiol 0959-4388 15 6 638 644 basalganglia control learning motor