Abstract

Card sorts are a knowledge elicitation technique in which participants are given a collection of items and are asked to partition them into groups based on their own criteria. Information about the participant's knowledge structure is inferred from the groups formed and the names used to describe the groups through various methods ranging from simple quantitative statistical measures (e.g. co-occurrence frequencies) to complex qualitative methods (e.g. content analysis on the group names). This paper introduces a new technique for analyzing card ...

Abstract

Card sorts can be used to study the way human subjects acquire and organize conceptual knowledge. Analyses of card sorts often involve subjective examination of criteria or category names or using clustering techniques, neither of which lend themselves well to direct statistical analysis. This paper defines NMST, a quantitative measure of knowledge discrimination based on repeated, single-criterion card sorts that is independent of criteria or category names and that is particularly amenable to statistical analysis. The NMST measure is illustrated by ...

Abstract

Among the knowledge elicitation techniques card sorting is notable for its simplicity of use, its focus on subjects' terminology (rather than that of external experts) and its ability to elicit semi-tacit knowledge. Card sorting involves categorizing a set of pictures, objects or labelled cards into distinct groups using a single criterion. This paper focuses on the challenges associated with analyzing the data that result from card sorts, especially when large data sets are generated. Traditional semantic analysis methods that require direct ...

Abstract

Nlrc4 is a member of the Nod-like receptors (NLRs), a family of cytosolic receptors involved in sensing bacterial molecules. NLRs are a group of proteins containing spans of leucine-rich repeats that senses bacterial factors within the eukaryotic cytosol. The recognition of bacterial factors provokes the formation of the inflammasome complex which includes specific NLRs. The inflammasome is responsible for caspase-1 activation which leads to the cleavage and maturation of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and IL-18. Nlrc4 was considered to be ...

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Abdelaziz, Dalia H Amr, Khaled Amer, Amal O R01 HL094586-01A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ R01HL094586/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ R21 AI083871-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R21AI083871/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Netherlands Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Jun;42(6):789-91. Epub 2010 Jan 11.

Abstract

The ability of Legionella pneumophila to cause pneumonia is determined by its capability to evade the immune system and grow within human monocytes and their derived macrophages. Human monocytes efficiently activate caspase-1 in response to Salmonella but not to L. pneumophila. The molecular mechanism for the lack of inflammasome activation during L. pneumophila infection is unknown. Evaluation of the expression of several inflammasome components in human monocytes during L. pneumophila infection revealed that the expression of the apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) ...

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Abdelaziz, Dalia H Gavrilin, Mikhail A Akhter, Anwari Caution, Kyle Kotrange, Sheetal Khweek, Arwa Abu Abdulrahman, Basant A Grandhi, Jaykumar Hassan, Zeinab A Marsh, Clay Wewers, Mark D Amer, Amal O R01HL094586/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ R21AI083871/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 4;286(5):3203-8. Epub 2010 Nov 19.

Abstract

Mutations within the NALP3/cryopyrin/CIAS1 gene are responsible for three autoinflammatory disorders: Muckle-Wells syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, and CINCA. The NALP3 protein is homologous to NALP1, which is a component of the inflammasome, a molecular platform that activates the proinflammatory caspases-1 and -5. NALP3 (and other members of the NALP family) lacks the C-terminal, CARD-containing sequence of NALP1, and its role in caspase activation is unclear. Here, we report that NALP2 and NALP3 associate with ASC, the CARD-containing protein Cardinal, and ...

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Agostini, Laetitia Martinon, Fabio Burns, Kimberly McDermott, Michael F Hawkins, Philip N Tschopp, Jurg eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2004/03/20 05:00 Immunity. 2004 Mar;20(3):319-25.

Abstract

Activation of the cysteine protease Caspase-1 is a key event in the innate immune response to infections. Synthesized as a proprotein, Caspase-1 undergoes autoproteolysis within multiprotein complexes called inflammasomes. Activated Caspase-1 is required for proteolytic processing and for release of the cytokines interleukin-1beta and interleukin-18, and it can also cause rapid macrophage cell death. We show that macrophage cell death and cytokine maturation in response to infection with diverse bacterial pathogens can be separated genetically and that two distinct inflammasome complexes ...

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Broz, Petr von Moltke, Jakob Jones, Jonathan W Vance, Russell E Monack, Denise M P01 AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ P01 AI063302-07/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI075039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI075039-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Dec 16;8(6):471-83.

Abstract

NAIP CIIA HET-E and TP1 (NACHT) family proteins are involved in sensing intracellular pathogens or pathogen-derived molecules, triggering host defense responses resulting in caspase-mediated processing of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation. Caspase-associated recruitment domain, leucine-rich repeat, and NACHT-containing protein (CLAN), also known as ICE protease-activating factor, belongs to a branch of the NACHT family that contains proteins carrying caspase-associated recruitment domains (CARDs) and leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). By using gene transfer and RNA-interference approaches, we demonstrate in this study that CLAN modulates ...

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Damiano, Jason S Newman, Ruchi M Reed, John C 5T32 AG 00252-06/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ AI 56324/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ GM 61694/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ Baltimore, Md. : 1950 J Immunol. 2004 Nov 15;173(10):6338-45.

Abstract

Proteins of the NACHT [NAIP (neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein), CIITA (MHC class II transcription activator), HET-E (incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina) and TP1 (telomerase-associated protein)] family may serve as critical pathogen-sensing and signal-transducing molecules within the innate immune system. In the present paper, we show that CLAN [CARD (caspase-recruitment domain), LRR (leucine-rich repeat) and NACHT domain-containing protein], a NACHT-containing protein originally demonstrated to bind and activate pro-caspase 1, is also capable of influencing the functions of other members of the ...

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Damiano, Jason S Oliveira, Vasco Welsh, Kate Reed, John C AI56324/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ GM61694/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ England Biochem J. 2004 Jul 1;381(Pt 1):213-9.

Abstract

Proteins governing cell death form the basis of many normal processes and contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases when dysregulated. Here we report the cloning of a novel human CED-4-like gene, CLAN, and several of its alternatively spliced isoforms. These caspase-associated recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins are expressed at varying degrees in normal human tissues and may contribute to a number of intracellular processes including apoptosis, cytokine processing, and NF-kappa B activation. The CARD of the CLAN proteins binds a number ...

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Damiano, J S Stehlik, C Pio, F Godzik, A Reed, J C Genomics. 2001 Jul;75(1-3):77-83.

Abstract

Proteins containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) play pivotal roles in signal transduction leading to apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation and inflammation. Here we identify and characterize human and mouse CARD protein 6 (CARD6), CARD-containing proteins of unique structure. CARD6 associates with microtubules and interacts with receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-like interacting caspase-like apoptosis regulatory protein kinase (RICK), a CARD-containing member of the RIP family of protein kinases. These kinases are involved in multiple NF-kappaB signaling pathways important for innate and adaptive immune responses. ...

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Dufner, Almut Pownall, Scott Mak, Tak W Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 24;103(4):988-93. Epub 2006 Jan 17.

Abstract

The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that mediates the activation of caspase-1, which promotes secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-18, as well as 'pyroptosis', a form of cell death induced by bacterial pathogens. Members of the Nod-like receptor family, including NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRC4, and the adaptor ASC are critical components of the inflammasome that link microbial and endogenous 'danger' signals to caspase-1 activation. Several diseases are associated with dysregulated activation of caspase-1 and secretion of IL-1beta. ...

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Franchi, Luigi Eigenbrod, Tatjana Munoz-Planillo, Raul Nunez, Gabriel R01 AI063331-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI064748-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AR052756-04/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ Nat Immunol. 2009 Mar;10(3):241-7.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis may be manifested as a primary immunodeficiency characterized by persistent or recurrent infections of the mucosa or the skin with candida species. Most cases are sporadic, but both autosomal dominant inheritance and autosomal recessive inheritance have been described. METHODS: We performed genetic studies in 36 members of a large, consanguineous five-generation family, in which 4 members had recurrent fungal infections and an additional 3 members died during adolescence, 2 after invasive infection of the brain with candida ...

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Glocker, Erik-Oliver Hennigs, Andre Nabavi, Mohammad Schaffer, Alejandro A Woellner, Cristina Salzer, Ulrich Pfeifer, Dietmar Veelken, Hendrik Warnatz, Klaus Tahami, Fariba Jamal, Sarah Manguiat, Annabelle Rezaei, Nima Amirzargar, Ali Akbar Plebani, Alessandro Hannesschlager, Nicole Gross, Olaf Ruland, Jurgen Grimbacher, Bodo eng Z99 LM999999/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ ZIA LM000097-08/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2009/10/30 06:00 N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 29;361(18):1727-35.

Abstract

Infection of human dendritic cells (DCs) by negative-strand RNA viruses, such as Newcastle disease virus, leads to the induction of the IFNbeta gene, IFNB1, through the activation of the RNA helicase RIG-I, which is encoded by DDX58. Expression levels of IFNB1 and DDX58 in infected DCs showed positive correlations at the population and the single-cell levels. DDX58 has a common and potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphism, rs10813831 (A/G), encoding an Arg7Cys amino acid change in the RIG-I protein caspase recruitment domain ...

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Hu, Jianzhong Nistal-Villan, Estanislao Voho, Anu Ganee, Arnold Kumar, Madhu Ding, Yaomei Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo Wetmur, James G N01 AI050021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ P01AI082325/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01AI046954/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U19AI06231/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U19AI083025/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Baltimore, Md. : 1950 J Immunol. 2010 Jul 1;185(1):424-32. Epub 2010 May 28.

Abstract

Recent progress in cataloguing common genetic variation has made possible genome-wide studies that are beginning to elucidate the causes and consequences of our genetic differences. Approaches that provide a mechanistic understanding of how genetic variants function to alter disease susceptibility and why they were substrates of natural selection would complement other approaches to human-genome analysis. Here we use a novel cell-based screen of bacterial infection to identify human variation in Salmonella-induced cell death. A loss-of-function allele of CARD8, a reported inhibitor ...

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Ko, Dennis C Shukla, Kajal P Fong, Christine Wasnick, Michael Brittnacher, Mitchell J Wurfel, Mark M Holden, Tarah D O'Keefe, Grant E Van Yserloo, Brian Akey, Joshua M Miller, Samuel I eng U54 AI057141/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U54 AI057141-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U54 AI057141-05S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U54 AI057141-05S10009/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ U54 AI057141-06S1/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2009/08/12 09:00 Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Aug;85(2):214-27. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.07.012. Epub 2009 Aug 6.

Abstract

Activation of initiator caspases is dependent on interacting proteins, and Ipaf [ICE (interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme)-protease activating factor] NLRC4 [NLR (Nod-like receptor) family CARD (caspase activation and recruitment domain)-containing 4] an inflammasome component, is involved in caspase 1 activation and apoptosis. Investigating the mechanisms of Ipaf activation, we found that the C-terminal LRR (leucine-rich repeat) domain of Ipaf, through intramolecular interaction, negatively regulates its apoptosis-inducing function. In A549 lung carcinoma cells, expression of Ac-Ipaf (LRR-domain-deleted Ipaf) induced cell death that was dependent on ...

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Kumar, Yatender Radha, Vegesna Swarup, Ghanshyam England Biochem J. 2010 Mar 15;427(1):91-104.

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease affecting up to 15% of children in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of atopic disorders characterized by excessive immune reactions to ubiquitous antigens. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been suggested for atopic disorders. Dysregulation of the innate immune system appears crucial for the pathogenesis of AD. The NACHT-LRRs (NLRs) represent a group of innate immune receptors with special relevance for inflammatory processes. In order to investigate the role ...

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Macaluso, Filippina Nothnagel, Michael Parwez, Qumar Petrasch-Parwez, Elisabeth Bechara, Falk Georges Epplen, Joerg Thomas Hoffjan, Sabine Denmark Exp Dermatol. 2007 Aug;16(8):692-8.

Abstract

The innate immune system precisely modulates the intensity of immune activation in response to infection. Flagellin is a microbe-associated molecular pattern that is present on both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Macrophages and dendritic cells are able to determine the virulence of flagellated bacteria by sensing whether flagellin remains outside the mammalian cell, or if it gains access to the cytosol. Extracellular flagellin is detected by TLR5, which induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines, while flagellin within the cytosol of macrophages is detected ...

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Miao, Edward A Andersen-Nissen, Erica Warren, Sarah E Aderem, Alan Germany Semin Immunopathol. 2007 Sep;29(3):275-88. Epub 2007 Aug 10.

Abstract

Programmed cell death is a necessary part of development and tissue homeostasis enabling the removal of unwanted cells. In the setting of infectious disease, cells that have been commandeered by microbial pathogens become detrimental to the host. When macrophages and dendritic cells are compromised in this way, they can be lysed by pyroptosis, a cell death mechanism that is distinct from apoptosis and oncosis/necrosis. Pyroptosis is triggered by Caspase-1 after its activation by various inflammasomes and results in lysis of the ...

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Miao, Edward A Rajan, Jayant V Aderem, Alan Denmark Immunol Rev. 2011 Sep;243(1):206-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01044.x.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Cytokine production by innate immune cells is initiated by signaling downstream of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors. DISCUSSION: A subset of cytokines, including IL-1beta and IL-18, require post-translational proteolysis before secretion, which provides a second mechanism of regulation. This proteolysis is dependent upon caspase 1, which is activated by Nod-like receptor (NLR) signaling. NLRC4 (previously named Ipaf) activates caspase 1 in response to bacterial virulence factors including type III and IV secretion systems (T3SS and T4SS). NLRC4 recognizes T3SS/T4SS ...

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Miao, Edward A Warren, Sarah E eng K08 AI065878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ K08 AI065878-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ R01 AI025032-24/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ Netherlands 2010/03/30 06:00 J Clin Immunol. 2010 Jul;30(4):502-6. doi: 10.1007/s10875-010-9386-5. Epub 2010 Mar 27.

Abstract

Inflammasomes are Nod-like receptor(NLR)- and caspase-1-containing cytoplasmic multiprotein complexes, which upon their assembly, process and activate the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-18. The inflammasomes harboring the NLR members NALP1, NALP3 and IPAF have been best characterized. While the IPAF inflammasome is activated by bacterial flagellin, activation of the NALP3 inflammasome is triggered not only by several microbial components, but also by a plethora of danger-associated host molecules such as uric acid. How NALP3 senses these chemically unrelated activators is not ...

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Petrilli, V Papin, S Dostert, C Mayor, A Martinon, F Tschopp, J England Cell Death Differ. 2007 Sep;14(9):1583-9. Epub 2007 Jun 29.

Abstract

The tumor suppressor protein p53 regulates transcription of many genes that mediate cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, DNA repair and other cellular responses. Here we show that Ipaf, a human CED-4 homologue and an activator of caspase-1, is induced by p53. Overexpression of p53 by transfection in U2OS and A549 cells increased Ipaf mRNA levels. Treatment of p53-positive cell lines U2OS and MCF-7 with the DNA damaging drug, doxorubicin, which increases p53 protein level, induced expression of Ipaf mRNA but similar treatment ...

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Sadasivam, Subhashini Gupta, Sanjeev Radha, Vegesna Batta, Kiran Kundu, Tapas K Swarup, Ghanshyam England Oncogene. 2005 Jan 20;24(4):627-36.

Abstract

We cloned a novel cDNA derived from the CARD6 gene locus on chromosome 5p12 of 311 amino acids in length. By immunoprecipitation we detected specific binding of this CARD6-encoding protein to Nod1 (CARD4), Cardiak (Rip2/Rick), NAC (NALP1/DEFCAP/CARD7), and TUCAN (CARD8/Cardinal/NDPP/Dakar), caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing proteins implicated in NF-kappa B and caspase-1 activation but not to other CARD family proteins. Cardiak and Nod1 (but not other CARD proteins) also exhibited opposing effects on CARD6 protein phosphorylation and expression, providing further evidence of ...

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Stehlik, Christian Hayashi, Hideki Pio, Frederick Godzik, Adam Reed, John C GM61694/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ J Biol Chem. 2003 Aug 22;278(34):31941-9. Epub 2003 May 29.

Abstract

The NOD-like receptor (NLR) family of proteins is involved in the regulation of innate immune responses and cell death pathways. Recent findings show that the NLR family member NLRC4 (also known as IPAF) has important roles in innate immune responses to Gram-negative bacteria. Macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa activate caspase-1 in an NLRC4-dependent manner leading to macrophage cell death and the release of proinflammatory cytokines. This review will discuss these findings as well as ...

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Sutterwala, Fayyaz S Flavell, Richard A K08 AI065517-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ K08 AR065517/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ Orlando, Fla. Clin Immunol. 2009 Jan;130(1):2-6. Epub 2008 Sep 25.

Abstract

PTP-S2/TC45 is a nuclear protein tyrosine phosphatase that activates p53 and induces caspase 1-dependent apoptosis. We analyzed the role of ICE protease-activating factor (Ipaf), an activator of caspase 1 in p53-dependent apoptosis. We also determined the sequence of events that lead to apoptosis upon caspase 1 activation by Ipaf. PTP-S2 expression induced Ipaf mRNA in MCF-7 cells which was dependent on p53. PTP-S2-induced apoptosis was inhibited by a dominant-negative mutant of Ipaf and also by an Ipaf-directed short-hairpin RNA. Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis ...

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Thalappilly, Subhash Sadasivam, Subhashini Radha, Vegesna Swarup, Ghanshyam England FEBS J. 2006 Jun;273(12):2766-78.

Abstract

Host-pathogen interactions are generally initiated by host recognition of microbial components or danger signals triggered by microbial invasion. This recognition involves germline-encoded microbial sensors or pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). By studying the way in which natural selection has driven the evolution of these microbial sensors in humans, we can identify genes playing an essential role and distinguish them from other, more redundant genes. We characterized the sequence diversity of the NOD-like receptor family, including the NALP and NOD/IPAF subfamilies, in various populations ...

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Vasseur, Estelle Boniotto, Michele Patin, Etienne Laval, Guillaume Quach, Helene Manry, Jeremy Crouau-Roy, Brigitte Quintana-Murci, Lluis eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 2012/07/04 06:00 Am J Hum Genet. 2012 Jul 13;91(1):27-37. Epub 2012 Jun 28.

Abstract

In mice, different alleles of the mNAIP5 (murine neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein-5)/mBirc1e gene determine whether macrophages restrict or support intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila, and whether a mouse is resistant or (moderately) susceptible to Legionella infection. In the resistant mice strains, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (Nod)-like receptor (NLR) family member mNAIP5/mBirc1e, as well as the NLR protein mIpaf (murine ICE protease-activating factor), are involved in recognition of Legionella flagellin and in restriction of bacterial replication. Human macrophages and lung epithelial cells ...

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Vinzing, Maya Eitel, Julia Lippmann, Juliane Hocke, Andreas C Zahlten, Janine Slevogt, Hortense N'guessan, Philippe Dje Gunther, Stefan Schmeck, Bernd Hippenstiel, Stefan Flieger, Antje Suttorp, Norbert Opitz, Bastian eng Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Baltimore, Md. : 1950 2008/05/06 09:00 J Immunol. 2008 May 15;180(10):6808-15.

Abstract

Caspase activating and recruitment domain 8 (CARD8) has been implicated as a co-regulator of several pro-inflammatory and apoptotic signaling pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate a specific modulation of NOD2-induced signaling by CARD8 in intestinal epithelial cells. We show that CARD8 physically interacts with NOD2 and inhibits nodosome assembly and subsequent signaling upon muramyl-dipeptide stimulation. Furthermore, CARD8 inhibits the direct bactericidal effect of NOD2 against intracellular infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Thus, CARD8 represents a novel molecular switch involved in the ...

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von Kampen, Oliver Lipinski, Simone Till, Andreas Martin, Seamus J Nietfeld, Wilfried Lehrach, Hans Schreiber, Stefan Rosenstiel, Philip J Biol Chem. 2010 Jun 25;285(26):19921-6. Epub 2010 Apr 12.

Abstract

This paper presents a study aimed at better understanding how children categorize different games. The paper reports the results of an open card sort where participants were asked to categorize games from the Google Play Store (formerly the 'Android Marketplace'). The key contribution of the paper is that when compared with existing categories in the Google Play Store, children used categorization criteria much more aligned to the goals of the game rather than more abstract categories currently found in mobile phone ...

Abstract

Web users are becoming more critical of the web sites they use. This paper evaluates the information architecture of the academic library web site at the University of Cape Town with more of a focus on the usability testing of the University web site. Two approaches to evaluation were completed to evaluate the library web site. Firstly, a formal usability test was conducted with five users to establish the required site structure and to identify any possible problems with the usability ...

Abstract

Problems with users successfully finding information on Web sites abound. Using the card sorting methodologies can help Web site developers structure a Web site closer to how the intended users think about a topic, organize information for the Web site, and label its nodes and branches. The article provides an overview of card sorting, provides a suggested approach to card sorting and verifying the resulting labels and suggested map. To close, the article notes the emerging inconsistencies being reported in usability ...

Abstract

Up-to-date statistics on cancer occurrence and outcome are essential for the planning and evaluation of programmes for cancer control. Since the relevant information for 2008 is not generally available as yet, we used statistical models to estimate incidence and mortality data for 25 cancers in 40 European countries (grouped and individually) in 2008. The calculations are based on published data. If not collected, national rates ...

Abstract

A considerable body of previous research on the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has helped characterize the regional specificity of various cognitive functions, such as cognitive control and decision making. Here we provide definitive findings on this topic, using a neuropsychological approach that takes advantage of a unique dataset accrued over several decades. We applied voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping in 344 individuals with focal lesions (165 involving the PFC) who had been tested on a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tasks. Two distinct functional-anatomical networks ...

Abstract

RFID-enabled credit cards are widely deployed in the United States and other countries, but no public study has thoroughly analyzed the mechanisms that provide both security and privacy. Using samples from a variety of RFID-enabled credit cards, our study observes that (1) the cardholder’s name and often credit card number and expiration are leaked in plaintext to unauthenticated readers, (2) our homemade device costing around $150 effectively clones one type of skimmed cards thus providing a proof-of-concept implementation for the RF ...

Abstract

It is commonly argued that complex behaviour is regulated by a number of executive functions, which work to coordinate the operation of disparate cognitive systems in the service of an overall goal. However, the identity, roles, and interactions of specific putative executive functions remain contentious, even within widely accepted tests of executive function. The authors present two experiments that use dual-task interference to provide further support for multiple distinct executive functions and to establish the differential contributions of those functions in ...

Abstract

The first Friday of every month new US jobs numbers are released. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, America's unemployment rate fell to 8.1 percent in April. Non-farm employers added 115,000 jobs, but at the same time 342,000 people left the labor force. Max Keiser, host of The Keiser Report, joins us with his take. Like us and/or follow us: http://twitter.com/RT_America http://www.facebook.com/RTAmerica ...

Abstract

Telecom operators and Internet service providers are heading for a new shift in communications paradigms. The forthcoming convergence of cellular and wireless data networks is often manifested in an "all IP approach" in which all communications are based on an end-to-end IP protocol framework. The approach to network design becomes user and service-centered, so that continuous reachability of mobile users and sustained communication capabilities are default requirements for a prospective architecture. In this article, we describe a network architecture which is ...

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QoS((論文では"QoS"の定義がないが，シミュレーションは「1つのAPに接続できるMT数は10」という"QoS requirements"をおいている))を考慮したモビリティ制御を実現するアーキテクチャの提案。Core Network(CN)，Access Network(AN)にQoSB-CN，QoSB-ANをおき，QoS制約に基づくモビリティ制御を決定する。QoSB-CNはユーザプロファイル等からQoSB-ANに制約を与えるものであり，モビリティ制御に関する意思決定はQoSB-ANが行なう。Access Router(AR)にはQoS Manager(QoSM)が配置され，ハンドオーバ制御の際にQoSB-ANに伺いを立てる。ハンドオーバ候補となるAPのMTへの通知にはCARD(Candidate Access Router Discovery)[1]プロトコルを使うが，QoSに基づきMTに通知するAPに制約をおくためにARのCARDプロトコル処理部とQoSB-ANが連携する。

Toy experimentではWLANのハンドオーバを50msで達成した。