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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 4, No. 2. (1 March 1985), pp. 111-116.
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The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, Vol. 39, No. 2. (July 2004), pp. 147-160.
by J. H. Custers, S. J. Harrison, M. B. Sela-Buurlage, et al.E. van Deventer, W. Lageweg, P. W. Howe, P. J. van der Meijs, A. S. Ponstein, B. H. Simons, L. S. Melchers, M. H. Stuiver
Abstract
In a search for novel plant-derived antimicrobial proteins, we screened extracts from salicylic acid (SA)-treated lettuce and sunflower leaves. These extracts displayed very potent antimicrobial activity against a set of phytopathogens. Characterisation of these extracts revealed that in both extracts, proteins of approximately 60 kDa were responsible for the antimicrobial activity. Further characterisation of these proteins and cloning of the respective cDNAs revealed close homology to a range of (plant) oxidases. Dissection of the enzymatic activity of both proteins revealed them ...
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European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 89, No. 6. (1 November 1983), pp. 245-254.
Abstract
Abstract The main properties of pathogenesis-related proteins induced inNicotiana species during hypersensitive reactions to different pathogens, as well as by chemical or physical treatments, are listed. These properties are compared with those of similar protein compounds occurring in other plant species in similar circumstances. The plants include cucumber, cowpea,Gomphrena globosa kidney bean,Gynura aurantiaca, tomato, potato, citron and celery. Similarities with other proteins normally occurring in plants, such as proteinase inhibitors, are considered. Analogies and differences with proteins induced in plants by environmental ...
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European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 103, No. 9. (1 December 1997), pp. 753-765.
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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 9, No. 6. (1 November 1987), pp. 593-609.
Abstract
Ten pH-3 soluble, low-molecular-weight pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) were found to accumulate in leaves of tobacco cv. Samsun NN reacting hypersensitively to tobacco mosaic virus. Besides the previously characterized PRs 1a, 1b, 1c and 2, these proteins were provisionally designated N, O, P, Q, R, and S in order of decreasing electrophoretic mobility in native polyacrylamide gels. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicated that the PRs consist of single polypeptides, except for R, which is composed of two components with slightly different molecular weights. ...
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Virology, Vol. 40, No. 2. (February 1970), pp. 190-211.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 85, No. 3. (February 1988), pp. 782-786.
Abstract
Chitinase poly[1,4-(-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide)]glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.14 and 1,3-beta-glucanase (1,3-beta-D-glucan 3-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.6) activities increased rapidly in potato () leaves inoculated with the pathogenic fungus or treated with fungal elicitor. The enzyme activities were resolved into a total of two distinct 1,3-beta-glucanases and six proteins with chitinase activity. By several criteria, all of these proteins are classified as ”pathogenesis-related” proteins whose biochemical functions have so far been unknown. Some of them constitute a major portion of the proteins accumulating in the intercellular space ...
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 84, No. 19. (October 1987), pp. 6750-6754.
Abstract
Four endochitinases (poly[1,4-(-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide)] glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.14) have been purified from leaves of cv. Samsun NN reacting hypersensitively to tobacco mosaic virus. Two of them are acidic proteins of molecular weights 27,500 and 28,500 and have been identified as 2 of the 10 pathogenesis-related proteins that are known to accumulate in tobacco in response to stress or pathogen attack. These two pathogenesis-related proteins, named ”P” and ”Q” when their biological function was unknown, account for one-third of tobacco mosaic virus-induced chitinase ...
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Int Arch Allergy Immunol, Vol. 122, No. 3. (July 2000), pp. 155-166.
Abstract
In the recent past a great number of proteins causing type 1 allergic reactions in humans have been isolated and characterised. The main sources containing allergens are plants, mites, fungal spores and insects. Plant-derived allergens may either be taken in from the upper respiratory tract or they are present in a vast range of plant food causing food allergic reactions. Compared to the enormous amount of different plant proteins only a small number out of them are identified as a an ...
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Plant Physiol., Vol. 109, No. 3. (1 November 1995), pp. 813-820.
Abstract
10.1104/pp.109.3.813 ...
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Annual Review of Phytopathology, Vol. 28, No. 1. (1990), pp. 113-138.
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J. Exp. Bot. (28 March 2008), ern032.
Abstract
Resistance conferred by the L3 gene is active against most of the tobamoviruses, including the Spanish strain (PMMoV-S), a P1,2 pathotype, but not against certain strains of pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), termed P1,2,3 pathotype, such as the Italian strain (PMMoV-I). Both viruses are nearly identical at their nucleotide sequence level (98%) and were used to challenge Capsicum chinense PI159236 plants harbouring the L3 gene in order to carry out a comparative proteomic analysis of PR proteins induced in this host ...
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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 39, No. 7-8. (August 2001), pp. 545-554.
Abstract
Germins and germin-like proteins (GLPs) constitute a large and highly diverse family of ubiquitous plant proteins. The name germin was given because the first described member of the family, wheat germin, was discovered in germinating wheat grains. However, it is now known that proteins from this family exist in all organs and developmental stages and that several are also involved in the response to various stress conditions. It is thus increasingly obvious that germins and GLPs participate in many processes that ...
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Plant Cell Reports
Abstract
Abstract Plant PR10 is one of the pathogenesis related proteins, induced upon exposure to different stress conditions including fungal infection. PR10 proteins have been implicated in fungal disease resistance in some species; however its transcriptional regulation is not well understood. In the present work we cloned a PR10 gene from European plums (Prunus domestica L.) and monitored the quantitative changes in its transcript levels as a result of fungal infection in two varieties. We also studied the possible involvement of the membrane ...
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Planta, Vol. 225, No. 1. (December 2006), pp. 213-222.
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Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 163, No. 5. (3 March 2006), pp. 546-556.
Abstract
Summary A cDNA clone (designated as SsPR10, GenBank Accession Number AY660753) encoding a PR10 protein from yellow-fruit nightshade (Solanum surattense) was isolated and characterized. SsPR10 encoded a 160-amino-acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular mass of 17.58 kDa and pI of 5.29. Sequence alignments showed that SsPR10 had high identity (68.1%) with CaPR10, but had only about 31.7% identity with JIOsPR10 at the amino acid level. Genomic DNA gel blot analysis indicated that SsPR10 belonged to a multigene family. The constitutively expressed SsPR10 ...
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Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 68, No. 1-3. (January 2006), pp. 3-13.
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present the current state of our understanding on the structure, regulation, and function of plant pathogenesis-related protein family 10 (PR-10). This protein family consists of relatively diverse members subgrouped into classes that suggest different functions. It is believed that PR-10 proteins are involved in plant defense because their genes are usually induced upon the attack of various pathogens and by environmental stresses. However, updated evidence shows that PR-10 proteins display several additional functions, including ...
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Biologia Plantarum, Vol. 52, No. 4. (1 December 2008), pp. 718-722.
Abstract
Abstract Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) trees were inoculated with fungal pathogens, corresponding either to an incompatible strain of Venturia inaequalis or to non-host pathogens (Venturia pyrina, Alternaria brassicicola) in order to characterize the regulation of PR-10 genes in these different situations in relationship to symptom development. Macro-and microscopic observations of the plant-fungus interactions revealed typical symptoms of resistance with V. inaequalis and symptoms of hypersensitivity (HR) on around 5 % of leaves with V. pyrina. No HR was ...
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Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, Vol. 17, No. 7. (July 2004), pp. 729-738.
Abstract
Resistance and susceptibility in barley to the powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) is determined at the single-cell level. Even in genetically compatible interactions, attacked plant epidermal cells defend themselves against attempted fungal penetration by localized responses leading to papilla deposition and reinforcement of their cell wall. This conveys a race-nonspecific form of resistance. However, this defense is not complete, and a proportion of penetration attempts succeed in infection. The resultant mixture of infected and uninfected leaf cells makes ...
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Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 3, No. 3. (2002), pp. 135-144.
Abstract
Two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cDNA clones (pBH6-12 and pBH6-17) were isolated from a cDNA library prepared from leaves 6 h after inoculation with Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh). The two transcripts accumulate strongly in response to Bgh, peaking around 6, 15201324 and 48201396 h after inoculation, concomitant with fungal penetration attempts, hypersensitive response and fungal growth. The encoded proteins, HvPR-17a and HvPR-17b, belong to a new family of plant pathogenesis-related proteins, designated 'PR-17'. The family also include NtPRp27 from tobacco (Okushima et al., ...
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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 52, No. 4. (1 July 2003), pp. 745-759.
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are plant proteins that are induced in response to pathogen attack. PR proteins are grouped into independent families based on their sequences and properties. The PR-4 family comprises class I and class II chitinases. We have isolated a full-length cDNA encoding a chitinase from maize which shares a high degree of nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology with the class II chitinases of the PR-4 family of PR proteins. Our results indicate that fungal infection, and treatment either ...
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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 42, No. 3. (1 February 2000), pp. 479-488.
Abstract
Cultured cells of tobacco BY2 secrete more than 100 proteins into culture medium. Six major proteins were purified, and partial protein sequences were determined. Five of them were found to be similar to an ascorbic acid oxidase, three peroxidase isozymes and a ß-1,3-exoglucanase, respectively. A cDNA clone encoding the remaining polypeptide, whose amino acid sequence showed no similarity with earlier reported proteins, was isolated. It encoded a putative 27 kDa protein of 242 amino acids with resemblance to WCI-5, a wheat protein ...
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Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. 46, No. 11. (November 2008), pp. 941-950.
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Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, Vol. 21, No. 7. (July 2008), pp. 988-1000.
Abstract
Increases in pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts are commonly interpreted as evidence of plants' resistance responses to pathogens; however, few studies have examined whether increases in PR proteins protect plants growing under natural conditions. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3,000, which is virulent and causes disease in Arabidopsis, is also pathogenic to the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. N. attenuata responds to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3,000's challenges with increases in salicylic acid and transcripts of at least two PR genes, PR-1 and PR13/Thionin. To ...
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Plant Cell Physiol., Vol. 49, No. 3. (1 March 2008), pp. 334-344.
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are a group of heterogeneous proteins encoded by genes that are rapidly induced by pathogenic infections and by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). They are widely used as molecular markers for resistance response to pathogens and systemic acquired response (SAR). However, recent studies have shown that the PR genes are also regulated by environmental factors, including light and abiotic stresses, and by developmental cues, suggesting that they also play a role in certain stress ...
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Sexual Plant Reproduction, Vol. 20, No. 4. (1 December 2007), pp. 181-189.
Abstract
Abstract The pollination droplet is a highly conservative pollination mechanism that is observed in all major gymnosperm taxa. Proteomics analysis of the pollination drops was carried out on four gymnosperm species: Juniperus communis (common juniper), Juniperus oxycedrus (prickly juniper), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), and Welwitschia mirabilis. Pollination drop proteins were purified by SDS-PAGE, and the most abundant proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry and sequenced. Based on BLAST searching of combined amino acid sequences, the following proteins were identified in the ...
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Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 14, No. 2. (April 2003), pp. 177-193.
Abstract
Activation of local and systemic plant defences in response to pathogen attack involves dramatic cellular reprogramming. Over the past 10 years many novel genes, proteins and molecules have been discovered as a result of investigating plant-pathogen interactions. Most attempts to harness this knowledge to engineer improved disease resistance in crops have failed. Although gene efficacy in transgenic plants has often been good, commercial exploitation has not been possible because of the detrimental effects on plant growth, development and crop yield. Biotechnology ...
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J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 278, No. 33. (15 August 2003), pp. 31105-31110.
Abstract
The pathogenesis-related (PR) protein superfamily is widely distributed in the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms and is implicated in human brain tumor growth and plant pathogenesis. The precise biological activity of PR proteins, however, has remained elusive. Here we report the characterization, cloning and structural homology modeling of Tex31 from the venom duct of Conus textile. Tex31 was isolated to >95% purity by activity-guided fractionation using a para-nitroanilide substrate based on the putative cleavage site residues found in ...
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Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 55, No. 2. (August 1999), pp. 85-97.
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Annals of Botany, Vol. 98, No. 6. (15 December 2006), pp. 1145-1153.
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Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, Vol. 12, No. 3. (1994), pp. 245-264.
Abstract
Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (abbreviated PRs) are defined as plant proteins that are induced in pathological or related situations. We propose a unifying nomenclature for PRs based on their grouping into families sharing amino acid sequences, serological relationship, and/or enzymatic or biological activity. The nomenclature classifies novel proteins identified by electrophoresis or chromatography along with those established by other workers. The previously proposed system of the five well-established families from tobacco is extended to accommodate a further six families. Families are indicated by ...
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Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, Vol. 18, No. 7. (July 2005), pp. 730-741.
Abstract
A cDNA library was constructed from leaf epidermis of diploid wheat (Triticum monococcum) infected with the powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) and was screened for genes encoding peroxidases. From 2,500 expressed sequence tags (ESTs), 36 cDNAs representing 10 peroxidase genes (designated TmPRX1 to TmPRX10) were isolated and further characterized. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences and phylogenetic clustering with peroxidases from other plant species demonstrated that these peroxidases fall into four distinct groups. Differential expression and tissue-specific ...
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Molecular plant-microbe interactions : MPMI, Vol. 10, No. 7. (September 1997), pp. 861-871.
Abstract
Induction of peroxidase has been correlated with resistant interactions between rice and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. To assist in analysis of the role of rice peroxidases in plant defense against the bacterial pathogen, three peroxidase genes, POX22.3, POX8.1, and POX5.1, were identified from a rice cDNA library that was constructed from leaves of plants undergoing a resistant reaction. These genes were highly similar in nucleic acid and amino acid sequences and belonged to a gene family. The three genes showed differential ...
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Plant Cell Physiol., Vol. 42, No. 5. (1 May 2001), pp. 462-468.
Abstract
Class III plant peroxidase (POX), a plant-specific oxidoreductase, is one of the many types of peroxidases that are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. POXs exist as isoenzymes in individual plant species, and each isoenzyme has variable amino acid sequences and shows diverse expression profiles, suggesting their involvement in various physiological processes. Indeed, studies have provided evidence that POXs participate in lignification, suberization, auxin catabolism, wound healing and defense against pathogen infection. Little, however, is known about the signal transduction ...
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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 61, No. 4. (3 July 2006), pp. 719-732.
Abstract
Abstract Plant class III peroxidases (POXs) take part in the formation of lignin and maturation of plant cell walls. However, only a few examples of such peroxidases from gymnosperm tree species with highly lignified xylem tracheids have been implicated so far. We report here cDNA cloning of three xylem-expressed class III peroxidase encoding genes from Norway spruce (Picea abies). The translated proteins, PX1, PX2 and PX3, contain the conserved amino acids required for heme-binding and peroxidase catalysis. They all begin with putative ...
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Plant Molecular Biology, Vol. 47, No. 3. (1 October 2001), pp. 423-435.
Abstract
Peroxidases are associated with the active defence reactions in higher plants in response to foreign organisms. They are involved in the oxidation of phenolic compounds in cell walls, polymerization of lignin and suberin, and in several other oxidation processes but the exact function of individual peroxidases is not known. We have isolated a cDNA encoding the putative defence-related and basic plant peroxidase SPI2 (spruce pathogen-induced 2), with an estimated molecular mass of 34 kDa, from roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) ...
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BMC Plant Biology, Vol. 6 (09 October 2006), 23.
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Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 329, No. 4. (13 June 2003), pp. 721-730.
Abstract
Mal d 2 is a thaumatin-like protein and important allergen of apple fruits that is associated with IgE-mediated symptoms in apple allergic individuals. We obtained a full-length cDNA clone of Mal d 2 from RNA isolated from ripe apple (Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious). The cDNA's open reading frame encodes a protein of 246 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 24 residues and two putative glycosylation sites. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature Mal d 2 protein ...
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Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Vol. 64, No. 2. (2 February 2001), pp. 93-114.
Abstract
Abstract Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins) are induced in plants in response to attack by microbial or insect pests. They have been classified into several groups (PR-1 through PR-14 at present) based on their amino acid sequences and biochemical functions. Many of these proteins that have been purified from infected plants or seed extracts possess antifungal or insecticidal activity. Genes and cDNA clones for all classes of PR-proteins have been isolated from a variety of cereals. Some of these genes/cDNAs have been used to ...
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Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 8, No. 5. (2007), pp. 677-700.
Abstract
SUMMARY It is becoming increasingly evident that a plant-pathogen interaction may be compared to an open warfare, whose major weapons are proteins synthesized by both organisms. These weapons were gradually developed in what must have been a multimillion-year evolutionary game of ping-pong. The outcome of each battle results in the establishment of resistance or pathogenesis. The plethora of resistance mechanisms exhibited by plants may be grouped into constitutive and inducible, and range from morphological to structural and chemical defences. Most of ...
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European Journal of Plant Pathology, Vol. 118, No. 4. (2007), pp. 375-391.
Abstract
Abstract Metabolite profiles based on GC/MS were used to study the temporal dynamics of metabolites in potato leaves following pathogen inoculation. In the polar and non-polar plant extracts a total of 106 consistent peaks were detected, of which 95 metabolites were tentatively identified. Following pathogen inoculation, the abundances of 42 metabolites were significantly increased or decreased, and these metabolites were designated as Pathogenesis-Related (PR) Metabolites. Factor analysis of the abundance of 106 metabolites identified four plant–pathogen interaction functions: (i) homeostasis; (ii) primary ...
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Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology, Vol. 43, No. 4. (July 2007), pp. 367-373.
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Plant J, Vol. 37, No. 2. (January 2004), pp. 186-198.
Abstract
A hot pepper (Capsicum annuum) cDNA clone encoding pathogenesis-related protein 10 (CaPR-10) was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from pepper leaves inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus pathotype (TMV-P0). CaPR-10 transcripts were induced in the incompatible interaction with TMV-P0 or Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv) but not induced in the compatible interaction. Characterization of enzymatic properties of CaPR-10 indicated that the recombinant protein exhibits a ribonucleolytic activity against TMV RNA, as well as against pepper total RNA, and ...
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Annals of botany, Vol. 98, No. 3. (September 2006), pp. 555-564.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recent studies have shown that certain composts may trigger indirect defence mechanisms by sensitizing the plant to create an increased state of resistance, similar to systemic acquired resistance. In this study, the capacity of a disease-suppressive compost to alter the expression pattern of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) genes in the root system of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) provided the opportunity to study their cellular expression pattern and to investigate putative roles of these genes in the mechanisms of plant ...
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TAG Theoretical and Applied Genetics, Vol. V103, No. 6. (1 November 2001), pp. 920-929.
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Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, Vol. 36, No. 4. (April 1990), pp. 325-338.
Abstract
Spraying the leaves of young potato plants with salicylate induces the appearance of eight major intercellular proteins that resemble the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins of tobacco leaves. Three of these, with mol wts of approximately 21000, 26500 and 34500 have been purified to near homogeneity by chromatofocussing. Evidence from amino acid sequences, from immuno-reactivity and from absorptive properties indicates that these are, respectively, a thaumatin-like protein, an acid chitinase, and, probably a 1:3-[beta]-glucanase. These PR-proteins also appear in the leaves of plants ...
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Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Vol. V274, No. 2. (2005), pp. 168-179.
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Planta, Vol. V219, No. 5. (2004), pp. 797-806.
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Cell Biochem Biophys, Vol. 44, No. 3. (2006), pp. 385-394.
Abstract
The family of pathogenesis-related (PR) 5 proteins have diverse functions, and some of them are classified as thaumatins, osmotins, and inhibitors of alpha-amylase or trypsin. Although the specific function of many PR5 in plants is unknown, they are involved in the acquired systemic resistance and response to biotic stress, causing the inhibition of hyphal growth and reduction of spore germination, probably by a membrane permeabilization mechanism or by interaction with pathogen receptors. We have constructed three-dimensional models of four proteins belonging ...
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Biochem Soc Trans, Vol. 30, No. Pt 6. (November 2002), pp. 930-935.
Abstract
Type 1 allergies are recognized as an important disease affecting around 25% of the population of industrialized countries of the Northern hemisphere. Allergic patients produce specific IgE antibodies after frequent exposure to either inhaled or nutritive allergens. Of the plant allergens listed in the Official Allergen Database of the International Union of Immunological Societies, approx. 25% belong to the group of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins). PR-proteins are defined as proteins that are induced upon stress, pathogen attack and abiotic stimuli. This inhomogeneous ...
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