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Palynology of OGS-6a and OGS-7, two new 2.6 Ma archaeological sites from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: insights on aspects of Late Pliocene habitats and the beginnings of stone tool use☆ Export

Geobios (13 March 2009)

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Fossil pollen grains extracted from sediments sampled from OGS-6a and OGS-7, two newly excavated Late Pliocene sites of Gona, in the Afar Depression of Ethiopia, indicate a high percentage of afromontane forest and highland taxa (36.8-43.3%), among which Podocarpus cf. gracilor is dominant (19.6-24.2%). Forest taxa typical of the afromontane phytogeographic region have also been identified in the samples. The overall pollen spectrum suggests a mosaic of open and closed habitats, with a considerable wooded environment present during the time associated with the beginnings of early hominid use of flaked stones at Gona. Here we provide details of the results from the pollen analyses. The two sites lie 4-8 m directly below a volcanic tuff dated by 40 Ar/ 39 Ar to 2.53 ± 0.15 million years (Ma). The materials were recovered within fine-grained sediments located just above a geomagnetic polarity transition identified as the Gauss-Matuyama boundary dated close to 2.6 Ma, also corroborating the earlier age reported for the East Gona artifacts from EG-10 and EG-12. Thus, the stone artifacts, fossilized broken fauna and pollen grains from OGS-6a and OGS-7 represent archaeological materials from the world's oldest securely dated sites, and offer insights on aspects of the palaeoenvironments around the time of the beginnings of ancestral hominid use of flaked stones, ca . 2.6 Ma. Les pollens fossiles obtenus dans les fouilles de OGS-6a et OGS-7 (deux nouveaux sites du Pliocène supérieur de Gona, dans la Dépression d’Afar, en Éthiopie) montrent un grand pourcentage de taxons de la forêt afromontaine et des biomes élevés (36,8-43,3 %), parmi lesquels Podocarpus cf. gracilor est dominant (19,6-24,2 %). Les taxons de la forêt typique de la région phytogéographique afromontaine ont été identifiés dans les échantillons analysés. Le spectre général du pollen indique une mosaïque d’habitats fermés et ouverts, avec un environnement boisé nettement présent durant le temps de l’apparition des premiers outils lithiques dans la région de Gona. Dans ce travail, on montre les résultats de l’analyse palynologique de ces deux sites, situés 4-8 m sous un tuff volcanique daté de 2,53 ± 0,15 Ma. Les matériaux ont été découverts dans des sédiments de grains fins juste au-dessus de la transition paléomagnétique Gauss-Matuyama (2,6 Ma). Par conséquent, les outils lithiques, les os et les grains de pollen des sites OGS-6a et OGS-7 représentent les évidences matérielles et environnementales les plus anciennes du registre archéologique et offrent une information valable sur les premiers moments de la taille lithique dans l’évolution humaine.


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