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‘Defining and researching disability: challenges and responses’ Export

(1996)

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It is something of a cliché to say that we are living in a period of rapid social change. Yet it seems clear that a fundamental process of cultural as well as economic and social transformation is underway, and on a global scale. Arguments have proliferated as to the directions of such change. For some, the changes represent little more than cultural fragmentation, perhaps even degeneration, for others they represent renewal (Featherstone, 1992). What is less in doubt is that assumptions underpinning a range of social and intellectual activities are under strain. Nowhere is this more in evidence than in the health field. Not only is modern medicine being challenged on all sides, from managerialism to alternative medicine, but the very categories that have underpinned modern health and welfare systems are being severely scrutinised. In this chapter, a preliminary sketch of change in one area of health and welfare is presented, namely that of disability. The chapter first examines the recent history of defining and researching disability, and identifies the emergence of a `socio-medical' model, particularly in the British context. It then notes the development of a more explicit sociological view, which has emerged from these concerns and from more theoretical considerations. Second, the chapter examines recent arguments put forward by a number of `disability theorists', that disability should be defined and researched primarily as a form of `social oppression'. Critiques of the socio-medical model and sociological work which have been informed by these arguments will be examined.


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