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A genetically encoded fluorescent amino acid Export

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, No. 26. (27 June 2006), pp. 9785-9789.

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acid amino encoded fluorescence fluorescent genetically

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10.1073/pnas.0603965103 The ability to introduce fluorophores selectively into proteins provides a powerful tool to study protein structure, dynamics, localization, and biomolecular interactions both and . Here, we report a strategy for the selective and efficient biosynthetic incorporation of a low-molecular-weight fluorophore into proteins at defined sites. The fluorescent amino acid 2-amino-3-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamide)propanoic acid (dansylalanine) was genetically encoded in by using an amber nonsense codon and corresponding orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair. This environmentally sensitive fluorophore was selectively introduced into human superoxide dismutase and used to monitor unfolding of the protein in the presence of guanidinium chloride. The strategy described here should be applicable to a number of different fluorophores in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and it should facilitate both biochemical and cellular studies of protein structure and function.


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