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Pneumococcus infections: Is the burden still as heavy?

by: P. Chavanet
Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses (March 2012), doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2012.02.002  Key: citeulike:10479200

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Abstract

The death rate of invasive pneumococcal infections decreased by 100 fold in one century. This tremendous improvement was due mainly to antibiotic use and multiple attempts at antipneumococcal vaccinations; thus, this was true only for developed countries. However, in France, the incidence has increased, over the last 10 years, in all age classes except for children vaccinated by the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The incidence of these infections remains high, when associated to some risk factors such as HIV infection, malignant blood diseases, solid cancers, bronchial diseases, or alcohol abuse. The pneumococcal vaccine should be prescribed first to patients with those risk factors. A change of serotypes distribution has been observed in children with a decrease of vaccine serotypes and predominance of related or non-vaccine serotypes. This reflects the effectiveness of vaccination and the need of to regularly update the vaccine. Thus, pneumococcal infections have been increasing and vaccination should be more widely proposed. Le taux de mortalité des infections invasives à pneumocoque a diminué d’au moins un facteur 100 en un siècle. Cette amélioration considérable est, principalement, à mettre sur le compte à la fois de l’antibiothérapie et des multiples tentatives vaccinales ; cela ne s’applique donc qu’aux pays développés. Cependant, l’incidence a, en France, en ces dix dernières années, augmenté dans toutes les classes d’âge sauf chez les enfants vaccinés par vaccin à sept valences. L’incidence de ces infections reste très élevée en association à certains facteurs de risques : infection VIH, hémopathies malignes, cancers solides, bronchopathie, alcool. La vaccination antipneumococcique devrait être proposée en priorité dans ces populations. Chez les enfants, la répartition des sérotypes a évolué avec diminution des sérotypes vaccinaux et prédominance des sérotypes apparentés ou non vaccinaux. Cette évolution montre l’efficacité vaccinale et la nécessité d’une adaptation plus ou moins régulière du vaccin. Les infections pneumococciques sont donc en augmentation et la vaccination doit être plus largement proposée.


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