Cell death recognition model for the immune system☆ Export

@article{citeulike:3905486, abstract = {It is essential for the immune system to recognize markers or understand rules required for discriminating antigens that should be actively responded to from those be tolerated. Although the classic self-nonself theory over the past five decades has been challenged by ” danger” model and ” infectious nonself” model, etc., no theories could fit for all. previous termCellnext term death is important not only for its role in homeostasis, but also for its decisive effects on the immune responses. Different ways of previous termcellnext term death, apoptosis or necrosis, transmit fundamentally opposite driving forces for the immune system, inducing tolerance or initiating adaptive immune responses. The progress in understanding phagocytosis and process of apoptotic and necrotic previous termcellsnext term leads the author to propose ” previous termcellnext term death” recognition model for the immune system. Four principles are important in this model. First, only antigens shedding from apoptotic or necrotic previous termcellsnext term rather than those from healthy previous termcells,next term can be presented to na\"{i}ve previous termT cells.next term Second, either apoptotic previous termcellsnext term or necrotic previous termcells,next term but not healthy previous termcells,next term can attract phagocytes, namely dendritic previous termcellsnext term (DC) or macrophages that are also antigen presenting previous termcellsnext term (APC), to scavenge dead previous termcells.next term Third, macrophages or DC residing in non-lymphoid tissues phagocytose dying/dead previous termcells,next term migrate to lymphoid tissues and present antigens to na\"{i}ve previous termT cellsnext term there. Fourth, tolerance or adaptive responses are not dependent on whether the antigens are self or nonself, but on the ways of previous termcellnext term death during antigen presentation. Importantly, tolerance and adaptive immunity are all dominant responses and the impact of previous termcellnext term death on immune responses is a dynamic balance between them. ” previous termCellnext term death” recognition model could more easily explain various immune phenomena, including infection, self tolerance and autoimmunity, tumor immunity as well as transplant rejection. Investigation into the roles and mechanisms of previous termcellnext term death mediated immune responses and finding out key modulators will prompt better understanding the ways of immune recognition and provide novel strategies for the management of autoimmunity, tumors, infections as well as transplantation. Keywords: previous termCellnext term death; Immune system; Phagocytosis; Apoptosis; Necrosis; previous termT cellsnext term; Antigen presenting previous termcellsnext term}, author = {Sun, E.}, citeulike-article-id = {3905486}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.049}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306987707004203}, doi = {10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.049}, issn = {03069877}, journal = {Medical Hypotheses}, keywords = {apoptosis, estrogen, immunology, mitochondria, new-direction, superlist, thelist, tolerance}, number = {3}, pages = {585--596}, posted-at = {2009-01-17 22:24:30}, priority = {2}, title = {Cell death recognition model for the immune system☆}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.049}, volume = {70}, year = {2008} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:3905486 L3 - citeulike-article-id:3905486 N2 - It is essential for the immune system to recognize markers or understand rules required for discriminating antigens that should be actively responded to from those be tolerated. Although the classic self-nonself theory over the past five decades has been challenged by “danger” model and “infectious nonself” model, etc., no theories could fit for all. previous termCellnext term death is important not only for its role in homeostasis, but also for its decisive effects on the immune responses. Different ways of previous termcellnext term death, apoptosis or necrosis, transmit fundamentally opposite driving forces for the immune system, inducing tolerance or initiating adaptive immune responses. The progress in understanding phagocytosis and process of apoptotic and necrotic previous termcellsnext term leads the author to propose “previous termcellnext term death” recognition model for the immune system. Four principles are important in this model. First, only antigens shedding from apoptotic or necrotic previous termcellsnext term rather than those from healthy previous termcells,next term can be presented to naïve previous termT cells.next term Second, either apoptotic previous termcellsnext term or necrotic previous termcells,next term but not healthy previous termcells,next term can attract phagocytes, namely dendritic previous termcellsnext term (DC) or macrophages that are also antigen presenting previous termcellsnext term (APC), to scavenge dead previous termcells.next term Third, macrophages or DC residing in non-lymphoid tissues phagocytose dying/dead previous termcells,next term migrate to lymphoid tissues and present antigens to naïve previous termT cellsnext term there. Fourth, tolerance or adaptive responses are not dependent on whether the antigens are self or nonself, but on the ways of previous termcellnext term death during antigen presentation. Importantly, tolerance and adaptive immunity are all dominant responses and the impact of previous termcellnext term death on immune responses is a dynamic balance between them. “previous termCellnext term death” recognition model could more easily explain various immune phenomena, including infection, self tolerance and autoimmunity, tumor immunity as well as transplant rejection. Investigation into the roles and mechanisms of previous termcellnext term death mediated immune responses and finding out key modulators will prompt better understanding the ways of immune recognition and provide novel strategies for the management of autoimmunity, tumors, infections as well as transplantation. Keywords: previous termCellnext term death; Immune system; Phagocytosis; Apoptosis; Necrosis; previous termT cellsnext term; Antigen presenting previous termcellsnext term IS - 3 JF - Medical Hypotheses SN - 03069877 EP - 596 TI - Cell death recognition model for the immune system☆ VL - 70 SP - 585 KW - apoptosis KW - estrogen KW - immunology KW - mitochondria KW - new-direction KW - superlist KW - thelist KW - tolerance AU - Sun, E PY - 2008/// UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.05.049 ER -