Estrogen directly activates AID transcription and function. Export

@article{citeulike:4133861, abstract = {The immunological targets of estrogen at the molecular, humoral, and cellular level have been well documented, as has estrogen's role in establishing a gender bias in autoimmunity and cancer. During a healthy immune response, activation-induced deaminase (AID) deaminates cytosines at immunoglobulin (Ig) loci, initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). Protein levels of nuclear AID are tightly controlled, as unregulated expression can lead to alterations in the immune response. Furthermore, hyperactivation of AID outside the immune system leads to oncogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex binds to the AID promoter, enhancing AID messenger RNA expression, leading to a direct increase in AID protein production and alterations in SHM and CSR at the Ig locus. Enhanced translocations of the c-myc oncogene showed that the genotoxicity of estrogen via AID production was not limited to the Ig locus. Outside of the immune system (e.g., breast and ovaries), estrogen induced AID expression by >20-fold. The estrogen response was also partially conserved within the DNA deaminase family (APOBEC3B, -3F, and -3G), and could be inhibited by tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist. We therefore suggest that estrogen-induced autoimmunity and oncogenesis may be derived through AID-dependent DNA instability.}, author = {Pauklin, S. and Sern\'{a}ndez, I. V. and Bachmann, G. and Ramiro, A. R. and Petersen-Mahrt, S. K.}, citeulike-article-id = {4133861}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080521}, citeulike-linkout-1 = {http://view.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139166}, citeulike-linkout-2 = {http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=19139166}, day = {16}, doi = {10.1084/jem.20080521}, issn = {1540-9538}, journal = {The Journal of experimental medicine}, keywords = {aid, autoimmune, estrogen, estrogen-immune}, month = {January}, number = {1}, pages = {99--111}, posted-at = {2009-03-05 06:16:06}, priority = {2}, title = {Estrogen directly activates AID transcription and function.}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080521}, volume = {206}, year = {2009} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:4133861 L3 - citeulike-article-id:4133861 N2 - The immunological targets of estrogen at the molecular, humoral, and cellular level have been well documented, as has estrogen's role in establishing a gender bias in autoimmunity and cancer. During a healthy immune response, activation-induced deaminase (AID) deaminates cytosines at immunoglobulin (Ig) loci, initiating somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). Protein levels of nuclear AID are tightly controlled, as unregulated expression can lead to alterations in the immune response. Furthermore, hyperactivation of AID outside the immune system leads to oncogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex binds to the AID promoter, enhancing AID messenger RNA expression, leading to a direct increase in AID protein production and alterations in SHM and CSR at the Ig locus. Enhanced translocations of the c-myc oncogene showed that the genotoxicity of estrogen via AID production was not limited to the Ig locus. Outside of the immune system (e.g., breast and ovaries), estrogen induced AID expression by >20-fold. The estrogen response was also partially conserved within the DNA deaminase family (APOBEC3B, -3F, and -3G), and could be inhibited by tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist. We therefore suggest that estrogen-induced autoimmunity and oncogenesis may be derived through AID-dependent DNA instability. IS - 1 JF - The Journal of experimental medicine SN - 1540-9538 EP - 111 TI - Estrogen directly activates AID transcription and function. VL - 206 SP - 99 KW - aid KW - autoimmune KW - estrogen KW - estrogen-immune AU - Pauklin, S AU - Sernández, IV AU - Bachmann, G AU - Ramiro, AR AU - Petersen-Mahrt, SK PY - 2009/01/16/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20080521 ER -