Functional Evolution of a cis-Regulatory Module

by: Michael Z Ludwig, Arnar Palsson, Elena Alekseeva, Casey M Bergman, Janaki Nathan, Martin Kreitman

PLoS Biology, Vol. 3, No. 4. (1 April 2005), e93.

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Abstract

Lack of knowledge about how regulatory regions evolve in relation to their structure–function may limit the utility of comparative sequence analysis in deciphering cis-regulatory sequences. To address this we applied reverse genetics to carry out a functional genetic complementation analysis of a eukaryotic cis-regulatory module—the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer—from four Drosophila species. The evolution of this enhancer is non-clock-like, with important functional differences between closely related species and functional convergence between distantly related species. Functional divergence is attributable to differences in activation levels rather than spatiotemporal control of gene expression. Our findings have implications for understanding enhancer structure–function, mechanisms of speciation and computational identification of regulatory modules.

@article{ludwig2005fec, abstract = {Lack of knowledge about how regulatory regions evolve in relation to their structure\&\#8211;function may limit the utility of comparative sequence analysis in deciphering cis-regulatory sequences. To address this we applied reverse genetics to carry out a functional genetic complementation analysis of a eukaryotic cis-regulatory module\&\#8212;the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer\&\#8212;from four Drosophila species. The evolution of this enhancer is non-clock-like, with important functional differences between closely related species and functional convergence between distantly related species. Functional divergence is attributable to differences in activation levels rather than spatiotemporal control of gene expression. Our findings have implications for understanding enhancer structure\&\#8211;function, mechanisms of speciation and computational identification of regulatory modules.}, author = {Ludwig, Michael Z. and Palsson, Arnar and Alekseeva, Elena and Bergman, Casey M. and Nathan, Janaki and Kreitman, Martin }, citeulike-article-id = {1688047}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030093}, journal = {PLoS Biology}, keywords = {complementation, enhancer, functional, thesis}, month = {April}, number = {4}, pages = {e93+}, posted-at = {2008-04-25 10:32:51}, priority = {2}, title = {Functional Evolution of a cis-Regulatory Module}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030093}, volume = {3}, year = {2005} }

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TY - JOUR ID - ludwig2005fec L3 - citeulike-article-id:1688047 N2 - Lack of knowledge about how regulatory regions evolve in relation to their structure–function may limit the utility of comparative sequence analysis in deciphering cis-regulatory sequences. To address this we applied reverse genetics to carry out a functional genetic complementation analysis of a eukaryotic cis-regulatory module—the even-skipped stripe 2 enhancer—from four Drosophila species. The evolution of this enhancer is non-clock-like, with important functional differences between closely related species and functional convergence between distantly related species. Functional divergence is attributable to differences in activation levels rather than spatiotemporal control of gene expression. Our findings have implications for understanding enhancer structure–function, mechanisms of speciation and computational identification of regulatory modules. IS - 4 JF - PLoS Biology TI - Functional Evolution of a cis-Regulatory Module VL - 3 SP - e93 KW - complementation KW - enhancer KW - functional KW - thesis AU - Ludwig, Michael AU - Palsson, Arnar AU - Alekseeva, Elena AU - Bergman, Casey AU - Nathan, Janaki AU - Kreitman, Martin PY - 2005/04/01/ UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030093 ER -

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