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Documento de consenso de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica sobre la tuberculosis resistente a fármacos

by: M. J. Mellado Peña, F. Baquero-Artigao, D. Moreno-Perez
Anales de Pediatría, Vol. 71, No. 5. (November 2009), pp. 447-458, doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2009.07.036  Key: citeulike:11239932

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Abstract

La tuberculosis resistente (TB-R), y sobre todo multirresistente a fármacos (TB-MDR) es un problema de salud pública mundial, que afecta también a nuestro entorno. Los casos de TB-R y TB-MDR han aumentado principalmente en población VIH, inmigrante y desfavorecida socialmente, pero también en población autóctona. Este aspecto refuerza la necesidad de realizar de forma sistemática estudios de sensibilidad en los aislamientos, para guíar de manera óptima el tratamiento. Los niños son muy vulnerables debido a la mayor frecuencia de formas graves y el escaso conocimiento de la farmacocinética, dosis adecuada y toxicidad de fármacos de segunda línea. El otro aspecto que marca la dificultad del abordaje de la TB-R en niños es que no suelen presentar cultivo positivo y debemos guiarnos por la sensibilidad de la cepa del caso inicial. Actualmente ha cambiado el patrón epidemiológico en nuestro medio, con aumento de la tasa de resistencia a isoniacida; por eso, la pauta inicial para cualquier forma de TB en niños debe realizarse con 4 fármacos, hasta conocer la sensibilidad de la cepa. En la TB-R, pediatras expertos deben administrar el tratamiento y durante un período más prolongado, de forma directamente observada o al menos supervisada. Las autoridades y profesionales responsables deben estar preparados para afrontar con seguridad este modelo de TB, conocer las pautas alternativas de fármacos en niños y arbitrar mecanismos para asegurar el correcto cumplimiento y el control a largo plazo. Drug resistant tuberculosis (TB-R), and in particular, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global public health problem, as well as a problem in our country. Cases of TB-R and MDR-TB have increased mainly in HIV, immigrant and socially disadvantaged populations, but a notable increase in the general population has also been observed. This aspect reinforces the need for a systematic study of sensitivity of all the isolates in a reference laboratory to optimally guide the treatment. Children are especially vulnerable to this severe disease due to the limited knowledge of second line anti-tuberculous drugs, in terms of their pharmacokinetic data, optimal doses, or their long term toxicity, all this eventually resulting in the compassionate use of drugs. Another aspect which further complicates the management of R-TB in children is the limited yield of cultures, which frequently leads to clinician designing drug combinations according to the sensitivity of the initial strain. The epidemiological pattern in our country has currently changed. There is a reported increase in isoniazid-resistant strains; therefore, a four drugs regime is mandatory for the initial period in children, until reliable sensitivity results are available. Treatment should be directly observed or at least supervised by paediatricians. The management of latent infections or exposure to a resistant TB case also requires an accurate, strict and prolonged supervision by expert paediatricians. Authorities and health care professionals who deal with TB should be prepared to face this new phenomenon with appropriate measures. The knowledge of second line drugs for children, as well as mechanisms to ensure the therapeutic adherence and long term control of disease, are essential.


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