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posted to optical-properties
by eyliu
on 2013-05-15 17:01:56
Abstract
A comprehensive set of optical constants and a partial set of bulk optical properties are listed for clear, absorbing, and low-iron glasses used for windows. The measurements extend from the near ultraviolet to the far infrared, covering the range of interest for calculating solar and thermal radiative transfer through windows. This information is also needed to calculate the properties of thin-film coatings on glass substrates. Large variations in solar absorption are observed among these glasses, whereas the far-infrared properties are almost ...
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posted to microscopy superresolution
by eyliu
on 2013-04-29 19:34:06
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Abstract
For Adam Smith, wealth was related to the division of labor. As people and firms specialize in different activities, economic efficiency increases, suggesting that development is associated with an increase in the number of individual activities and with the complexity that emerges from the interactions between them. Here we develop a view of economic growth and development that gives a central role to the complexity of a country's economy by interpreting trade data as a bipartite network in which countries are ...
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Abstract
Despite efforts to recruit and retain more women, a stark gender disparity persists within academic science. Abundant research has demonstrated gender bias in many demographic groups, but has yet to experimentally investigate whether science faculty exhibit a bias against female students that could contribute to the gender disparity in academic science. In a randomized double-blind study (n = 127), science faculty from research-intensive universities rated the application materials of a student—who was randomly assigned either a male or female name—for a ...
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Abstract
This article outlines the overall strategy and summarizes a few key innovations of the team that won the first Netflix progress prize. ...
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Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 114, No. 2. (April 2006), pp. 340-365, doi:10.1086/501171
posted to sport
by eyliu
on 2013-04-23 22:54:13
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posted to education
by eyliu
on 2013-04-22 21:48:41
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posted to solar
by eyliu
on 2013-04-19 04:09:18
Abstract
Solar cell efficiency is limited because light at wavelengths shorter than the cell's absorption threshold does not channel any of its excess energy into the generated electricity. Congreve et al. (p. 334) have developed a method to harvest the excess energy in carbon-based absorbers through a process termed “singlet fission.” In this process, high-energy photons propel two current carriers, rather than just one, by populating a singlet state that spontaneously divides into a pair of triplet states. Although it works in ...
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Abstract
Abstract Objectives To determine whether parachutes are effective in preventing major trauma related to gravitational challenge. Design Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Data sources: Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases; appropriate internet sites and citation lists. Study selection: Studies showing the effects of using a parachute during free fall. Main outcome measure Death or major trauma, defined as an injury severity score > 15. Results We were unable to identify any randomised controlled trials of parachute ...
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posted to psychology
by eyliu
on 2013-04-18 00:37:51
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between loneliness, anxiousness, alcohol, and marijuana use in the prediction of freshman college students’ connections with others on the social network site Facebook as well as their emotional connectedness to Facebook. A survey of 229 respondents was conducted at a mid-sized public university to examine these relationships. Respondents were currently living in university dormitories and had an active Facebook account. The study examined the aforementioned predictor variables in relation to Facebook connections strategies and emotional connectedness ...
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Abstract
Compelling evidence from many animal taxa indicates that male genitalia are often under postcopulatory sexual selection for characteristics that increase a male’s relative fertilization success. There could, however, also be direct precopulatory female mate choice based on male genital traits. Before clothing, the nonretractable human penis would have been conspicuous to potential mates. This observation has generated suggestions that human penis size partly evolved because of female choice. Here we show, based upon female assessment of digitally projected life-size, computer-generated images, ...
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Abstract
A novel method is proposed to monitor and record scientists’ working timetable. We record the downloads information of scientific papers real-timely from Springer round the clock, and try to explore scientists’ working habits. As our observation demonstrates, many scientists are still engaged in their research after working hours every day. Many of them work far into the night, even till next morning. In addition, research work also intrudes into their weekends. Different working time patterns are revealed. In the US, overnight ...
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posted to optics
by eyliu
on 2013-04-04 21:04:23
Abstract
Just as the power of the open-source design paradigm has driven down the cost of software to the point that it is accessible to most people, the rise of open-source hardware is poised to drive down the cost of doing experimental science to expand access to everyone. To assist in this aim, this paper introduces a library of open-source 3-D-printable optics components. This library operates as a flexible, low-cost public-domain tool set for developing both research and teaching optics hardware. First, ...
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posted to solar
by eyliu
on 2013-03-30 21:43:03
Abstract
Consolidated tables showing an extensive listing of the highest independently confirmed efficiencies for solar cells and modules are presented. Guidelines for inclusion of results into these tables are outlined, and new entries since June 2012 are reviewed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ...
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posted to displays
by eyliu
on 2013-03-28 17:12:36
Abstract
Multiview three-dimensional (3D) displays can project the correct perspectives of a 3D image in many spatial directions simultaneously. They provide a 3D stereoscopic experience to many viewers at the same time with full motion parallax and do not require special glasses or eye tracking. None of the leading multiview 3D solutions is particularly well suited to mobile devices (watches, mobile phones or tablets), which require the combination of a thin, portable form factor, a high spatial resolution and a wide full-parallax ...
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Abstract
We show that easily accessible digital records of behavior, Facebook Likes, can be used to automatically and accurately predict a range of highly sensitive personal attributes including: sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious and political views, personality traits, intelligence, happiness, use of addictive substances, parental separation, age, and gender. The analysis presented is based on a dataset of over 58,000 volunteers who provided their Facebook Likes, detailed demographic profiles, and the results of several psychometric tests. The proposed model uses dimensionality reduction for ...
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Abstract
Engineering a low-cost graphene-based electronic device has proven difficult to accomplish via a single-step fabrication process. Here we introduce a facile, inexpensive, solid-state method for generating, patterning, and electronic tuning of graphene-based materials. Laser scribed graphene (LSG) is shown to be successfully produced and selectively patterned from the direct laser irradiation of graphite oxide films under ambient conditions. Circuits and complex designs are directly patterned onto various flexible substrates without masks, templates, post-processing, transferring techniques, or metal catalysts. In addition, by ...
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posted to graphene
by eyliu
on 2013-03-13 18:20:42
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posted to climate-change
by eyliu
on 2013-02-22 20:03:08
Abstract
The thermometer-based global surface temperature time series (GST) commands a prominent role in the evidence for global warming, yet this record has considerable uncertainty. An independent record with better geographic coverage would be valuable in understanding recent change in the context of natural variability. We compiled the Paleo Index (PI) from 173 temperature-sensitive proxy time series (corals, ice cores, speleothems, lake and ocean sediments, historical documents). Each series was normalized to produce index values of change relative to a 1901–2000 base ...
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posted to microfabrication scaling transistor
by eyliu
on 2013-02-11 17:45:39
Abstract
In this paper, the cycle rate of the PC's central processing unit has been described. CPU clock rates peaked a few years ago and they aren't a very useful key to chip performance anyway. The clock keeps a processor's parts working in unison. The clocks are not worth the cost in terms of power consumed and heat dissipated. Intel calls the speed/power tradeoff a "fundamental theorem of multicore processors" and that's the reason it makes sense to use two or more ...
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posted to microfabrication scaling transistor
by eyliu
on 2013-02-11 17:44:43
Abstract
The MOSFET scaling principles for obtaining simultaneous improvements in transistor density, switching speed, and power dissipation described by Robert H. Dennard and others in "Design of Ion-implanted MOSFETs with Very Small Physical Dimensions" (1974 ) became a roadmap for the semiconductor industry to provide systematic and predictable transistor improvements. New technology generations emerging approximately every three years during the 1970's and 1980's and appearing every other year starting in the mid-1990's, promise to continue although we face growing challenges. ...
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posted to microfabrication scaling transistor
by eyliu
on 2013-02-11 17:43:50
Abstract
Intel announced the most dramatic change to the architecture of the transistor since the device was invented. The company will henceforth build its transistors in three dimensions, a shift that-if all goes well-should add at least a half dozen years to the life of Moore's Law, the biennial doubling in transistor density that has driven the chip industry for decades. But Intel's big announcement was notable for another reason: It signaled the start of a growing schism among chipmakers. Despite all ...
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posted to chemistry
by eyliu
on 2013-02-02 23:44:06
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posted to relativity
by eyliu
on 2013-01-27 22:14:45
Abstract
The Lorentz law of force is the fifth pillar of classical electrodynamics, the other four being Maxwell’s macroscopic equations. The Lorentz law is the universal expression of the force exerted by electromagnetic fields on a volume containing a distribution of electrical charges and currents. If electric and magnetic dipoles also happen to be present in a material medium, they are traditionally treated by expressing the corresponding polarization and magnetization distributions in terms of bound-charge and bound-current densities, which are subsequently added ...
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Abstract
By leveraging metamaterials and compressive imaging, a low-profile aperture capable of microwave imaging without lenses, moving parts, or phase shifters is demonstrated. This designer aperture allows image compression to be performed on the physical hardware layer rather than in the postprocessing stage, thus averting the detector, storage, and transmission costs associated with full diffraction-limited sampling of a scene. A guided-wave metamaterial aperture is used to perform compressive image reconstruction at 10 frames per second of two-dimensional (range and angle) sparse still ...
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The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 73, No. 3. (August 1991), 424, doi:10.2307/2109566
posted to economics education
by eyliu
on 2013-01-18 17:36:08
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Abstract
Evidence shows that parental financial investments increase college attendance, but we know little about how these investments shape postsecondary achievement. Two theoretical frameworks suggest diametric conclusions. Some studies operate from a more-is-more perspective in which children use calculated parental allocations to make academic progress. In contrast, a more-is-less perspective, rooted in a different model of rational behavior, suggests that parental investments create a disincentive for student achievement. I adjudicate between these frameworks, using data from nationally representative postsecondary datasets to determine ...
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posted to chemistry
by eyliu
on 2013-01-11 23:28:05
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posted to chemistry
by eyliu
on 2013-01-11 23:26:48
Abstract
The treatment of triaminoguanidinium chloride with two equivalents of sodium nitrite under acidic conditions, followed by the cyclization with stoichiometric amounts of either sodium hydroxide solution or solid sodium carbonate yielded 1-amino-5-azidotetrazole (), 5-azido-1-diazidocarbamoyltetrazole (), and 1-(aminoazidocarbamoyl)-5-azidotetrazole (). The three novel compounds could be isolated by short-column liquid chromatography by using chloroform in reasonable yields. The mechanism of the formation as well as the decomposition pathway of the materials was investigated and a full characterization of all three compounds is presented. ...
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posted to chemistry
by eyliu
on 2012-12-29 04:30:37
Abstract
The - hydrogen of (+)-,-dimethylamphetamine chromium tricarbonyl can be stereospecifically substituted sequential treatment with BuLi and an electrophile, with rotation of configuration to give for example -methylpseudoephedrine after decomplexation. ...
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Abstract
Chip designers have often etched whimsical imagery onto their creations, but as automated tools improved and design cycles shrank, so did companies' tolerance for the improvised extras. This article looks at the history of chip graffiti, its evolution with IC design techniques and scaling, and chip art's decreasing prevalence due to increased production pressures and sophisticated design automation techniques such as VHDL ...
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posted to science
by eyliu
on 2012-12-16 20:59:28
Abstract
In February of 2007, the Responsible Conduct of Research Education Committee of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics convened a mini-conference at the Association’s annual meeting. The purpose of the mini-conference was to examine underserved areas of education in research ethics. The mini-conference consisted of panel discussions for two topics: authorship and social responsibility. Representatives from diverse academic disciplines were invited to participate in each of the two panels. This Special Section of Science and Engineering Ethics consists of the ...
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posted to science
by eyliu
on 2012-12-16 20:58:48
Abstract
The primary aim of this article is to identify ethical challenges relating to authorship in engineering fields. Professional organizations and journals do provide crucial guidance in this realm, but this cannot replace the need for frequent and diligent discussions in engineering research communities about what constitutes appropriate authorship practice. Engineering researchers should seek to identify and address issues such as who is entitled to be an author and whether publishing their research could potentially harm the public. ...
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posted to scatterometry
by eyliu
on 2012-12-16 15:47:49
Abstract
We found that the distances between isolated scatterers with similar columnar shapes could be measured by taking a single Fourier transform of their diffraction intensity. If the scatterers have different shapes, the distances between similar shapes can be selected from the distances between all the shapes. The distance from a specific scatterer can be measured with a resolution of 0.8 wavelengths and a precision of 0.01 wavelengths. This technique has the potential to be used in a novel optical memory that ...
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posted to diffraction gratings
by eyliu
on 2012-12-16 15:43:05
Abstract
A new formulation of the Fourier modal method that applies fast Fourier factorization [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17 (2000) 1773] is presented for slanted lamellar gratings in conical mountings. A new eigenvalue problem in the grating region is derived, and used to study metallic gratings. Comparison of the convergence speed of the numerical results given by the conventional methods and the new one shows a spectacular improvement. The fast Fourier factorization method can be also applied to various volume slanted-fringe ...
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posted to coupled-wave diffraction gratings
by eyliu
on 2012-12-16 15:42:31
Abstract
The rigorous coupled-wave analysis method with Airy-like Internal-Reflection Series for the polar gyrotropic grating is improved with the Fourier factorization rule. In the process of derivation, Maxwell's equation is reformulated in order to avoid type 3 product and, either Laurent's rule or the inverse rule is used for the product of two Fourier series with discontinuities. The number of Fourier coefficients or the size of the coefficient matrix required for the proper convergence is reduced by more than 50% compared to ...
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Abstract
Animals, including dogs, dolphins, monkeys and man, follow gaze. What mediates this bias towards the eyes? One hypothesis is that primates possess a distinct neural module that is uniquely tuned for the eyes of others. An alternative explanation is that configural face processing drives fixations to the middle of peoples' faces, which is where the eyes happen to be located. We distinguish between these two accounts. Observers were presented with images of people, non-human creatures with eyes in the middle of ...
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posted to sport
by eyliu
on 2012-11-29 18:26:04
Abstract
Objectives We assess the effects of coaching replacements on college football team performance. Methods Using data from 1997 to 2010, we use matching techniques to compare the performance of football programs that replaced their head coach to those where the coach was retained. The analysis has two major innovations over existing literature. First, we consider how entry conditions moderate the effects of coaching replacements. Second, we examine team performance for several years following the replacement to assess its effects. Results We ...
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posted to negative-refraction
by eyliu
on 2012-11-25 15:01:32
Abstract
Demonstrations of focusing with metamaterial lenses have predominantly featured two dimensional structures or stacks of planar elements, both limited by losses which hinder realized gain near the focal region. In this study, we present a plano-concave lens built from a 3D self-supporting metamaterial structure featuring a negative refractive index between 10 and 12 GHz. Fabricated using macroscopic layered prototyping, the lens curvature, negative index and low loss contribute to a recognizable focus and free space gains above 13 dB. ...
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posted to electrical-engineering
by eyliu
on 2012-11-20 00:43:03
Abstract
Electric arc burns make up a substantial portion of the injuries from electrical malfunctions. The extremely high temperatures of these arcs, about four times as high as that of the sun's surface, can cause fatal burns at up to about 5 ft (152 cm), and major burns at up to about 10 ft (305 cm) distance. Information for evaluation of the degree of hazard involved with various voltages and capacity ratings of equipment is developed and the required precautions and protective ...
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Abstract
The apparently higher crash risk among individuals who use cell phones while driving may be due both to the direct interference of cell phone use with the driving task and tendencies to engage in risky driving behaviors independent of cell phone use. Measurements of actual highway driving performance, self-reported aberrant driving behaviors as measured by the Manchester Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), and attitudes toward speeding, passing behaviors and relative concern about being involved in a crash were assessed. Individuals who reported ...
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Abstract
The Far InfraRed Absolute Spectrophotometer data are independently recalibrated using the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe data to obtain a cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature of 2.7260 ± 0.0013. Measurements of the temperature of the CMB are reviewed. The determination from the measurements from the literature is CMB temperature of 2.72548 ± 0.00057 K. ...
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posted to optical-tweezers
by eyliu
on 2012-10-25 17:51:50
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a class of tractor beams created by coherently superposing coaxial Bessel beams. These optical conveyors have periodic intensity variations along their axes that act as highly effective optical traps for micrometer-scale objects. Trapped objects can be moved selectively upstream or downstream along the conveyor by appropriately changing the Bessel beams’ relative phase. The same methods used to project a single optical conveyor can project arrays of independent optical conveyors, allowing bidirectional transport in three dimensions. ...
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Abstract
Cooperation is central to human social behaviour. However, choosing to cooperate requires individuals to incur a personal cost to benefit others. Here we explore the cognitive basis of cooperative decision-making in humans using a dual-process framework. We ask whether people are predisposed towards selfishness, behaving cooperatively only through active self-control; or whether they are intuitively cooperative, with reflection and prospective reasoning favouring 'rational' self-interest. To ...
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posted to energy
by eyliu
on 2012-10-03 20:54:49
Abstract
Between November 2009 and September 2011, temporary seismographs deployed under the EarthScope USArray program were situated on a 70-km grid covering the Barnett Shale in Texas, recording data that allowed sensing and locating regional earthquakes with magnitudes 1.5 and larger. I analyzed these data and located 67 earthquakes, more than eight times as many as reported by the National Earthquake Information Center. All 24 of the most reliably located epicenters occurred in eight groups within 3.2 km of one or more injection ...
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Abstract
Democratic societies are built around the principle of free and fair elections, and that each citizen’s vote should count equally. National elections can be regarded as large-scale social experiments, where people are grouped into usually large numbers of electoral districts and vote according to their preferences. The large number of samples implies statistical consequences for the polling results, which can be used to identify election irregularities. Using a suitable data representation, we find that vote distributions of elections with alleged fraud ...
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posted to superconductivity
by eyliu
on 2012-09-19 04:36:47
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