gareth's disorder [28 articles]

Abstract

Clinicians and legal practitioners have often assumed uncritically that sensational interests are predictive of sadistic personality disorder (SADPD). This association has never been empirically tested in a non-pathological sample. Using a sample of adults (N = 219) from two countries, a four-factor SADPD structure was identified. A latent variable model was used to test the hypothesis that sensational interests questionnaire (SIQ) scores would be associated with SADPD scores after the separation of general and specific variance. The general association was not significant, but ...

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Sadistic personality disorder (SPD) is a controversial diagnosis proposed in the DSM-III-R, but not included in the DSM-IV. Few studies have focused on this disorder in adolescents. This article describes the results of a study that sought to determine the presence of sadistic personality characteristics in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents and of comorbid Axis I or personality disorder patterns in those youth with SPD or SPD traits. Fifty-six adolescents were assessed for sadistic and other personality disorders with the Structured Interview for ...

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In this study, we examined the internal structure of 13 Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991, 2007) scales in a corrections sample (<i>N</i> = 1,099). Previous findings regarding the PAI internal structure have been somewhat inconsistent. We investigated the utility of a 2-dimensional model comprised of internalization and externalization to organize the 11 PAI clinical scales and 2 additional scales, Suicidal Ideation and Aggression. We randomly divided the sample, and a factor analysis revealed a 2-dimensional model representing internalization and externalization. ...

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This study explored reliability and validity of three self-report screening measures of borderline personality disorder (BPD): the Personality Assessment Inventory-Borderline Features Scale (PAI-BOR; Morey, 1991), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4-BPD scale (PDQ4-BPD; Hyler, 1994) and Mclean Screening Instrument for BPD (MSI-BPD; Zanarini et al., 2003). Participants ( N  = 523) were drawn predominantly from community and student populations. All three measures were internally consistent. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the PAI-BOR did not support Jackson and Trull’s (2001) six-factor structure or Morey’s (1991) four-factor structure. ...

Abstract

Background There is a need for a brief and simple screen for personality disorders that can be used in routine psychiatric assessments. Aims To test the concurrent validity and test-retest reliability of a brief screen for personality disorder. Method Sixty psychiatric patients were administered a brief screening interview for personality disorder. On the same day, they were interviewed with an established assessment for DSM-IV personality disorder. Three weeks later, the brief screening interview was repeated in ...

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Background The public health problem-solving paradigm is a comprehensive method not previously applied to preventive interventions for personality disorder. Aims To present an overview for clinical psychiatrists. Method Review of epidemiological research into DSM--IV Axis Il disorders and application to the paradigm. Results Personality disorder affects a substantial proportion of the population. Burdens on health care, social and criminal justice agencies have yet to be accurately quantified. Debates continue over case definition, but there is increasing information ...

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BACKGROUND: Lower cognitive ability, higher neuroticism and symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood predict non-psychotic disorder in adulthood. This study examined whether these early risk factors act by modifying relationships with life events close to disease onset in adulthood. METHODS: Childhood measures of neuroticism (N) (including maternal N), cognitive ability (CA) and symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured in a national British birth cohort of 5362 individuals born in the week 3-9 March, 1946. At ages 36 and 43 ...

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Personality disorder researchers have long considered the utility of dimensional approaches to diagnosis, signaling the need to consider a dimensional approach for personality disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V). Nevertheless, a dimensional approach to personality disorders in DSM-V is more likely to succeed if it represents an orderly and logical progression from the categorical system in DSM-IV. With these considerations and opportunities in mind, the authors sought to delineate ways of synthesizing categorical and ...

Abstract

The American Psychiatric Association is sponsoring a series of international conferences to set a research agenda for the development of the next edition of the diagnostic manual. The first conference in this series, "Dimensional Models of Personality Disorder: Etiology, Pathology, Phenomenology, & Treatment," was devoted to reviewing the existing research and setting a future research agenda that would be most effective in leading the field toward a dimensional classification of personality disorder. The purpose of this article, authored by the Steering ...

Abstract

The authors describe a new self-report instrument, the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS), which was designed to assess specific symptom dimensions of major depression and related anxiety disorders. They created the IDAS by conducting principal factor analyses in 3 large samples (college students, psychiatric patients, community adults); the authors also examined the robustness of its psychometric properties in 5 additional samples (high school students, college students, young adults, postpartum women, psychiatric patients) who were not involved in the scale ...

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CONTEXT: Patterns of genetic, environmental, and phenotypic relationships among antisocial behavior and substance use disorders indicate the presence of a common externalizing liability. However, whether this liability is relatively continuous and graded, or categorical and class-like, has not been well established. OBJECTIVES: To compare the fit of categorical and continuous models of externalizing liability in a large, nationally representative sample. DESIGN: Categorical and continuous models of externalizing liability were compared using interview data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and ...

Abstract

Antisocial behavior, substance use, and impulsive and aggressive personality traits often co-occur, forming a coherent spectrum of personality and psychopathology. In the current research, the authors developed a novel quantitative model of this spectrum. Over 3 waves of iterative data collection, 1,787 adult participants selected to represent a range across the externalizing spectrum provided extensive data about specific externalizing behaviors. Statistical methods such as item response theory and semiparametric factor analysis were used to model these data. The model and assessment ...

Abstract

The two dimensions of the Personality Deviance Scales-Revised [PDS-R; Deary, I.J., Bedford, A., & Fowkes, F.G.R. (1995). The Personality Deviance Scales: their development, associations, factor structure and restructuring. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 175-291], the five NEO-Five Factor Inventory Adult Form S domains [NEO-FFI; Costa Jr., P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and five-factor inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.] and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory [ Spielberger, C.D. (1989). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (manual): revised ...

Abstract

This paper illustrates new hybrid latent variable models that are promising for phenotypical analyses. The hybrid models combine features of dimensional and categorical analyses seen in the conventional techniques of factor analysis and latent class analysis. The paper focuses on the analysis of categorical items, which presents especially challenging analyses with hybrid models and has recently been made practical in the Mplus program. The hybrid models are typically seen to fit data better than conventional models of factor analysis (IRT) and ...

Abstract

In patients with panic disorder (n = 23), daytime salivary cortisol levels were determined in 2-h spans on 3 consecutive days and compared with 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Additionally, nocturnal urinary free cortisol levels were measured. Daytime salivary cortisol levels were numerically higher in the patients, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. In a subgroup of 14 patients with higher illness severity (as expressed by a score ?22 on the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale), salivary cortisol levels ...

Abstract

The ground-breaking work of Brittain (1970) provided the template for subsequent investigations of the aetiology, development and careers of sadistic murderers. The current article revisits some of the key observations that Brittain made, reviews briefly some of the empirical/theoretical developments that followed and offers an associative account of how sadistic fantasy may be initiated. We conclude by calling on clinicians working with sadists to apply the single case-study to collect sufficient information so that models of the aetiology of this population ...

Abstract

The MMPI-2 is the most widely used personality test in the United States and around the world. It is employed in mental health settings, medical centers, and correctional programs, and is frequently admitted as evidence in legal proceedings. In addition, use of the MMPI-2 in the process of screening applicants for jobs that involve public trust and safety is spreading rapidly. The fourth edition of MMPI-2: Assessing Personality and Psychopathology describes effective uses of the MMPI-2 and explains how to accurately ...

Abstract

Used by doctors and therapists all around the country, the American Psychiatric Association's <I>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</I> is the closest thing America has to a bible of mental illness. Currently in its fourth edition, the DSM (as it's commonly called) classifies more than 200 disorders and their symptoms, from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to Generalized Anxiety Disorder and everything in between. In so doing, say Herb Kutchins and Stuart Kirk, the <I>DSM</I> applies the ...

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10.1192/pb.31.5.194 ...

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10.1192/bjp.153.1.44 ...

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Why do intelligent people sometimes behave in ways so stupid that they destroy their livelihoods or even their lives? This book is the first to investigate the psychological basis for stupidity in everyday life. Experts shed light on the nature and theory of stupidity, whether stupidity is measurable, how people can avoid stupidity and its devastating consequences, and much more. ...

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There has been a recent explosion of interest in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Perspective Psychology amongst students and academics, and this interest is predicted to continue to rise. Recent media debates on subjects such as same-sex marriage have fuelled interest in LGBTQ perspectives. This edited collection showcases the latest thinking in LGBTQ psychology. The book has 21 chapters covering subjects such as same sex parenting, outing, young LGBTQ people, sport, learning disabilities, lesbian and gay identities etc. The book has ...