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Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) upregulation occurs in virtually all chronic kidney diseases and is associated with podocyte injury and proteinuria; however, the mechanisms contributing to this in vivo are ambiguous. In vitro, incubation of podocytes with TGF-β1 induced Wnt1 expression, β-catenin activation, and stimulated the expression of Wnt/β-catenin downstream target genes. Ectopic expression of Wnt1 or β-catenin mimicked TGF-β1, induced Snail1, and suppressed nephrin expression. The Wnt antagonist, Dickkopf-1, blocked TGF-β1-induced β-catenin activation, Snail1 induction, and nephrin suppression. In vivo, ectopic expression of TGF-β1 induced Wnt1 expression, activated β-catenin, and upregulated Wnt target genes such as Snail1, MMP-7, MMP-9, desmin, Fsp1, and PAI-1 in mouse glomeruli, leading to podocyte injury and albuminuria. Consistently, concomitant expression of Dickkopf-1 gene abolished β-catenin activation, inhibited TGF-β1-triggered Wnt target gene expression, and mitigated albuminuria. Thus, canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates TGF-β1-driven podocyte injury and proteinuria. These studies suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be exploited as a therapeutic target for the treatment of proteinuric kidney diseases.
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