Patterns and development of floral asymmetry in Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) Export

@article{citeulike:4938866, abstract = {The buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae) is outstanding for including species with monosymmetric flowers and species with diverse asymmetric, enantiomorphic (enantiostylous) flowers. To recognize patterns of homology, we dissected the floral symmetry character complex and explored corolla morphology in 60 Senna species and studied floral development of four enantiomorphic species. The asymmetry morph of a flower is correlated with the direction of spiral calyx aestivation. We recognized five patterns of floral asymmetry, resulting from different combinations of six structural elements: deflection of the carpel, deflection of the median abaxial stamen, deflection or modification in size of one lateral abaxial stamen, and modification in shape and size of one or both lower petals. Prominent corolla asymmetry begins in the earl-stage bud (unequal development of lower petals). Androecium asymmetry begins either in the midstage bud (unequal development of thecae in median abaxial stamen; twisting of androecium) or at anthesis (stamen deflection). Gynoecium asymmetry begins in early bud (primordium off the median plane, ventral slit laterally oriented) or midstage to late bud (carpel deflection). In enantiostylous flowers, pronouncedly concave and robust petals of both monosymmetric and asymmetric corollas likely function to ricochet and direct pollen flow during buzz pollination. Occurrence of particular combinations of structural elements of floral symmetry in the subclades is shown.}, address = {Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland}, author = {Marazzi, B. and Endress, P. K.}, citeulike-article-id = {4938866}, comment = {References: BRUNEAU, A., Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae) (1997) American Journal of Botany, 84, pp. 54-71; BRUNEAU, A., FOREST, F., HERENDEEN, P.S., KLITGAARD, B.B., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences (2001) Systematic Botany, 26, pp. 487-514; BUCHMANN, S.L., Buzz pollination of Cassia quiedondilla (Leguminosae) by bees of the genera Centris and Melipona (1974) Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 73, pp. 171-173; BUCHMANN, S. L. 1983. Buzz pollination in angiosperm. In C. E. Jones, and R. J. Little [eds.], Handbook of experimental pollination biology, 73-113. Scientific \& Academic Editions, New York, New York, USABUCHMANN, S.L., HURLEY, J.P., A biophysical model for buzz pollination in angiosperms (1978) Journal of Theoretical Biology, 72, pp. 639-657; CARVALHO, D.A., OLIVEIRA, P.E., Biolog\'{\i}a reprodutiva e poliniza\c{c}\~{a} o de Senna sylvestris (Vell.) H.S. Irwin \& Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) (2003) Revista Brasileira de Bot\^{a}nica, 26, pp. 319-328; DELGADO SALINAS, A.O., SOUSA S\'{A}NCHEZ, M., Biolog\'{\i}a floral del genero Cassia en la regi\'{o}n de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (1977) Bolet\'{\i}n de la Sociedad Bot\'{a}nica de M\'{e}xico, 37, pp. 5-52; DULBERGER, R., The floral biology of Cassia didymobotrya and C. auriculata (Caesalpiniaceae) (1981) American Journal of Botany, 68, pp. 1350-1360; DULBERGER, R., SMITH, M.B., BAWA, K.S., The stigmatic orifice in Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae): Morphological variation, function during pollination, and possible adaptive signifi cance (1994) American Journal of Botany, 81, pp. 1390-1396; ENDRESS, P.K., (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; ENDRESS, P.K., Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae) (1997) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 206, pp. 99-118; ENDRESS, P.K., Symmetry in flowers: Diversity and evolution (1999) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S3-S23; FENSTER, C.B., Mirror image flowers and their effect on outcrossing rate in Chamaecrista fasciculata (Leguminosae) (1995) American Journal of Botany, 82, pp. 46-50; FONTANELLE, G.B., Contribui\c{c} \~{a}o ao estudo de biologia floral de Cassia silvestris Vell.: Considera\c{c}oes anat\^{o}micas (1979) Leandra, 8-9, pp. 49-84; GOTTSBERGER, G., SILBERBAUER- GOTTSBERGER, I., Evolution of flower structures and pollination in Neotropical Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae) species (1988) Phyton, 28, pp. 293-320; HARRISON, J.C., M\"{O}LLER, M., CRONK, Q.C.B., Evolution and development of floral diversity in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia (1999) Annals of Botany, 84, pp. 49-60; HERENDEEN, P.S., BRUNEAU, A., LEWIS, G.P., Floral morphology in caesalpinioid legumes: Testing the monophyly of the Umtizaclade (2003) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, pp. S393-S407; IGERSHEIM, A., The character states of the Caribbean monotypic endemic Strumpfia (Rubiaceae) (1993) Nordic Journal of Botany, 13, pp. 545-559; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., Tribe 2. Cassieae Bronn (1981) Advances in legume systematics, (PART 1), pp. 97-106. , R. M. Pohlhill, and P. H. Raven [eds, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., The American Cassiinae (1982) Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 35, pp. 1-918; JESSON, L.K., (2002) The evolution and functional significance of enantiostyly in flowering plants, , Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., Solving the puzzle of mirror-image flowers (2002) Nature, 417, p. 707; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., The genetics of mirror-image flowers (2002) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences, 269, pp. 1835-1839; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., The comparative biology of mirror-image flowers (2003) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S237-S249; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., Experimental tests of the function of mirror-image flowers (2005) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, pp. 167-179; JESSON, L.K., KANG, J., WAGNER, S.L., BARRETT, S.C.H., DENGLER, N.G., The development of enantiostyly (2003) American Journal of Botany, 90, pp. 183-195; KANTZ, K. E. 1996. Floral development in the caesalpinioid tribe Caesalpinieae (Fabaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USALAPORTA, C., Floral biology and reproductive system of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) (2003) Revista de Biolog\'{\i}a Tropical, 53, pp. 49-61; LASSEIGNE, A., Studies in Cassia (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae). III. Anther morphology (1979) Iselya, 1, pp. 141-160; MARAZZI, B., CONTI, E., ENDRESS, P.K., Diversity in anthers and stigmas in the buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, pp. 371-391; MARAZZI, B., ENDRESS, P.K., PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ, L., CONTI, E., Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: Patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries (2006) American Journal of Botany, 93, pp. 288-303; M\"{U}LLER, F., Two kinds of stamens with different functions in the same flower (1883) Nature, 27, pp. 364-365; OKPON, E.N.U., Morphological notes on the genus Cassia. III. Floral ontogeny and aestivation (1969) Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 29, pp. 339-342; ORNDUFF, R., DULBERGER, R., Floral enantiomorphy and the reproductive system of Wachendorfia paniculata (Haemodoraceae) (1978) The New Phytologist, 80, pp. 427-434; OWENS, S.J., LEWIS, G.P., Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species of Cassia, Chamaecrista, and Senna (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) (1989) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 163, pp. 93-105; PRENNER, G., Floral ontogeny in Lathyrus latifolius (Fabaceae-Vicieae) (2003) Phyton, 43, pp. 392-400; PRENNER, G., New aspects in floral development of Papilionoideae: Initiated but suppressed bracteoles and variable initiation of sepals (2004) Annals of Botany, 93, pp. 537-545; PRENNER, G., The asymmetric androecium in Papilionoideae (Leguminosae): Definition, occurrence, and possible systematic value (2004) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, pp. 499-510; RANDELL, B.R., BARLOW, B.A., (1998) Senna. Flora of Australia, 12, pp. 89-138; SOKOLOFF, D.D., DEGTJAREVA, G.V., ENDRESS, P.K., REMIZOVA, M.V., SAMIGULLIN, T.H., VALIEJO-ROMAN, C.M., Inflorescence and early floral development in Lotae (Leguminosae) in a phylogenetic and taxonomic context (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, pp. 801-833; TODD, J.E., On the flowers of Solanum rostratum and Cassia chamaecrista (1882) The American Naturalist, 16, pp. 281-287; TROLL, W., Botanische Notizen II (1951) Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, 1951, pp. 25-80; TUCKER, S.C., Dioecy in Bauhinia resulting from organ suppression (1988) American Journal of Botany, 75, pp. 1584-1597; TUCKER, S.C., Stamen structure and development in legumes, with emphasis on poricidal stamens of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae (1991) The anther form, function and phylogeny, pp. 236-254. , W. G. D'Arcy, and R. C. Keating [eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; TUCKER, S.C., The developmental basis for sexual expression in Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae) (1992) American Journal of Botany, 79, pp. 318-327; TUCKER, S.C., Trends in evolution of floral ontogeny in Cassia sensu stricto, Senna, and Chamaecrista (1996) American Journal of Botany, 83, pp. 687-711; TUCKER, S.C., Floral evolution, development, and convergence: The hierarchical-significance hypothesis (1997) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S143-S161; TUCKER, S.C., Floral ontogeny of Petalostylis, Labichea, and Dialium (Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae), a series in floral reduction (1998) American Journal of Botany, 85, pp. 184-208; TUCKER, S.C., Evolutionary lability of symmetry in early floral development (1999) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S25-S39; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in Schotia and Cynometra (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Detarieae) (2001) American Journal of Botany, 88, pp. 1164-1180; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in Detarieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). 1. Radially symmetrical taxa lacking organ suppression (2002) American Journal of Botany, 89, pp. 875-887; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in legumes (2003) Plant Physiology, 131, pp. 911-926; VENKATESH, C.S., The form, structure and special ways of dehiscence in anthers of Cassia. III. Subgenus Senna (1957) Phytomorphology, 7, pp. 253-273; VOGEL, S., Remarkable nectaries: Structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives. III. Nectar ducts (1998) Flora, 193, pp. 113-131; WEBER, M., IGERSHEIM, A., Pollen buds in Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae) and their role in pollenkit release (1994) Botanica Acta, 107, pp. 257-262; WESTERKAMP, C. 2004. Ricochet pollination in cassias - and how bees explain enantiostyly. Preliminary communication. In B. M. Freitas, and J. O. P. Pereira [eds.], Solitary bees. Conservation, rearing and management for pollination, 225-230. Imprensa Universit \'{a} ria, Fortaleza, BrazilUR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38049084767\&partnerID=40 ---=note-separator=--- Source: Scopus ---=note-separator=--- Export Date: 23 June 2009 ---=note-separator=--- Cited By (since 1996): 2}, journal = {American Journal of Botany}, keywords = {asymmetry, buzz, development, enantiomorphy, enantiostyly, endress, floral, functional, homology, morphology, petal, pollination, venation}, number = {1}, pages = {22--40}, posted-at = {2009-06-24 00:28:59}, priority = {5}, title = {Patterns and development of floral asymmetry in Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae)}, volume = {95}, year = {2008} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:4938866 L3 - citeulike-article-id:4938866 N2 - The buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae) is outstanding for including species with monosymmetric flowers and species with diverse asymmetric, enantiomorphic (enantiostylous) flowers. To recognize patterns of homology, we dissected the floral symmetry character complex and explored corolla morphology in 60 Senna species and studied floral development of four enantiomorphic species. The asymmetry morph of a flower is correlated with the direction of spiral calyx aestivation. We recognized five patterns of floral asymmetry, resulting from different combinations of six structural elements: deflection of the carpel, deflection of the median abaxial stamen, deflection or modification in size of one lateral abaxial stamen, and modification in shape and size of one or both lower petals. Prominent corolla asymmetry begins in the earl-stage bud (unequal development of lower petals). Androecium asymmetry begins either in the midstage bud (unequal development of thecae in median abaxial stamen; twisting of androecium) or at anthesis (stamen deflection). Gynoecium asymmetry begins in early bud (primordium off the median plane, ventral slit laterally oriented) or midstage to late bud (carpel deflection). In enantiostylous flowers, pronouncedly concave and robust petals of both monosymmetric and asymmetric corollas likely function to ricochet and direct pollen flow during buzz pollination. Occurrence of particular combinations of structural elements of floral symmetry in the subclades is shown. IS - 1 JF - American Journal of Botany AD - Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland EP - 40 TI - Patterns and development of floral asymmetry in Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) VL - 95 SP - 22 KW - asymmetry KW - buzz KW - development KW - enantiomorphy KW - enantiostyly KW - endress KW - floral KW - functional KW - homology KW - morphology KW - petal KW - pollination KW - venation N1 - References: BRUNEAU, A., Evolution and homology of bird pollination syndromes in Erythrina (Leguminosae) (1997) American Journal of Botany, 84, pp. 54-71; BRUNEAU, A., FOREST, F., HERENDEEN, P.S., KLITGAARD, B.B., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences (2001) Systematic Botany, 26, pp. 487-514; BUCHMANN, S.L., Buzz pollination of Cassia quiedondilla (Leguminosae) by bees of the genera Centris and Melipona (1974) Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 73, pp. 171-173; BUCHMANN, S. L. 1983. Buzz pollination in angiosperm. In C. E. Jones, and R. J. Little [eds.], Handbook of experimental pollination biology, 73-113. Scientific & Academic Editions, New York, New York, USABUCHMANN, S.L., HURLEY, J.P., A biophysical model for buzz pollination in angiosperms (1978) Journal of Theoretical Biology, 72, pp. 639-657; CARVALHO, D.A., OLIVEIRA, P.E., Biología reprodutiva e polinizaçã o de Senna sylvestris (Vell.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) (2003) Revista Brasileira de Botânica, 26, pp. 319-328; DELGADO SALINAS, A.O., SOUSA SÁNCHEZ, M., Biología floral del genero Cassia en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (1977) Boletín de la Sociedad Botánica de México, 37, pp. 5-52; DULBERGER, R., The floral biology of Cassia didymobotrya and C. auriculata (Caesalpiniaceae) (1981) American Journal of Botany, 68, pp. 1350-1360; DULBERGER, R., SMITH, M.B., BAWA, K.S., The stigmatic orifice in Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Caesalpiniaceae): Morphological variation, function during pollination, and possible adaptive signifi cance (1994) American Journal of Botany, 81, pp. 1390-1396; ENDRESS, P.K., (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; ENDRESS, P.K., Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae) (1997) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 206, pp. 99-118; ENDRESS, P.K., Symmetry in flowers: Diversity and evolution (1999) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S3-S23; FENSTER, C.B., Mirror image flowers and their effect on outcrossing rate in Chamaecrista fasciculata (Leguminosae) (1995) American Journal of Botany, 82, pp. 46-50; FONTANELLE, G.B., Contribuiç ão ao estudo de biologia floral de Cassia silvestris Vell.: Consideraçoes anatômicas (1979) Leandra, 8-9, pp. 49-84; GOTTSBERGER, G., SILBERBAUER- GOTTSBERGER, I., Evolution of flower structures and pollination in Neotropical Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae) species (1988) Phyton, 28, pp. 293-320; HARRISON, J.C., MÖLLER, M., CRONK, Q.C.B., Evolution and development of floral diversity in Streptocarpus and Saintpaulia (1999) Annals of Botany, 84, pp. 49-60; HERENDEEN, P.S., BRUNEAU, A., LEWIS, G.P., Floral morphology in caesalpinioid legumes: Testing the monophyly of the Umtizaclade (2003) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164, pp. S393-S407; IGERSHEIM, A., The character states of the Caribbean monotypic endemic Strumpfia (Rubiaceae) (1993) Nordic Journal of Botany, 13, pp. 545-559; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., Tribe 2. Cassieae Bronn (1981) Advances in legume systematics, (PART 1), pp. 97-106. , R. M. Pohlhill, and P. H. Raven [eds, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., The American Cassiinae (1982) Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, 35, pp. 1-918; JESSON, L.K., (2002) The evolution and functional significance of enantiostyly in flowering plants, , Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., Solving the puzzle of mirror-image flowers (2002) Nature, 417, p. 707; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., The genetics of mirror-image flowers (2002) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences, 269, pp. 1835-1839; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., The comparative biology of mirror-image flowers (2003) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 164 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S237-S249; JESSON, L.K., BARRETT, S.C.H., Experimental tests of the function of mirror-image flowers (2005) Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 85, pp. 167-179; JESSON, L.K., KANG, J., WAGNER, S.L., BARRETT, S.C.H., DENGLER, N.G., The development of enantiostyly (2003) American Journal of Botany, 90, pp. 183-195; KANTZ, K. E. 1996. Floral development in the caesalpinioid tribe Caesalpinieae (Fabaceae). Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USALAPORTA, C., Floral biology and reproductive system of enantiostylous Senna corymbosa (Caesalpiniaceae) (2003) Revista de Biología Tropical, 53, pp. 49-61; LASSEIGNE, A., Studies in Cassia (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae). III. Anther morphology (1979) Iselya, 1, pp. 141-160; MARAZZI, B., CONTI, E., ENDRESS, P.K., Diversity in anthers and stigmas in the buzz-pollinated genus Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, pp. 371-391; MARAZZI, B., ENDRESS, P.K., PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ, L., CONTI, E., Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast regions: Patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries (2006) American Journal of Botany, 93, pp. 288-303; MÜLLER, F., Two kinds of stamens with different functions in the same flower (1883) Nature, 27, pp. 364-365; OKPON, E.N.U., Morphological notes on the genus Cassia. III. Floral ontogeny and aestivation (1969) Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 29, pp. 339-342; ORNDUFF, R., DULBERGER, R., Floral enantiomorphy and the reproductive system of Wachendorfia paniculata (Haemodoraceae) (1978) The New Phytologist, 80, pp. 427-434; OWENS, S.J., LEWIS, G.P., Taxonomic and functional implications of stigma morphology in species of Cassia, Chamaecrista, and Senna (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) (1989) Plant Systematics and Evolution, 163, pp. 93-105; PRENNER, G., Floral ontogeny in Lathyrus latifolius (Fabaceae-Vicieae) (2003) Phyton, 43, pp. 392-400; PRENNER, G., New aspects in floral development of Papilionoideae: Initiated but suppressed bracteoles and variable initiation of sepals (2004) Annals of Botany, 93, pp. 537-545; PRENNER, G., The asymmetric androecium in Papilionoideae (Leguminosae): Definition, occurrence, and possible systematic value (2004) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 165, pp. 499-510; RANDELL, B.R., BARLOW, B.A., (1998) Senna. Flora of Australia, 12, pp. 89-138; SOKOLOFF, D.D., DEGTJAREVA, G.V., ENDRESS, P.K., REMIZOVA, M.V., SAMIGULLIN, T.H., VALIEJO-ROMAN, C.M., Inflorescence and early floral development in Lotae (Leguminosae) in a phylogenetic and taxonomic context (2007) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168, pp. 801-833; TODD, J.E., On the flowers of Solanum rostratum and Cassia chamaecrista (1882) The American Naturalist, 16, pp. 281-287; TROLL, W., Botanische Notizen II (1951) Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, Mathematisch- Naturwissenschaftlichen Klasse, 1951, pp. 25-80; TUCKER, S.C., Dioecy in Bauhinia resulting from organ suppression (1988) American Journal of Botany, 75, pp. 1584-1597; TUCKER, S.C., Stamen structure and development in legumes, with emphasis on poricidal stamens of caesalpinioid tribe Cassieae (1991) The anther form, function and phylogeny, pp. 236-254. , W. G. D'Arcy, and R. C. Keating [eds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK; TUCKER, S.C., The developmental basis for sexual expression in Ceratonia siliqua (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae) (1992) American Journal of Botany, 79, pp. 318-327; TUCKER, S.C., Trends in evolution of floral ontogeny in Cassia sensu stricto, Senna, and Chamaecrista (1996) American Journal of Botany, 83, pp. 687-711; TUCKER, S.C., Floral evolution, development, and convergence: The hierarchical-significance hypothesis (1997) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 158 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S143-S161; TUCKER, S.C., Floral ontogeny of Petalostylis, Labichea, and Dialium (Caesalpinioideae: Cassieae), a series in floral reduction (1998) American Journal of Botany, 85, pp. 184-208; TUCKER, S.C., Evolutionary lability of symmetry in early floral development (1999) International Journal of Plant Sciences, 160 (6 SUPPL.EMENT), pp. S25-S39; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in Schotia and Cynometra (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae: Detarieae) (2001) American Journal of Botany, 88, pp. 1164-1180; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in Detarieae (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). 1. Radially symmetrical taxa lacking organ suppression (2002) American Journal of Botany, 89, pp. 875-887; TUCKER, S.C., Floral development in legumes (2003) Plant Physiology, 131, pp. 911-926; VENKATESH, C.S., The form, structure and special ways of dehiscence in anthers of Cassia. III. Subgenus Senna (1957) Phytomorphology, 7, pp. 253-273; VOGEL, S., Remarkable nectaries: Structure, ecology, organophyletic perspectives. III. Nectar ducts (1998) Flora, 193, pp. 113-131; WEBER, M., IGERSHEIM, A., Pollen buds in Ophiorrhiza (Rubiaceae) and their role in pollenkit release (1994) Botanica Acta, 107, pp. 257-262; WESTERKAMP, C. 2004. Ricochet pollination in cassias - and how bees explain enantiostyly. Preliminary communication. In B. M. Freitas, and J. O. P. Pereira [eds.], Solitary bees. Conservation, rearing and management for pollination, 225-230. Imprensa Universit á ria, Fortaleza, BrazilUR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-38049084767&partnerID=40 N1 - Source: Scopus N1 - Export Date: 23 June 2009 N1 - Cited By (since 1996): 2 AU - Marazzi, B AU - Endress, PK PY - 2008/// ER -