Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) in Paraguay: Synopsis, occurrence, ecological role and ethnobotany Export

@article{citeulike:4938876, abstract = {Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) is a large and diverse genus of about 350 species mainly distributed in the Tropics and in temperate America. We recognized 23 species for Paraguay, one of them, S. macranthera, is new for Paraguay. Most species are widely distributed in Paraguay and are common ruderals of roadsides. However, four species, S. leiophylla, S. rugosa, S. spiniflora, and S. splendida, are known from less than three localities, and at least three other species are also rare. The unclear conservation status of these species is especially due to habitat disruption by human activities, but also to the patterns of distribution of the species, to naturalization from cultivated plants, and perhaps to recent speciation. Senna species play an ecological role by offering pollen to traplining bees, and extrafloral nectar to ants. Although no Senna species is economically important in Paraguay, some species were mentioned by ethnobotanists to be used by man, and others are cultivated as ornamentals. The keys found in the most recent revision of the genus show systematic relationships between the Senna species, but are not a suitable identification tool. Thus, in addition to discuss the distribution, conservation status, ecologic role and aspects of ethnobotany and ornamental plants, the present study includes a new practical determination key for the Senna species in Paraguay with notes discussing potential identification problems. {\copyright} Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Gen\`{e}ve 2006.}, address = {Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Gen\`{e}ve, Switzerland}, author = {Marazzi, B. and Fortunato, R. H. and Endress, P. K. and Spichiger, R.}, citeulike-article-id = {4938876}, citeulike-linkout-0 = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846522414&partnerID=40}, comment = {References: ALTSTATT, A. KIM, S. YANOSKY, A. TOWNSHEND, J. TUCKER, C. CLAY, R. RODAS \& O. RODAS (2003). Subtropical Deforestation: Paraguay in the 1990s. University of Maryland, NASA, Conservation International, Guyra Paraguay. Color Map. Maryland, EEUU. [http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/pdf/ paraguay\_handout.pdf]ARENAS, P., (1981) Etnobot\'{a}nica lengua-Maskoy, , Fundaci\'{o}n para la Educaci\'{o}n, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires; ARENAS, P. (2003). Etnograf\'{\i}a y alimentaci\'{o}n entre los Toba-Nachilamole\#ek y Whichi-Lhuku'tas del Chaco Central (Argentina). Latin Gr\'{a}fica, Buenos AiresBERNARDI, L. (1984). Contribuci\'{o}n a la dendrolog\'{\i}a paraguaya. Primera parte. Boissiera 35BERTONI, S., DURE, R., FLORENTIN, T., PIN, A., PINAZZO, J., QUINTANA, M., RIOS, T., RIVAROLA, N., (1994) Flora amenazada del Paraguay, , Ministerio de Agricoltura y Ganaderia, Direcci\'{o}n Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre, Asunci\'{o}n; BRAVO, L., El g\'{e}nero Cassia en la Argentina (1978) Darwiniana, 21, pp. 343-391; BRUNEAU, A., FOREST, F., HERENDEEN, P.S., KLITGAARD, B.B., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences (2001) Syst. Bot, 26, pp. 487-514; BUCHMANN, S.L., Buzz pollination of Cassia quiedondilla (Leguminosae) by bees of the genera Centris and Melipona (1974) Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci, 73, pp. 171-173; BURKART, A., (1943) Las leguminosas argentinas silvestres y cultivadas, , ACME Agency, Buenos Aires; BURKART, A., Leguminosas nuevas o cr\'{\i}ticas (1946) Darwiniana, 7, pp. 216-239; CARVALHO, D. A. \& P. E. OLIVEIRA (2003). Biologia reprodutiva e poliniza\c{c}\~{a}o de Senna silvestris (Vell.) H. S. Irwin \& Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Revista Brasil. Bot. 26: 319-328COLLADON, T.F., (1816) Histoire naturelle et m\'{e}dicale des casses, et particuli\`{e}rement de la casse et des s\'{e}n\'{e}s employ\'{e}s en m\'{e}decine, , Jean Martel, Montpellier; DEGEN, R., MERELES, F., Check-List de las plantas colectadas en el Chaco Boreal. Paraguay (1996) Rojasiana, 3, pp. 1-175; DELGADO SALINAS, A.O., SOUSA SANCHEZ, M., Biolog\'{\i}a floral del genero Cassia en la regi\'{o}n de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (1977) Bol. Soc. Bot. M\'{e}xico, 37, pp. 5-52; DIMITRI, M.J., RIAL ALBERTI, F., Las especies del g\'{e}nero Cassia cultivadas en la Argentina (1954) Revista Invest. Agr\'{\i}c, 8, pp. 1-34; DULBERGER, R., The floral biology of Cassia didymobotrya and C. auriculata (Caesalpiniaceae) (1981) Amer. J. Bot, 68, pp. 1350-1360; ENDRESS, P.K., (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; FORTUNATO, R., Dos Leguminosas nuevas para la flora Argentina (1984) Darwiniana, 25, pp. 367-369; GONZALES TORRES, D.M., (1996) Cat\'{a}logo de plantas medicinales (y alimenticias y \'{u}tiles) usadas en Paraguay, , Asunci\'{o}n; GOTTSBERGER, G., SILBERBAUER- GOTTSBERGER, I., Evolution of flower structures and pollination in Neotropical Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae) species (1988) Phyton, 28, pp. 293-320; HEIL, M., MCKEY, D., Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research (2003) Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst, 34, pp. 425-453; HERENDEEN, P.S., BRUNEAU, A., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in caesalpinioid legumes: A preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data (2003) Advances in Legume Systematics, 10, pp. 37-62. , KLITGAARD, B. B. \& A. BRUNEAU ed, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., Cassiae (1981) Advances in Legume Systematics, 1, pp. 97-106. , POHLHILL, R. M. \& P. H. RAVEN ed, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., The American Cassiinae (1982) Mem. New York Bot. Gard, 35, pp. 1-918; JANZEN, D.H., The deflowering of Central America (1974) Nat. Hist, 83 (4), pp. 48-53; LUCKOW, M., The cultivated species of Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) (1996) Baileya, 23, pp. 195-241; MARAZZI, B., (2002) Senna species (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) in the flora of Paraguay, , Unpublished Diploma thesis. Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich; MARAZZI, B., P. K. ENDRESS, L. PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ \& E. CONTI (2006). Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 208-303MORONG, T., BRITTON, N.L., An enumeration of the plants collected by Dr. Thomas Morong in Paraguay, 1888-1890. II (1892) Ann. New York Acad. Sci, 7, pp. 89-93; OLIVEIRA, P.S., BRANDAO, C.R.F., The ant community associated with extrafloral nectaries in the Brazilian cerrados (1991) Ant-plant interactions, pp. 198-212. , HUXLEY, C. R. \& D. F. CUTLER ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford; OLIVEIRA, P.S., FREITAS, A.V.L., Ant-plant-herbivore interactions in the neotropical cerrado savanna (2004) Naturwissenschaften, 91, pp. 557-570; PARODI, L.R., Las plantas ind\'{\i}genas no alimenticias cultivadas en la Argentina (1934) Revista Argent. Agron, 1, pp. 165-212; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Chamaefistula (Colladon) Irwin and Barneby (1988) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 11, pp. 19-49; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Psilorhegma (J. Vogel) Irwin and Barneby (1989) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 12, pp. 165-272; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Senna (1990) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 13, pp. 1-16; RANDELL, B.R., BARLOW, B.A., Senna (1998) Fl. Australia, 12, pp. 89-138. , ORCHARD, A. E, ed; RATTER, J.A., RIVEIRO, J.F., BRIDGEWATER, S., The Brazilian cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity (1997) Ann. Bot, 80, pp. 223-230; ROL\'{O}N, R., Paraguay: Forests and communities at the mercy of an unsustainable model (2004) World Rainforest Movement Bulletin, 80. , http://www.wrm.org.uy/index.html; SCHUPP, E.W., FEENER, D.H., Phylogeny, life form, and habitat dependence of ant-defended plants in a Panamanian forest (1991) Ant-plant interactions, pp. 175-197. , HUXLEY, C. R. \& D. F. CUTLER ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford; SINGH, V., (2001) Monograph on Indian subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae), , Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur; SPICHIGER, R., BERTONI, B.S., LOIZEAU, P.-A., The forests of the Paraguayan Alto Paran\'{a} (1992) Candollea, 47, pp. 219-250; THE, A.N.G.O., 29 - Treaty on "Cerrados" (Scrubland) (1992) Global Forum at Rio de Janeiro, , http://habitat.igc.org/treaties/at-29.htm; TUCKER, S.C., Trends in evolution of floral ontogeny in Cassia sensu stricto, Senna, and Chamaecrista (1996) Amer. J. Bot, 83, pp. 687-711 ---=note-separator=--- Source: Scopus ---=note-separator=--- Export Date: 23 June 2009}, journal = {Candollea}, keywords = {cassiinae, conservation, endress, ethnobotany, floristics, leguminosae, ornamentals, paraguay, senna, systematics}, number = {2}, pages = {315--329}, posted-at = {2009-06-24 00:29:00}, priority = {5}, title = {Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) in Paraguay: Synopsis, occurrence, ecological role and ethnobotany}, url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846522414&partnerID=40}, volume = {61}, year = {2006} }

TY - JOUR ID - citeulike:4938876 L3 - citeulike-article-id:4938876 N2 - Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) is a large and diverse genus of about 350 species mainly distributed in the Tropics and in temperate America. We recognized 23 species for Paraguay, one of them, S. macranthera, is new for Paraguay. Most species are widely distributed in Paraguay and are common ruderals of roadsides. However, four species, S. leiophylla, S. rugosa, S. spiniflora, and S. splendida, are known from less than three localities, and at least three other species are also rare. The unclear conservation status of these species is especially due to habitat disruption by human activities, but also to the patterns of distribution of the species, to naturalization from cultivated plants, and perhaps to recent speciation. Senna species play an ecological role by offering pollen to traplining bees, and extrafloral nectar to ants. Although no Senna species is economically important in Paraguay, some species were mentioned by ethnobotanists to be used by man, and others are cultivated as ornamentals. The keys found in the most recent revision of the genus show systematic relationships between the Senna species, but are not a suitable identification tool. Thus, in addition to discuss the distribution, conservation status, ecologic role and aspects of ethnobotany and ornamental plants, the present study includes a new practical determination key for the Senna species in Paraguay with notes discussing potential identification problems. © Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de Genève 2006. IS - 2 JF - Candollea AD - Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Switzerland EP - 329 TI - Senna (Cassiinae, Leguminosae) in Paraguay: Synopsis, occurrence, ecological role and ethnobotany VL - 61 SP - 315 KW - cassiinae KW - conservation KW - endress KW - ethnobotany KW - floristics KW - leguminosae KW - ornamentals KW - paraguay KW - senna KW - systematics N1 - References: ALTSTATT, A. KIM, S. YANOSKY, A. TOWNSHEND, J. TUCKER, C. CLAY, R. RODAS & O. RODAS (2003). Subtropical Deforestation: Paraguay in the 1990s. University of Maryland, NASA, Conservation International, Guyra Paraguay. Color Map. Maryland, EEUU. [http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/pdf/ paraguay_handout.pdf]ARENAS, P., (1981) Etnobotánica lengua-Maskoy, , Fundación para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, Buenos Aires; ARENAS, P. (2003). Etnografía y alimentación entre los Toba-Nachilamole#ek y Whichi-Lhuku'tas del Chaco Central (Argentina). Latin Gráfica, Buenos AiresBERNARDI, L. (1984). Contribución a la dendrología paraguaya. Primera parte. Boissiera 35BERTONI, S., DURE, R., FLORENTIN, T., PIN, A., PINAZZO, J., QUINTANA, M., RIOS, T., RIVAROLA, N., (1994) Flora amenazada del Paraguay, , Ministerio de Agricoltura y Ganaderia, Dirección Parques Nacionales y Vida Silvestre, Asunción; BRAVO, L., El género Cassia en la Argentina (1978) Darwiniana, 21, pp. 343-391; BRUNEAU, A., FOREST, F., HERENDEEN, P.S., KLITGAARD, B.B., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences (2001) Syst. Bot, 26, pp. 487-514; BUCHMANN, S.L., Buzz pollination of Cassia quiedondilla (Leguminosae) by bees of the genera Centris and Melipona (1974) Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci, 73, pp. 171-173; BURKART, A., (1943) Las leguminosas argentinas silvestres y cultivadas, , ACME Agency, Buenos Aires; BURKART, A., Leguminosas nuevas o críticas (1946) Darwiniana, 7, pp. 216-239; CARVALHO, D. A. & P. E. OLIVEIRA (2003). Biologia reprodutiva e polinização de Senna silvestris (Vell.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). Revista Brasil. Bot. 26: 319-328COLLADON, T.F., (1816) Histoire naturelle et médicale des casses, et particulièrement de la casse et des sénés employés en médecine, , Jean Martel, Montpellier; DEGEN, R., MERELES, F., Check-List de las plantas colectadas en el Chaco Boreal. Paraguay (1996) Rojasiana, 3, pp. 1-175; DELGADO SALINAS, A.O., SOUSA SANCHEZ, M., Biología floral del genero Cassia en la región de Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz (1977) Bol. Soc. Bot. México, 37, pp. 5-52; DIMITRI, M.J., RIAL ALBERTI, F., Las especies del género Cassia cultivadas en la Argentina (1954) Revista Invest. Agríc, 8, pp. 1-34; DULBERGER, R., The floral biology of Cassia didymobotrya and C. auriculata (Caesalpiniaceae) (1981) Amer. J. Bot, 68, pp. 1350-1360; ENDRESS, P.K., (1994) Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; FORTUNATO, R., Dos Leguminosas nuevas para la flora Argentina (1984) Darwiniana, 25, pp. 367-369; GONZALES TORRES, D.M., (1996) Catálogo de plantas medicinales (y alimenticias y útiles) usadas en Paraguay, , Asunción; GOTTSBERGER, G., SILBERBAUER- GOTTSBERGER, I., Evolution of flower structures and pollination in Neotropical Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae) species (1988) Phyton, 28, pp. 293-320; HEIL, M., MCKEY, D., Protective ant-plant interactions as model systems in ecological and evolutionary research (2003) Annual Rev. Ecol. Syst, 34, pp. 425-453; HERENDEEN, P.S., BRUNEAU, A., LEWIS, G.P., Phylogenetic relationships in caesalpinioid legumes: A preliminary analysis based on morphological and molecular data (2003) Advances in Legume Systematics, 10, pp. 37-62. , KLITGAARD, B. B. & A. BRUNEAU ed, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., Cassiae (1981) Advances in Legume Systematics, 1, pp. 97-106. , POHLHILL, R. M. & P. H. RAVEN ed, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; IRWIN, H.S., BARNEBY, R.C., The American Cassiinae (1982) Mem. New York Bot. Gard, 35, pp. 1-918; JANZEN, D.H., The deflowering of Central America (1974) Nat. Hist, 83 (4), pp. 48-53; LUCKOW, M., The cultivated species of Cassia, Senna, and Chamaecrista (Leguminosae) (1996) Baileya, 23, pp. 195-241; MARAZZI, B., (2002) Senna species (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) in the flora of Paraguay, , Unpublished Diploma thesis. Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich; MARAZZI, B., P. K. ENDRESS, L. PAGANUCCI DE QUEIROZ & E. CONTI (2006). Phylogenetic relationships within Senna (Leguminosae, Cassiinae) based on three chloroplast DNA regions: patterns in the evolution of floral symmetry and extrafloral nectaries. Amer. J. Bot. 93: 208-303MORONG, T., BRITTON, N.L., An enumeration of the plants collected by Dr. Thomas Morong in Paraguay, 1888-1890. II (1892) Ann. New York Acad. Sci, 7, pp. 89-93; OLIVEIRA, P.S., BRANDAO, C.R.F., The ant community associated with extrafloral nectaries in the Brazilian cerrados (1991) Ant-plant interactions, pp. 198-212. , HUXLEY, C. R. & D. F. CUTLER ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford; OLIVEIRA, P.S., FREITAS, A.V.L., Ant-plant-herbivore interactions in the neotropical cerrado savanna (2004) Naturwissenschaften, 91, pp. 557-570; PARODI, L.R., Las plantas indígenas no alimenticias cultivadas en la Argentina (1934) Revista Argent. Agron, 1, pp. 165-212; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Chamaefistula (Colladon) Irwin and Barneby (1988) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 11, pp. 19-49; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Psilorhegma (J. Vogel) Irwin and Barneby (1989) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 12, pp. 165-272; RANDELL, B.R., Revision of the Cassiinae in Australia. 1. Senna Mill. sect. Senna (1990) J. Adelaide Bot. Gard, 13, pp. 1-16; RANDELL, B.R., BARLOW, B.A., Senna (1998) Fl. Australia, 12, pp. 89-138. , ORCHARD, A. E, ed; RATTER, J.A., RIVEIRO, J.F., BRIDGEWATER, S., The Brazilian cerrado vegetation and threats to its biodiversity (1997) Ann. Bot, 80, pp. 223-230; ROLÓN, R., Paraguay: Forests and communities at the mercy of an unsustainable model (2004) World Rainforest Movement Bulletin, 80. , http://www.wrm.org.uy/index.html; SCHUPP, E.W., FEENER, D.H., Phylogeny, life form, and habitat dependence of ant-defended plants in a Panamanian forest (1991) Ant-plant interactions, pp. 175-197. , HUXLEY, C. R. & D. F. CUTLER ed, Oxford University Press, Oxford; SINGH, V., (2001) Monograph on Indian subtribe Cassiinae (Caesalpiniaceae), , Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur; SPICHIGER, R., BERTONI, B.S., LOIZEAU, P.-A., The forests of the Paraguayan Alto Paraná (1992) Candollea, 47, pp. 219-250; THE, A.N.G.O., 29 - Treaty on "Cerrados" (Scrubland) (1992) Global Forum at Rio de Janeiro, , http://habitat.igc.org/treaties/at-29.htm; TUCKER, S.C., Trends in evolution of floral ontogeny in Cassia sensu stricto, Senna, and Chamaecrista (1996) Amer. J. Bot, 83, pp. 687-711 N1 - Source: Scopus N1 - Export Date: 23 June 2009 AU - Marazzi, B AU - Fortunato, RH AU - Endress, PK AU - Spichiger, R PY - 2006/// UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-33846522414&partnerID=40 ER -