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Site-Selection Algorithms and Habitat Loss Export

Conservation Biology, Vol. 17, No. 5. (2003), pp. 1402-1413.

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metapopulation reserve_selection

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Site-selection algorithms are used in reserve design to select networks of sites that maximize biodiversity, given some constraints. These algorithms are based on a snapshot of species occurrence, and they typically aim to minimize the area or cost needed to represent all the species once or a few times. Most of these algorithms ignore the question of how well species are likely to persist in the set of selected sites in the long term. Furthermore, the role of the unselected habitat in biodiversity persistence has received no attention in this context. We used a theoretical approach to evaluate the long-term performance of reserve networks in preserving biodiversity by using a model of spatiotemporal population dynamics ( a metapopulation model ). We compared extinction rates of species in reserve networks in two situations: when all sites remain suitable habitat for the species and, conversely, when the habitat in the unselected sites is lost. We made this comparison to explore the significance of unselected sites for spatial population dynamics and for the continued presence of species in the reserve network. Basic site-selection algorithms are liable to perform badly in terms of biodiversity maintenance because the persistence of species may be strongly dependent on sites not included in the reserve network. Our results support recent calls for the integration of spatial population modeling into reserve network design. Advances in metapopulation theory provide tools that can be used for this purpose. Algoritmos de Seleccion de Sitios y Perdida de Habitat Resumen: Los algoritmos de seleccion de areas son utilizados en el diseno de reservas para seleccionar redes de sitios que maximicen la biodiversidad considerando algunas restricciones. Estos algoritmos se basan en una patron fijo de la ocurrencia de especies, y tipicamente intentan minimizar el area o costo requerido para representar a todas las especies una o varias veces. La mayoria de estos algoritmos ignoran la pregunta de la persistencia a largo plazo de las especies en el conjunto de sitios seleccionados. Mas aun, el papel del habitat no seleccionado para la persistencia de biodiversidad en este contexto no ha recibido atencion. Utilizamos una aproximacion teorica para evaluar el desempeno de las redes de reservas en la preservacion de la biodiversidad a largo plazo mediante un modelo de dinamica espaciotemporal de la poblacion ( un modelo metapoblacional ). Comparamos las tasas de extincion de especies en las redes de reservas en dos situaciones: cuando todos los sitios son habitat adecuado para las especies y, por el contrario, cuando se pierde el habitat en los sitios no seleccionados. Hicimos esta comparacion para explorar la significancia de sitios no seleccionados para la dinamica espacial de la poblacion y para la persistencia de especies en la red de reservas. Los algoritmos basicos de seleccion de sitios son susceptibles de funcionar inadecuadamente en terminos de mantenimiento de biodiversidad porque la persistencia de especies puede depender estrechamente de los sitios no incluidos en la red de reservas. Nuestros resultados sustentan a los llamados recientes para integrar modelos poblacionales espaciales al diseno de redes de reservas. Avances en la teoria de metapoblaciones proporcionan herramientas que se pueden utilizar para este proposito.


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