Count-based differential expression analysis of RNA sequencing data using R and Bioconductor

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has been rapidly adopted for the multilayered profiling of transcriptomes in many areas of biology, including studies into gene regulation, development and disease. Of particular interest is the discovery of differentially expressed genes across different conditions (e.g., tissues, perturbations), while optionally adjusting for other systematic factors that affect the data collection process. There are a number of subtle yet critical aspects of these analyses, such as read counting, appropriate treatment of biological variability, quality control checks and appropriate setup of statistical modeling. Several variations have been presented in the literature, thus there is a need for guidance on current best practices. This protocol presents a "state-of-the-art" computational and statistical RNA-seq differential expression analysis workflow largely based on the free open-source R language and Bioconductor software and in particular, two widely-used tools DESeq and edgeR. Hands-on time for typical small experiments (e.g., 4-10 samples) can be <1 hour, with computation time <1 day, even with modest resources.