This paper examines the need for new tools for analysis and for an extended exploration of the functions of vocational education and training within society. Given the paucity of analytical tools available for interpreting comparative VET studies, it is proposed to develop or ‘borrow and adapt tools drawn from a wider range of sciences than in the past. In particular, it is necessary to generate analytical tools which consider not only the nature, aims and practice of VET research but also its values, its meanings and its relationship to VET practice. Such an analytical tool must also be sophisticated enough to take into account the context within which VET operates in the different societies of Europe. From this viewpoint it is suggested that tools and approaches drawn from cultural sciences, in particular Fregeian semantics, Marxism, semiotics, pragmatism,post-structuralism and super-structuralism may prove a fruitful area for VET research. The final section of this essay will provide some examples of these tools and suggest possible lines for further enquiry and analysis.