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Lock-in by molecular multiplication Export

Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 83, No. 26. (2003), pp. 5554-5556.

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amplitude beacon dna efficiency florescence hairpin heat infrared led molecular oscillations phase quantum temperature theory

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A lock-in amplifier is physically realized at the level of fluorescent dye molecules. It is based on the general property that the emission of a fluorescent dye is the product of quantum efficiency and illumination intensity. For each pixel of a microscopic image, we measure in amplitude and phase an environment property of the dye, such as conformation, membrane voltage, or temperature. This lock-in implementation is highly parallel and reaches the ultimate photon shot noise limit. Using fast temperature oscillations, we apply it to measure the opening/closing kinetics of a molecular beacon (DNA hairpin) at 5 µs resolution. ©2003 American Institute of Physics.


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