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OBJECTIVE: Presleep activities have been implicated in the declining sleep duration of young people. A use-of-time approach may be used to describe the presleep period. The study aims were to describe the activities undertaken 90 minutes before sleep onset and to examine the association between activities and time of sleep onset in New Zealand young people.METHODS: Participants (N = 2017; 5–18 years) self-reported their time use as part of a national survey. All activities reported in the 90 minutes before sleep were extracted. The top 20 activities were grouped into 3 behavioral sets: screen sedentary time, nonscreen sedentary time, and self-care. An adjusted regression model was used to estimate presleep time spent in each behavioral set for 4 distinct categories of sleep onset (very early, early, late, or very late), and the differences between sleep onset categories were tested.RESULTS: In the entire sample, television watching was the most commonly reported activity, and screen sedentary time accounted for ∼30 minutes of the 90-minute presleep period. Participants with a later sleep onset had significantly greater engagement in screen time than those with an earlier sleep onset. Conversely, those with an earlier sleep onset spent significantly greater time in nonscreen sedentary activities and self-care.CONCLUSIONS: Screen sedentary time dominated the presleep period in this sample and was associated with a later sleep onset. The development of interventions to reduce screen-based behaviors in the presleep period may promote earlier sleep onset and ultimately improved sleep duration in young people.
those with a later sleep onset reported up to 13 more minutes of screen time in the presleep period than did those with an earlier sleep onset. The largest mean time differences between those of early and late sleep
onset were for screen time, which suggests that this set of activities may be an appropriate target for interventions to promote earlier sleep onset and subsequently improve sleep duration in young people.
Presleep electronic media use is hypothesized to affect sleep patterns in 3 ways: time displacement, depression of melatonin, and cognitive arousal. Time displacement of sleep has been shown to increase when a media device, such as a television, is present in the bedroom. 15 In addition, the blue light emitted by screens attenuates melatonin concentrations in children,16 which disrupts the circadian rhythm and delays sleep onset.17 Finally, “thriller” or action-oriented electronic games may stimulate wakefulness through heightened cognitive processes, such as fear or excitement,9,18,19 which may be reflected in somatic outcomes such as elevated heart rate and perspiration. 20
odds ratio of being “very tired” 1 year later increased to 3.3 (95% CI 1.9– 5.7) and 5.1 (95% CI 2.5–10.4) in participants who used a mobile phone once per week or more than once per week after the lights are turned out,
respectively, compared with those who did not do this. 6- to 13-year-olds (N = 1012), late evening television viewing or computer game playwas associated with reduced total sleep time (20.63 hour, 95% confidence interval [CI] 27.9 to 20.47, P,.001).11 Similarly, television watching (b = 2.041, P , .05), computer games (b = 2.064, P , .001), and Internet use (b =2.119, P,.001) were all associated with reduced total sleep time during weekdays in Flemish adolescents (N = 2546).
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